Experts on ancient copper coins came, and so did those who knew the price.

There is an "X" shape in the middle.

It's not actually Manchu.

But in Chinese characters, the word "five" written in the early days

It should be the Wuqian Factory in the Han Dynasty.

Although it is a long time ago, it is a large quantity, and the general price is around several yuan.

Picture:

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The following is a copy of the relevant information of Wuqian Factory:

Five baht in western Han dynasty

In view of the serious consequences such as the chaos of the monetary system and Wu Chu rebellion caused by the uncontrolled coinage, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out six monetary reforms during his reign, which completely solved the monetary problem that had not been solved since the early Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Jianyuan (BC 140), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty received three baht, which was as important as his writing. This is a measure to restore the face value of copper coins to the legal weight. However, due to the equivalent use of three baht money and four cents and a half, it led to the prevalence of stolen casting, so in the spring of Jianyuan five years, "three baht money is wasted and half a penny is used." In the fourth year of Emperor founding ceremony (BC 1 19), he recast three baht coins, made leather coins and platinum (silver) coins, and was sentenced to death for stealing coins.

In the fifth year of Emperor founding ceremony (1 18 BC), the fourth monetary reform began. This reform is nothing more than "abolishing three baht and casting five baht instead". The currency form of five baht has certain regulations, and Qian Wen's "five baht" has been used since then. The weight of five baht money is moderate, which meets the requirements of ancient social and economic development and price level for monetary units. Therefore, casting in the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shu, Wei, Jin, Southern Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei and Sui after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty lasted for 739 years. This is the longest and most successful longevity money in the history of China. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were five baht in the county, five baht in the red (border), five baht in the three public, five baht in the Xuandi, five baht in the small, five baht in the gold and so on.

On the eve of the birth of five baht, the market was in chaos because half a penny was on the verge of collapse. Governments at all levels compete with businessmen for profits and try their best to make money, which leads to excessive inflation, rapid decline in the purchasing power of coins and soaring prices. People can't survive, so they give up production and go into exile to make a living by selling their labor. Or take risks and join the ranks of private casting, hoping to make huge profits. In the early years of Liang Wudi, nearly 10,000 people died because of private casting, but it is impossible to count those who died in private fighting and committed suicide for fear of sin, which shows that the problem is very serious.

In the fifth year of Yuan Shou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered all counties and states to cast five baht, which was called five baht in the county and five baht in Yuan Shou. It is a "five baht" with a bare back, with wheels on the front and no Guo on the back. Money is about 2.5 cm in diameter and weighs about 3.5-4 grams. The word "five" is oblique, straight or curved; The prefix "Zhu" of the word "Zhu" is square, and the prefix "Jin" is very small, like an arrow. There is a horizontal line on a small amount of money. Its material is changed to copper, so it is called purple money. However, the technical level is different in different places, and the composition of copper mines is different. It is difficult for officials to understand the order in line with their attitude, so the money invested is very different. Some, like the old Han dynasty, had flat backs without wheels, while others had large perforations and were thin and thick. Generally speaking, there is a phenomenon that cutting corners is not enough to weigh five baht. The more castings, the lighter and worse they are, and there is a phenomenon of repeating the same mistake. The main purpose of the government's reform of five baht is to establish credibility, stabilize finance, make private casting unprofitable, give up illegal activities on its own and completely solve the problem of private casting. Officials from various counties and countries, because old habits die hard, still join hands to enrich themselves. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the suggestions of ministers, and in two years (BC 1 15), he took back the coinage rights of counties and countries, which were uniformly minted and issued by the central government, thus preventing the recurrence of bad coins.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recovered the right to coin, the Central Committee of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty unified the casting of money. At this time, three officials and five baht were cast. The money is beautifully made, with neat edges and accurate weight. Qian Wen is beautiful and is a model of money. "Three officials" refers to Guan Zhong, copper discrimination and the loss of both skills, collectively known as the government's money-casting institutions. In order to popularize the equal damage law, the central government has set up a new official-Shuiya captain, who works in Shanglinyuan, Chang 'an. Shanglinyuan, a government-funded institution, is a royal garden expanded from the old garden of Qin Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty. It has 70 independent palaces covering an area of over 300 miles, including Xi 'an, Zhouzhi and Huxian today.

The characteristics of Shanglin three officials and five baht money are as follows:

First of all, Qian Wen has strict rules. The word "five baht" is slender and beautiful, and its style is relatively consistent. The word "five" bends slowly, and the junction of the upper and lower strokes and the two horizontal strokes is slightly inward. There are two kinds of "gold" prefix of "baht": triangle and arrow, and the square with four corners is shorter. The prefix of the word "Zhu" is square, the pendulous pen is basically round, the head and tail are flush with the word "Jin", and the stroke thickness is consistent.

Second, the money is neat, with a diameter of 25-25.5 mm, a diameter of about 0.97 cm, a thickness of 0. 15-0.2 cm, and a width of 0.1-0.4 cm, which is slightly wider, deeper and flat than the county, and the side connecting the money and meat is vertical. There are inner and outer Guo on the back, and the corners of some inner Guo are slightly convex.

Third, the weight is 3.5-4 grams, and a few of them exceed 4 grams.

Fourth, the casting is fine, the back is relatively flat, the width of the inner and outer Guo is uniform, and the rules are neat.

Five, there are two signs: the upper horizontal and the lower half star.

Six, three official five baht coin material color is red, copper content is above 70%, lead content is about 20%, slightly lower than the county five baht, but the proportion is reasonable and the physical properties are good.

Shanglin Sanguan Wuzhuqian has advanced casting technology, and most of them are made of copper molds or extremely fine clay molds. The shape characteristics of the three official coins and the square folding of the word "Zhu" were inherited from the three-baht coins, and then became the basic characteristics of the five-baht coins in the Western Han Dynasty. Shanglin Sanguan Wuzhu is one of the five baht currencies in the Western Han Dynasty. In 1950s and 1960s, the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences and other units successively excavated the Han nationality in Shaogou and Xijiao, Luoyang, and unearthed a large number of coins of the Han Dynasty. Three passes and five pillars in Shanglin were unearthed in two Han tombs.

Coin business is handled by three lawsuits, which has many advantages: first, it makes coins standardized and normalized; Second, improve the technical level of casting money; The third is the increase in production capacity; Fourth, effectively prevent private casting; Fifth, it is easy to control distribution.

The initial weights of the three official coins are all above five baht, making them exquisite as never before. Moreover, the casting process adopts the copper mold method, and the weight of the coins cast is consistent and absolutely up to standard. The edges of the minted coins are polished very neatly, so they are called "red money". After the new money was minted, the government exchanged it for county money, one for five bad money. By the fourth year of Ding Yuan (1 17 BC), most of the bad money had been recovered, and then the county currency was banned from circulating forever.

Thirty-one years after the release of the five baht, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty collapsed. During this period, a lot of money has been invested and the paradigm of money has changed. For example, there are differences in the size of words and the structure of calligraphy. As for wearing the first half of the month, the second half of the star, the upper and lower horizontal, the star and the moon, and the four decisions, it may be the symbol of the furnace.

During the reign of Emperor Zhao in the Western Han Dynasty (86 BC-74 BC), everything was cautious and conservative, foreign wars basically ended, domestic production was encouraged, and the economic situation was better than that in the last years of Emperor Wu. The size of Zhao Di's five baht is the same as that of Emperor Wudi's three officials, but its weight is lighter than that of Emperor Xuandi. Judging from the calligraphy, Qian Wen's "five" character has changed greatly, and its overall shape is slender. The intersection of the two sides of the word "V" becomes curved, and the ends of the two strands converge obviously, which is longer up and down and connected with the outer fruit; The word "Zhu" in "Zhu" has a square prefix and a triangle next to the word "Jin", which is obviously lower than the word "Zhu". It is higher and narrower outside the plane, but slightly lower than the five baht in counties and counties and the five baht in three officials, showing signs of crossing the horizontal or half-star. The copper color is deep red, and the casting process is slightly rougher than that of the three official coins.

After Zhao, he reigned for twenty-four years (73-49 BC), which was the golden age of the Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, international trade is also very developed, and it is also the highest peak of the Western Han Dynasty. Therefore, every year, money is invested, issued quickly, and quickly returned to the state treasury. By the end of Xuan Di, the national treasury had more than 8 billion yuan. The five baht in Xuan Di was cast during the Xuan Di period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The copper, shape, character and casting of money have reached the perfect level. Qian Wen's brushwork is tall and straight, giving people a sense of comeliness and detachment. The Chinese character "Wu" is bent horizontally and crossed vertically beyond the end of the pen. The prefix "Zhu" is mostly isosceles triangle, which is lower than the word "Zhu". In addition, there is another feature, that is, the peripheral part of money is inclined from the outside to the inside. The diameter of money is 2.5 mm and 2.6 mm, the most common is 1.5 cm, the width is 10 cm, the weight is about 3.5 g, and the surface is about 1.5-2 cm. This kind of money is the widest among the five baht in the Han Dynasty. Its shape is neat, the meat surface is smooth, the money inside and outside is slightly higher than the money meat, and the thickness is consistent. Xuan Di coinage is famous for its neatness and honesty, which occupies a high position in the Western Han Dynasty.

Small five baht was first cast in Ding Yuan for four years (BC 1 13), commonly known as "corn money" and "goose money", so it was named because of its small size. Among the coins unearthed in the Western Han Dynasty, there are small five-baht coins recorded in the documents of the Han Dynasty, which come from tombs or sites in the Western Han Dynasty. Among them, the excavation of the No.1 tomb of Emperor Xuandi Lingdu of the Han Dynasty is an example with an exact date.

Small five baht inscription "five baht" casting method is exquisite, the surface has a state of Zhou, no good country. The meat on the back is good, the fruit is ready and the text is clear. The diameter of money is between1.15-1.2cm, and it weighs about 0.62-0.65g. Qian Wen's calligraphy style is also different from that of Liang Wudi, Zhao Di and Xuan Di. Some of the "five" characters are straight, some are slightly curved and some are very curved. In terms of modeling, some wear horizontal paintings like three official money styles, and also like the most common five-baht style without a face. This shows that the small five baht was not cast at one time, but was also cast in various periods of the Western Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, just like the ordinary five baht. Judging from the unearthed situation, especially from the tomb pit of Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the small five baht was scattered among ten large pottery figurines in the form of a string, indicating that this is money for money, not money.

Cutting five baht is also called "grinding five baht" and "cutting five baht". When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first cast five baht, "Zhou Guo was the quality" to prevent traitors from grinding copper from the back of money and melting it. However, in the late Western Han Dynasty, another kind of shearing wheel appeared-five baht, which was a coin that polished ordinary five baht to reduce its weight. In fact, this five baht is the most suitable.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, when he became an emperor and mourned for the emperor, social contradictions were sharp, famine followed, and the monetary system was in chaos. At this time, the five-baht cut began to appear.

Cutting five baht is a product of the chaotic era of monetary system, which has been unearthed in Shaogou, Luoyang and Western Han tombs excavated in Luoyang.

1980 A gold five baht was found under the Tuyuan in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. The money is 2.6 cm in diameter, 0.2 mm thick and weighs 9 grams. The front and back cover the Guo, slightly wider than the back, and the square face is painted horizontally. The regular script of "Five baht" is neat, the intersection line of "Five" is arc-shaped, and the upper and lower horizontal lines are long. The prefix of "Zhu" is square folded in half, and the prefix of "Jin" is triangular, which is exquisite in production and golden in color. It is a rare treasure.

Five-baht coins in the Western Han Dynasty have a history of more than 700 years, from founding ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, to Five-baht coins in the Sui Dynasty.

② Five baht in Eastern Han Dynasty

(Five baht in Eastern Han Dynasty)

In AD 25, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty with Luoyang as its capital, which was the first year of Yanwu. The Eastern Han Dynasty was just established, with weak economic foundation and social unrest. Half a tael of money, five baht in the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang's circle of fire, and fifty taels of Daquan are mixed in folk circulation. It was not until the 16th year of Yanwu (AD 40) that the five baht currency was re-minted. Since then, the Eastern Han Emperor has cast five baht. However, for a long time from Guangwudi to Ming Di and Zhangdi, there was no obvious change in the five baht money. Ancient coin experts called the five baht money cast in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Yan Di Five Bars". With the passage of time, the political and economic situation is constantly changing. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, inflation was serious and people lived in poverty. In order to save the economic crisis, the ruling class changed the "four essays" to five baht in the third year of Emperor Zhong Ping (AD 186). What's more, when Dong Zhuozhu was in Xian Di, he was penniless, which made the originally chaotic monetary system even more out of control.

"The History of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty" said: "After Wang Mang's initial rebellion, money was mixed with cloth, silk, gold and millet." In sixteen years, Yanwu began to pay five baht. The five baht recovered at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as "Yanwu five baht", was cast by Ma Yuan in Yanwu.

After Jianwu, the five baht coins of all dynasties were thinner than those of the Western Han Dynasty, with a diameter of 2.5 cm, a weight of 3.4-3.4 g, a thickness of about 0. 1 cm, and a narrow outer edge. The word "five baht" is wide, round and soft, and the strokes are thick and shallow. The middle of the word "five" is curved, and it cannot cross up and down. The prefix "gold" of the word "five baht" is a triangle, which is bigger than that of the Western Han Dynasty, and the word "gold" is four points longer. The prefix "Zhu" is round, straight in the middle and thin at both ends; Exquisite production and standard writing. Copper is light red with various marks, such as stars, horizontal paintings and vertical paintings. "Stars" can be divided into multiple stars, or semi-circular points or triangular points. According to its position, there are stars, stars and stars, as well as horizontal stars and stars. Many stars are in a row. Generally speaking, these marked five baht in the Eastern Han Dynasty are lighter and thinner than those without marks, and the casting process is also rough, with lighter characters and copper yellow. Many of them may have been cast in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty.

The five baht cast during the Jianwu period was handed down from generation to generation as proof. Since then, the five baht in the Eastern Han Dynasty has become an obvious feature. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in addition to the "Jianwu five baht", there were bronze mold boxes handed down from generation to generation to judge. After Ming Di, it is difficult to distinguish the specific age. Fortunately, by staging the five baht unearthed from Shaogou Han Tomb in Luoyang, it can be concluded that wearing or wearing the five baht with the word "Ping" (called "Ping Dang Five baht") should also belong to this period. However, its period is late, and the lower limit may have entered the Three Kingdoms. "Five baht in the Eastern Han Dynasty" is one of the five baht coins left over.

"Four out of five baht" is also called "Four out of money". The so-called "four exits" means that the money curtain leads out a straight line from the four corners of the square hole, which may be a preventive technology to prevent money from stealing copper. In the third year of Zhong Ping, the Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 186), the "five baht and four exits" was superior to the general "five baht in the Eastern Han Dynasty", and the weight of money was heavier. Its diameter is 2.5 cm, its diameter is about 8 mm, its contour thickness is 0. 15 cm, and its weight is 3.6-4 g. Emperor Han Ling was insatiable. "The emperor was Hou home, stay in the cold. Every time I sigh that Emperor Huan can't get married, I get together for personal gain "("Later Han Zhang Rang Chuan "). It's not enough to be the king of a country. The whole world belongs to him. And sell officials to collect money and fill the state treasury. Under the rule of such a bad king, ordinary people have no good life.

The vast number of poor people who were slaughtered by Emperor Han Ling complained bitterly. After the "five baht and four exits" were cast, people cursed that "the capital will be broken and the emperor will go to the hall and disperse."

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo was autocratic. Dong Zhuo was originally a Liangzhou strongman, and Emperor Han Ling was then a state animal husbandry. In the Yellow turban insurrectionary, he took the opportunity of recruiting soldiers and led his troops into Luoyang. He first abolished the young emperor, established Xian Di, and arbitrarily ruled the state affairs; After burning Luoyang, he embraced the son of heaven and claimed to be a teacher. Dong Zhuo is greedy by nature. In order to plunder the wealth of the people, he destroyed the "golden man" in the first year of Chuping (AD 190), and nine of the twelve golden men (bronze men) cast by Qin Shihuang had small coins. This kind of money is only 1.2- 1.5 cm in diameter and weighs about 0.5- 1 g, and it has neither an inner profile nor an outer profile. The word "five baht" is vague and difficult to identify. The world satirizes it as "penniless." Dong Zhuo is penniless, light and small, and poorly made. Based on the weight of a "golden man" of 120,000 Jin, Dong Zhuo can get at least seven or eight trillion yuan. This was the last time that the Eastern Han Dynasty court minted coins, and the circulation area was narrow, only in Chang 'an and Luoyang. He used it to build a castle called Wu Yang in Huxian County, Shaanxi Province, which is more than 0/00 miles away from Chang 'an/KLOC. There are countless treasures in the city, and food alone can last for 30 years.

Dong Zhuo's circulation of such small money will inevitably aggravate inflation, and soon there will be a "mangoku" situation. How can the poor exchange a car for a stone valley? At that time, people's grievances were boiling, and the hungry people rose up. The five-baht system in the Han Dynasty was completely destroyed by Dong Zhuo, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was pushed to the brink of death by him. So Cao Cao took the opportunity to take Han, and soon the era entered the Three Kingdoms era.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, grinding five baht, cutting five baht and grinding five baht, also known as "grinding money", that is, grinding off contours and side money. The edge grinding of five baht was first discovered in the late period of the first style unearthed from Shaogou Han Tomb in Luoyang. Common in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, more in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The method of edging is said to be "mostly using a square stick made of wood or metal to pass through the hole of money, about one hundred pieces at a time, then fixing the two ends and grinding the outline of money on the mill." Through processing, the diameter of the border coin is 0. 15-0.2 cm smaller than that of the ordinary five-baht coin. The weight of money is reduced by about 1 gram, that is to say, after this treatment, the weight of 5 baht money is reduced by about one third. But in general, it will not affect the front of the money, and the edge of the coin is smooth. The purpose of edging is to take copper as the raw material for casting new coins. Because of this, the weight and depreciation of five baht money have been greatly reduced. Cutting five baht, or cutting money, is the general term for cutting money or recycling money. The way is to cut a dollar into two pieces, inside and outside. Chopping money appeared in the Western Han Dynasty, and increased in the period of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 147- 184), even reaching the point of flooding.

Trimming five baht is money to trim the periphery or outline. Qian Wen has only half of the word "five baht", so it is also called "five baht to the text". The size of the five baht money path is different. It is determined that the diameter of coins is generally less than 2 cm, and the weight is about 1.5 g, and the edge of five baht has been cut off. It is thought that there is another way to trim five baht money, that is, cut off the outline of the money one by one with scissors. Under normal circumstances, trimming money removes more contours than grinding money, and most of them have to be subtracted from the front text of coins, resulting in the incomplete text of coins. Judging from the edge of coins, trimming money is not as smooth and neat as grinding money, and the diameter of money is also very different. The diameter of money is mostly between 2.05 and 2.2 cm, and the weight of money is reduced by more than two fifths. The main basis for distinguishing edging money from trimming money is the trace of edge processing and the diameter of money.

Five baht money is money whose inner ring is cut off or chiseled off, only the edge of the money is circular, and Qian Wen's word "five baht" is only half.

No matter the five baht for wrapping, trimming or circling, it is not legal tender. Their appearance is mainly due to economic chaos, currency instability and high prices. Mercenaries cut five baht, one for two for personal gain. This is the inevitable result of political turmoil, economic depression and the deterioration of currency circulation at that time.

A large number of five baht were discovered in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Among them, the cutting wheel is more than five baht and the ring is less than five baht. 1953, all kinds of grinding profiles (cutting wheels) 1858 pieces and 8 pieces of five-baht rings were unearthed from Shaogou Han Tomb in Luoyang. 1 969,21kloc-0/7 copper coins were unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb in Leitai, Wuwei, Gansu Province, including 594 scissors and1piece. 1973, more than 40 kilograms of Eastern Jin copper coins/kloc-0 were unearthed in Dantu, Jiangsu Province, including about 90 kilograms of knives and five baht, and only more than 20 rings. 1975 A five-baht ring of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed from the Han Tomb of Jia Xiaozhai in Fufeng section of Shaanxi Province. In Qian Wen, there are half of "baht" and "five", and some of them are only one-third of the words, weighing1g. 72 pieces of five baht were unearthed in the Eastern Han Dynasty and 967 pieces of five baht were unearthed in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Judging from the five-baht characters in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the intersection of the five characters is slightly round, the gold prefix of the word "baht" is triangular, and the prefix of "Zhu" is round, which is slightly round than the five-baht money in the Western Han Dynasty. The above are some distinctive five baht money in the Eastern Han Dynasty.