Oracle Bone Inscriptions's main record?

Oracle Bone Inscriptions, mainly referring to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, is a script carved (or written) by the royal family on tortoise shells and animal bones for divination in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~1century). It is the earliest and most complete ancient Chinese character discovered by China.

In the 25th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1899), Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first known by epigraphist Wang and bought at a high price. In the following ten years, Wang Xiang, Meng, Liu E, Luo Zhenyu, and Farlian of the United States successively searched for Oracle bones, Shouling and the United Kingdom, Taifu Lin of Japan, and Canadian ones. , * * * got tens of thousands of pieces of Oracle bones. From 1928 to 1937, the archaeological team of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica conducted 15 planned excavations of Yin Ruins, and obtained about 25,000 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Since then, Oracle bones have been unearthed in Yin Ruins. 1973, the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated more than 4,000 pieces of Oracle bones in Xiaotun South, Anyang, Henan. In addition to the Yin Ruins, two inscribed Oracle Bone Inscriptions pieces were also found in Zhengzhou 1953 and 1954 sites in the middle of Shang Dynasty. /kloc-since 0/954, about 300 inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells have been unearthed in Hongdong, Shaanxi, Changping, Zhouyuan Fenghao Site and Feng Chu, Qishan, Shaanxi.

Since the first discovery of Oracle bones, Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Hong Kong and Macao, Japan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, the Soviet Union, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and other countries have unearthed150,000 pieces of Oracle bones, and South Korea also has collections.

Most of the unearthed Oracle bone inscriptions have been recorded and published, such as Liu E's Tieyun Hiding a Turtle, Luo Zhenyu's Yinxu Shuqi and Yinxu Shuqi Later Edition, James Mellon Menzies's Yinxu Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Lin Taifu's Tortoise and Beast Bone Essays, and Wang Xiang's Essays on Stan Yin Qi. Later, there were Dong Zuobin's A Collection of Yin Ruins and A Collection of Yin Ruins, and Hu Houxuan's A Collection of Newly Acquired Oracle Bones in Nanjing and Shanghai after World War II. After World War II, there were records of Oracle bones seen in the north and south, and Oracle bones were newly acquired in Beijing and Tianjin after World War II. The Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, edited by Guo Moruo and Hu Houxuan, systematically and scientifically sorted out hundreds of thousands of pieces of Oracle bones found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in recent 80 years, collected all the unearthed Oracle bones extensively and classified them by stages. * * * collected about 40,000 pieces of Oracle bones and compiled them into thirteen volumes, which provided systematic data for the study of Oracle bones and Shang history. In addition, 1973 Oracle bones unearthed in xiaotun south have been included in the book xiaotun south Oracle bones. Oracle bones in Japan, Canada, the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Germany and other countries have also been recorded and published respectively.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature character, and the main methods of word formation are pictographic characters, pictographic characters and phonetic characters. Today's Chinese characters are still pictographs based on pictographs, so Oracle Bone Inscriptions has the basic form of Chinese character structure in later generations. Grammatically, there are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and their sentence patterns and structural order are basically consistent with later grammars.

Because Shang Wang knew everything, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content involved all fields of Shang society. According to the information about the business class and country in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, slaves and civilians in Shang Dynasty were composed of people with different identities, such as the masses, farmers, Qiang people, servants, Xi people and concubines. Slave owners and nobles include former governors and their spouses, such as Yan, Mu, Zi Ruzi and Tuzi. Officials at all levels include ministers, Yin, Shi and dogs. The army has divisions, brigades, etc. Penalties include beheading, beheading and setting up a prison. Oracle Bone Inscriptions also recorded the human sacrifice in Shang Dynasty, which is directly related to solving the social nature of Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty often waged wars with foreign countries, and the conquered countries paid tribute to the Shang Dynasty. In Oracle bone inscriptions, it is often recorded that families have come and entered horses, cattle, sheep and turtles.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions was a rich social means of production in Shang Dynasty. In agriculture, there are records of plowing and ploughing fields, as well as the names of various crops such as millet, millet, wheat, thunder and rice. The king is concerned about the abundance and regret of agricultural harvest, reducing the impact on agricultural harvest, and often makes predictions of setting up millet, saving millet, praying for the new year and telling autumn. Horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs and tapirs in animal husbandry. They are all recorded, and there are a large number of livestock and special stables. A large number of cattle and sheep are often used for sacrifice. Fishing and hunting still played a certain role in the social life of Shang Dynasty. The prey recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions include deer, elk, tapir, elephant, tiger, fox, fish and various birds. Hunting methods include wild, hunting, chasing, trapping and shooting. There are also commercial and transportation information about shellfish, friends, nobles, ships, cars and even transportation systems in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions also enriched the ideological and cultural content of Shang Dynasty. In the astronomical calendar, there are solar eclipses, lunar eclipses, birds and stars, new stars and big stars. , and leap month data such as March and Shi Shuo at different time periods every day. In meteorology, there are many records about rain forecast, wind forecast, changing sun, clouds, thunder, hail, snow and rainbow. There are medical records of head diseases, dental diseases, nasal diseases, speech diseases, elbow diseases, foot diseases, heel diseases and other diseases, and there are also records about fertility, which shows that the expected date of delivery can be accurately inferred at that time.

The king is still a ghost, who can predict everything. The content of divination is mostly centered on the king. On the issues of concern, such as offering sacrifices to ancestors and natural gods, paying attention to wind, rain, water, celestial phenomena, farming, years of success, etc., virgins ask God, ghosts and gods, the first male and the first king, etc. , so as to predict good or bad, hope to be guaranteed. The divination materials are mostly tortoise shell (and a small amount of back shell) and cattle scapula, which are corrected before use and drilled on the back (and a small amount of cattle scapula on the front). In Oracle inscriptions, Oracle bones are burned with fire before drilling holes in the back, and there are "Bu"-shaped cracks in the front to judge good or bad luck. After divination, record the divination on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions usually carved vertical paintings first, then horizontal paintings, then signs, auspicious words and characters, and then divination, so he was also called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A complete Oracle Bone Inscriptions should include narrative, fate, occupation and proof, while most Oracle bones often omit occupation or proof. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, some draw sand or ink, some write on Oracle Bone Inscriptions with a brush, and some write first and then engrave.