Who has the detailed knowledge of compulsory politics? Thank you.

First, the national system

1, country: the country is ... and the country has the attribute ... (fundamental attribute).

2. State system: meaning, China's state system (people's democratic dictatorship)

1. China has eliminated the exploiting class, and class contradiction is not the main social contradiction;

2. Class struggle still exists: 1. Struggle against sabotage by hostile forces and elements ...; B. the struggle against international hostile forces and elements.

3, democracy and dictatorship:

1. Meaning: P9- 10

2. Relationship:

Relational democratic dictatorship

The difference in the scope of application applies only to the ruling class and the people, as well as to the ruled class and hostile forces.

Different ways of realization are based on the equality of political rights, characterized by the minority obeying the majority, and characterized by the coercion of state power.

The purpose of different functions is to realize the will and requirements of the ruling class and the people and manage the country more effectively. It is to consolidate the specific state power and ensure the stability of social and political order.

Contact is complementary and a prerequisite.

Democracy is the social and political foundation of dictatorship, and dictatorship is the political guarantee of democracy.

4. State function

1. the relationship between state function and state nature P 10

2. State functions in China

The internal function is 1. Strike against hostile forces and elements according to law.

2. Organize and lead the socialist economic construction.

3. Correctly handle contradictions among the people and maintain social stability.

4. Organize and lead the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.

5. Do a good job in social affairs.

Exotic function 1. Defend the aggression and subversion of foreign enemies and defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

2. Carry out international exchanges and cooperation to create an international space conducive to the development of China.

3. Maintain world peace, promote economic development and give full play to China's role in the international community.

Second, political power.

1, which means

2. Basic types of regimes and their comparison.

Basic types of government

Including constitutional monarchy, democracy and harmony.

Parliamentary monarchy parliamentary presidential system

There are different ways and functions of the head of state: hereditary, symbolic, elections without real power, job vacancies, elections without real power and elections with real power.

General system of different committees of state power center

The relationship between the legislature and the executive is different, being supervised and being supervised.

Oppose each other and fight each other.

Election/legislation, organization, supervision and property decision-making power of parliament. Elections/legislation, supervision.

Typical countries are Britain, Thailand, Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Norway. Italy, Germany, Finland, Austria, India, Singapore. United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia.

3. Comparison between parliamentary system and presidential system;

(1) Differences: First, the selection method of the Fuehrer is different. Under the parliamentary system, the head of state is elected by the parliament; Under the presidential system, the president is elected by voters. Second, the position and role of the head of state in the political life of the country are different (table above). Third, the relationship between the head of state, parliament and government (cabinet) is different. Under the parliamentary system, the government (cabinet) is composed of political parties or coalitions of political parties with a majority of seats in parliament. The government and its cabinet members are accountable to Parliament. When the parliament passed the motion of no confidence to the government, the government had to resign or petition the head of state to dissolve the parliament and re-elect. If the new parliament still passes the motion of no confidence on the government, the government must resign at any time. Under the presidential system, the government is organized by the elected president, and the government and its cabinet members are responsible to the president, not to the parliament. The president is not responsible to parliament, nor can he dissolve parliament. Parliament cannot force the president to resign through a vote of no confidence, but impeach the president or members of the government when they violate the law.

(2) Similarity: First, both are capitalist democracy. Second, the organs of state power and heads of state of the two countries are elected and have a certain term of office.

4. Parliamentary system and parliament cannot be equated.

Parliamentary system is a system in which adult citizens regularly elect a certain number of representatives (members) to form a parliament to exercise the legislative power of the state. It is a political system and the core and foundation of capitalist democracy. Parliament is the legislature and representative organ of capitalist countries.

5. Similarities and differences between parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy.

(1) Difference: A. Parliamentary democracy and harmony are a form of political organization in which parliament is the center of national political activities, and state power organs and heads of state are elected by parliament and are responsible to parliament. Constitutional monarchy of parliament is a form of political organization with hereditary monarch as the head of state, and its power is stipulated by the Constitution and subject to certain restrictions. B, the conditions are different. The former is the result of bourgeois revolution, while the latter is the result of mutual compromise between bourgeois and feudal forces. C, the former has no monarch, and the head of state is elected for a certain term. The latter has a monarch, and it is hereditary and has no tenure.

3. Similarities: A, they are all forms of political organizations (regimes) in capitalist countries. B, they are all based on the private ownership of the means of production, and they all serve the bourgeoisie. C, there is a parliament, which is in a leading position in the country and is the highest organ of state power, with legislative power and administrative supervision power. The government (cabinet) is produced by it and is responsible for it. D generally, the system of separation of powers is implemented, that is, legislative power, executive power and judicial power are exercised by three different organs: parliament, government and court. E, is determined by the nature of capitalist countries, and reflect this nature, is the tool of bourgeois dictatorship.

6. China's political system (the people's congress system is the fundamental political system in China)

(1) People's congresses, people's congress systems and people's representatives should not be confused;

(2) People's congresses and people's congresses cannot simply be equated;

(3) The functions and powers of the National People's Congress should be distinguished from those of the NPC Standing Committee (whether there is the word supreme).

(4) There are two ways to produce deputies: at or above the county level (excluding the county level), they are elected by people's congresses at lower levels, and below the county level, they are directly elected by voters.

5. Deputies have two terms of office: five years at or above the county level and three years at the township level [note that the scope of (4) and (5) is different].

[6] People's deputies are the direct exercisers of state power (people do not directly exercise state power) P27-Pay attention to the comparison with the following sentence:

The systems and autonomous organizations for the people of China to directly manage state and social affairs are the petition system, workers' congresses, neighborhood committees and village committees P54.

(7) Rights and obligations of people's deputies P27

(8) The people's congress system directly reflects China's national system and the people being the masters of the country (the people being the masters of the country is the core content and fundamental standard of the people's democratic dictatorship national system).

Third, the form of state structure.

1, meaning; 2. Classification: single system and composite system; 2. State structure of China

Similarities and differences between special administrative regions and ethnic autonomous areas

Bibit Special Administrative Region Ethnic Autonomous Region

The areas set up in different places are in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and are different in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities.

With different degrees of autonomy, P35 enjoys a high degree of autonomy and a certain degree of autonomy.

Different social systems maintain the original capitalist system and adhere to the socialist system.

The problem to be solved is different. It was established to solve the problems left over from history and realize the peaceful reunification of the motherland. It was established to solve ethnic problems and realize the desire of ethnic minorities to be masters of their own affairs and manage their own regional affairs.

Different roles play an important role in maintaining the prosperity and stability of Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, realizing the peaceful reunification of the motherland and accelerating China's socialist modernization. They are conducive to the combination of national centralization and unity with national autonomy and equality, the combination of national prosperity and prosperity with national prosperity and development, and the combination of the principles and policies of the party and the state with the specific characteristics of ethnic minority areas, which is of great significance to national unity and ethnic minority progress.

* * * The same point is that both of them enjoy autonomy, not sovereignty, and they are local administrative regions under the jurisdiction of the central government.

Lesson Two China's National System (Part Two)

I. National institutions in China

1, the head of state (chairman) of China is an important part of the highest organ of state power; In presidential countries, the president (head of state) is the main part of government institutions (administration); The head of state is an important state organ.

2. In China, there is no separation of powers between central state organs.

1. The relationship between central state organs in China is fundamentally different from the separation of powers in western countries. The National People's Congress is an organ that uniformly exercises state power, which is unified, and the will and interests of the people are the center of all state organs' activities.

2. China's central state organs are responsible for the division of labor and cooperate with each other. All state organs perform their duties according to their functions and powers, and do not exceed their powers, otherwise they will exceed their powers and abuse their powers.

3. There are constraints between the central state organs. For example, the Supreme People's Court independently exercises judicial power; The Supreme People's Procuratorate independently exercises procuratorial power; Free from interference by state administrative organs, social organizations and individuals; Members of the National People's Congress shall not hold posts in state administrative organs, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

Second, the relationship between the rule of law and the rule of virtue.

1, difference

(1) Different meanings: Governing the country according to law means that the broad masses of people, under the leadership of the Party, manage national social affairs in accordance with the Constitution and laws. Governing the country by virtue is to establish an ideological and moral system that meets the requirements of the development of socialist market economy and build socialist spiritual civilization under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory. (2) Different categories: Governing the country by virtue belongs to the category of ideological construction and spiritual civilization. Governing the country according to law belongs to the category of political construction and political civilization. (3) Different means of relying: Governing the country by virtue mainly depends on moral means to regulate the thoughts and behaviors of social members. Governing the country according to law and regulating the thoughts and behaviors of social members by legal means.

Step 2 contact

The fundamental purpose of the two is the same, both of which are to ensure the people's right to be masters of the country, so that the people can truly be masters of the country. They complement each other and promote each other. In the great cause of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics, they are indispensable and cannot be ignored.

Three. Principles of organization and activities of national institutions in China.

1, the principle of democratic centralism (establish democratic consciousness)

2, the principle of being responsible to the people (establish public servant consciousness)

3, the principle of governing the country according to law (establish legal awareness)

The three principles converge to one point, that is, to ensure that the people fully exercise their right to be masters of the country and safeguard their status as masters of the country.

Four, a comprehensive understanding of the principle of governing the country according to law P5 1

1, meaning; 2. Essence; 3. Fundamental purpose; 4. How to govern the country according to law?

V. Relations between citizens and the state

1. In China, the people are the masters of the country;

2. Main manifestations (triple P54)

Six, the main political rights and freedoms of China citizens (the right to vote and be elected, political freedom, supervision).

Seven, the three principles of correctly treating citizens' rights and obligations:

1, three principles: (1) Everyone is equal before the law; (2) the unity of rights and obligations; (3) the combination of personal interests and national interests

2. Correctly understand that all citizens are equal before the law.

(1) refers to equality in law enforcement, that is, judicial equality and law-abiding equality, not legislative equality. (2) can't refer to absolute egalitarianism. According to the Constitution, citizens less than 65,438+08 weeks do not enjoy the right to vote and stand for election. This does not mean that there is inequality between citizens of legal age and citizens under legal age, but because citizens who participate in political life need certain abilities. (3) Oppose all privileges. (4) China's Constitution stipulates that all citizens are equal before the law, which is the equality of rights within the scope of the Constitution and the law, and inequality still exists in real life. To eliminate this inequality, we not only need to use legal means, but more importantly, vigorously develop productive forces and comprehensively improve people's cultural quality and material living standards.

3. Correctly understand the principle of the unity of citizens' rights and obligations-complement each other and promote each other.

(1) No rights, no obligations, no rights, no obligations (2) The realization of rights requires the fulfillment of obligations, and the fulfillment of obligations requires the realization of rights.

Eight. Comparison between citizens and people

1, with different meanings: a citizen refers to a person who has acquired the nationality of a country and enjoys rights and obligations according to the laws of that country. In our country, the concept of citizen is consistent with nationality. Anyone with China nationality is a citizen of the people of China. Therefore, the only condition to determine whether he is a citizen of our country is whether he has obtained China nationality. The people refer to the masters of the country. People have different meanings in different historical stages. At the present stage of our country, the people refer to all socialist workers, patriots who support the reunification of the motherland and patriots who support socialism.

2. The scope is different. The scope of citizens is greater than that of the people. Citizens include all members of society, but people do not include all members of society. People deprived of political rights according to law and other hostile elements do not belong to the people, but to citizens.

3. Different in nature. Citizen is a legal concept, and man is a political concept.

Lesson 3 China's Political Party System

I. Political parties

1. Political parties are the product of modern capitalist economic and political relations.

2. Relationship between political parties and state power-(1) Political parties must lead state power; (2) Leading state power is the fundamental way for political parties to realize the interests of their own classes; (3) Contemporary national political parties are generally able to lead state power; (4) Political parties have subjective conditions for leading state power.

3. Political parties include the ruling party and the non-ruling party, and the nature of the ruling party should also be determined by the nature of the class it represents, that is, by the nature of the ruling class, not by the nature of the country.

Three, the nature, guiding ideology, purpose, highest program (goal) and basic line of China * * * production party.

1. Nature: According to the new regulations of "Two Vanguards" at the 16th National Congress: (1) the vanguard of the working class in China; (2) The people of China and the vanguard of the Chinese nation; 2. Guiding ideology: ... Theory of Three Represents's growth theory; 3. Purpose: to serve the people; 4. The highest program: to realize socialism.

5. Basic line: one center and two basic points (the core content of Deng Xiaoping Theory)

Four, China * * * production party is the leading core of China's socialist modernization.

1, the leadership style of China * * * production party on national life: political leadership-fundamental; Ideological leadership-soul; Organization and leadership guarantee. The three are unified and inseparable.

Note: the party and the state must be separated, and the party's leadership over the state should not be confused with the state functions performed by state institutions. Anything related to the party's leadership can only involve political leadership, organizational leadership and ideological leadership. Never gild the lily when answering questions about state functions-it's wrong to add the party.

2, the people's democratic dictatorship, the people's congress system, China * * * the relationship between the leadership of the party.

The first and the third are China's state system, political power and leading core respectively.

Second, the state system determines the regime, and the regime reflects the state system. The people's congress system is determined by the national nature of the people's democratic dictatorship, and the historical task of the people's democratic dictatorship is realized through it.

Third, the leadership of the working class in China over the people's democratic dictatorship is realized through the leadership of the Production Party in China. The party's ideas and policies become the laws and decisions of the state through the National People's Congress. The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for consolidating, developing and perfecting the people's democratic dictatorship and the people's congress system.

Why is it a fundamental guarantee?

(1) The people's democratic dictatorship is the state system of our country. Democracy among the people and dictatorship over the enemy are realized through the leadership of its vanguard, the Production Party of China.

(2) The people's congress system is a political system. All power in our country belongs to the people. The party concentrates the people's will, forms the line, principles and policies, and then promotes the above to the national will through the people's congress, thus realizing the leadership over the country. The National People's Congress must uphold the leadership of the Party, and the Party must act within the scope of the Constitution and laws formulated by the National People's Congress.

(3) Adhering to the people's democratic dictatorship, the system of people's congresses and the leadership of the production party in China are the basic requirements for building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics. The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for consolidating, developing and perfecting the people's democratic dictatorship and the people's congress system.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The ruling position of China's * * * production party and the participation of democratic parties in politics-China's political system.

1, China * * * production party is the ruling party, and democratic parties are participating parties. Being in power and participating in politics are different, but they are closely related.

2. Only when the China Party is in power can the democratic parties participate in politics. The participation of democratic parties in politics is helpful to strengthen and improve the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s ruling ability. Both ruling and participating in politics are aimed at consolidating the people's political power and building socialist modernization. * * * The producer party must give full play to the role of the democratic parties in participating in and discussing state affairs, and the democratic parties must support the leadership of the producer party in China.

3. China's * * * production party and democratic parties are leaders and leaders in politics. They are independent in organization and equal in legal status. They must take the Constitution as their basic activity criterion.

6. Differences and connections between CPPCC and people's congresses.

Comparison of CPPCC people's congresses

administrative region

The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of China * * * Production Party is an important organizational form and the most extensive patriotic United front organization-not a state organ. It is an organ for our people to exercise state power-it is a state organ.

Functional political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in state affairs. The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power, with the highest legislative power, the highest appointment and removal power, the highest decision-making power and the highest supervision power. Local people's congresses at various levels have corresponding functions and powers, which is the basis for establishing other state organs at the corresponding level.

Contact is the manifestation of socialist democracy in China.

Note: CPPCC is not a political organization of democratic parties, a state organ, and does not exercise state functions. It is not a political party and cannot be equated with the political party system in China. CPPCC is the organizational form of China's political party system.

7. CPPCC is not a state organ.

Reason (1) From the important characteristics of state organs, state organs are mandatory and authoritative. Unlike state organs of power, CPPCC does not directly make decisions on state affairs, and its proposals and suggestions are not binding. Unlike state administrative organs, CPPCC is not directly responsible for handling numerous administrative affairs.

(2) From the composition of CPPCC, it is a United front organization with broad representation, while state organs have distinct class nature.

(3) From the perspective of the relationship between Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and local committees, the relationship between local committees and local committees at the next lower level is a guiding relationship, not a relationship between the leaders and the led between the upper and lower levels of state institutions.

Eight, the order of the three meetings (party meeting, CPPCC meeting, NPC meeting)

1, which is determined by the nature, status and role of the * * * production party, CPPCC and NPC in China.

2.* * * The Producer Party is the ruling party and the leading core of China's socialist cause. Therefore, we must first convene a party meeting to formulate the line, principles and policies.

3. China People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is an important organizational form of multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of China's * * * production party. Therefore, after the Party's meeting, the China People's Political Consultative Conference will be held to fully listen to the opinions of democratic parties and people from all walks of life, and give full play to the role of political consultation, democratic supervision and participation in and deliberation of state affairs. This is conducive to giving full play to socialist democracy and promoting the scientific and democratic decision-making of the country.

4. The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of power in China, and it is the organ where the people exercise their power as masters of their own affairs. Therefore, the principles and policies put forward by the Party and various opinions and suggestions put forward by CPPCC must be submitted to the National People's Congress for discussion and adoption, so as to make them become the will of the country and ensure the Party's leadership over the country.

Nine. The relationship between the people's congress and the party

1. Legally, the people's congress is the highest. The Party must abide by the Constitution and laws. People's congresses have the right to supervise the implementation of the Constitution and laws, and political parties should be investigated for violating the Constitution and laws.

2. In the national political system, the National People's Congress is under the leadership of the Party and accepts the leadership of the Party.

Embodiment: 1) the party should exercise leadership over the people's congress and the state. 2) The leadership of the Party should also abide by the Constitution and laws.

Lesson 4 China is a unified multi-ethnic country.

First, the basic characteristics of the country

1, content: * * same language, * * same region, * * * same economic life and * * * same psychological quality.

2. * * has psychological quality and great stability, which is the most remarkable feature.

3. Connection: interconnection and interdependence, with * * * land and * * * classics as the primary premise (geographical space and material basis), * * * language and * * * mind are the promotion of * * * land and * * classics.

Second, the characteristics of ethnic distribution in China and the three principles of dealing with ethnic relations.

1 the relationship with the three principles p114-interrelated and inseparable. Equality is the political basis of unity, equality and unity is the premise of prosperity, and prosperity is the material guarantee of equality and unity. P 1 14

2. The fundamental task of ethnic work in China.

3. Regional ethnic autonomy is the embodiment of the three principles.

Third, the difference between regional ethnic autonomy and federalism.

1. China's regional ethnic autonomy is based on national unity, and under the unified leadership of the state, it exercises certain autonomy granted by law. Ethnic regional autonomous areas are an inalienable part of the people of China and the Republic of China, and are the local administrative areas of unitary countries, which are directly managed and led by the central government, and the power is granted by the central government; In addition to the federal central government, according to the provisions of the federal constitution, each member country has its own legislative and administrative organs.

2. According to the provisions of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, regional ethnic autonomous areas may formulate local autonomy regulations; In addition to the unified constitution and laws, the federal state also has its own constitution and laws.

3. Citizens in ethnic autonomous areas have only the nationality of China people; In addition to their own nationality, citizens of federal member States also have federal nationality.

4. In terms of foreign relations, ethnic autonomous areas cannot exercise diplomatic rights on behalf of the state, and only the central government can exercise diplomatic rights uniformly; Federation is the main body of international communication, but some federal countries allow their members to have certain diplomatic rights.

IV. Similarities and differences between special administrative regions and ethnic autonomous areas (see Table 4 of the First Curriculum)

Five, religious beliefs and feudal superstitious activities

Connection: All are theists, all believe in the existence of supernatural gods, all are idealistic worldviews, and all are not in line with science.

Difference: (1) By definition, religion, as a social ideology, is an illusory and distorted reflection of the objective world in people's minds and an idealistic world outlook. Feudal superstitious activities refer to the activities of gods, witches, fortune-telling and geomantic omen. Fool the masses, mislead the public, deceive the people and endanger others by playing tricks, divination and watching Feng Shui.

(2) In terms of organization, religion has a complete set of religious classics, doctrines and canons, philosophies, formal organizations, clergy, believers and venues for activities; Feudal superstitious activities have no doctrine, canon or precept, no formal organization, no fixed followers and no fixed venues for activities.

(3) From the way of activities, religion has certain religious system, prayer form and certain procedural activities, and believers should be bound by religious rules and commandments; Feudal superstitious activities have no system, and their activities are absurd, vulgar, low-level and even barbaric.

(4) From the purpose of activities, religious activities aim to publicize the power of God, make believers believe in God, do things according to God's will, participate in religious activities, do good deeds and cultivate themselves, so as to enter "heaven" after death; Feudal superstitious activities are a means for superstitious professionals to defraud money.

(5) From the perspective of social function, religion mainly plays a negative role, but it also has a certain positive role under certain historical conditions and within a certain range; Feudal superstitious activities are the product of ignorance and backwardness. They corrupt social atmosphere, disturb social order and undermine the construction of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization, and have no positive effect.

(6) Judging from the state's policy towards them, the state protects normal religious activities within the scope of the Constitution, laws and policies; Feudal superstitious activities must be resolutely stopped and banned.

Six, religion, feudal superstition, cult

Connection: From the epistemological point of view, the essence is the same, which is an illusory reflection of the distortion of the objective world by the human brain and an idealistic worldview.

Poor: 1. Religion has relatively complete theoretical classics, doctrines and canons. Feudal superstition has no systematic classical theory, but a bunch of nonsense from witches. Cults are even more absurd. They plagiarized some theories in religion, some qigong words, mixed with feudal superstitions, fabricated fallacies, deified religious leaders, and cheated the world and stole fame.

2. Religion has a normal organization, full-time clergy, a fixed activity place and a large number of believers. Feudal superstition is that the place is not fixed and its purpose is to deceive people. Cults secretly form associations, set up illegal organizations, occupy places for citizens' activities, gather illegally, confront the government and undermine social stability.

3. Religion has a certain religious system. Religious festivals and activities are all aimed at promoting the power of God, making believers believe in the power of God, accumulating virtue and doing good deeds, and cultivating self-cultivation. Feudal superstitions deceive the masses, deceive people and even kill people by playing tricks, telling fortune and watching feng shui. Cults fabricate fallacies, deceive the masses, control their minds, worship leaders, collect money, kill people and retaliate against society.

4. The negative influence of religion is main in the whole history, but it also has some positive influence in some cases. Feudal superstition corrupts social atmosphere, destroys social order and undermines the construction of two civilizations. Cults are a social cancer, and their essence is anti-humanity, anti-science, anti-society, ignoring the law, confronting the government and harming lives.

Seven, correctly understand China's policy of freedom of religious belief P 128.