Is Qin Shihuang great or too great?

In my opinion, Qin Shihuang was a man with boundless merits. First of all, he unified China, unified writing, unified measurement, built water conservancy projects, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li. These are all human contributions. Now let's talk about what he called going too far. He burned books and buried Confucianism, built great buildings, imposed heavy taxes and harsh laws, sought immortality medicine, and promoted agriculture and commerce.

Below, I'll talk about what the people of Qin Shihuang called:

Let's start with burning books and burying Confucianism. Burning books and burying Confucianism is to unify thoughts. Although extreme, it is very useful. It is a political necessity of a country and must be sacrificed. Moreover, before burning books, Qin Shihuang had backed up all the books to be burned and stored them in the royal library, and his obligations had been fulfilled. Later, those peasant rebels burned down the royal library, so it was not Qin Shihuang who really burned books, but those peasant rebels. The so-called book burning is not destroying books, but destroying folk books. Only people like "doctors" can collect them. What is strange is ignorance and lack of historical materials other than Qin history. Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion of burning books, limiting the spread of various theories and the freedom of speech of students. Show off your power and prestige and scare them. Its ultimate goal is to force it to submit and use it, not hate culture. The fact is the same, "Historical Records? The Biography of Qin Shihuang said: "I asked historians to burn all Qin's records. Those who dare to hide hundreds of poems and books without a doctor's post should be careful to keep them, and they will burn them. "Some people who dare to talk about" poetry "and" books "have abandoned the market and regarded the past as the past. It is the same crime for an official not to lift it when he sees it. If it doesn't burn for 30 days today, it will be a city. Don't go, books such as medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to learn the law, take the official as the teacher. " As you can see, Ji Qin, medicine, divination, planting trees and other books have not been burned. There are hundreds of words in the "poems" and "books" of doctoral officers, which expressly stipulate that they cannot be burned. According to documents, when Qin Shihuang burned books, some people illegally hid books such as poetry books. Indeed, after Qin unified the six countries, the scope of rule expanded to the north and south of the river, and it was difficult to implement the government decrees. At the same time, as far as the establishment of government institutions in Qin dynasty is concerned, it is impossible for the rulers of Qin dynasty to burn all the folk collections. "Although Qin has no way, it does not burn philosophers, and the amount of books and articles of philosophers is considerable." Judging from the popularity of pre-Qin philosophers and literature records, it is not like what later Confucian scholars said, "the six studies have been missing since then." In fact, the real classics can't be burned. In ancient times, classics have been firmly stored in the minds of scholars. As long as these scholars do not die, the classics will not die. So don't exaggerate the influence of "burning books". Burning books is undoubtedly bad. The burning of books by Qin Shihuang did bring great losses to the ancient culture of China. But for Qin Shihuang's book burning, we can't simply look at it from the perspective of burning. Qin Shihuang's burning of books was the result of two ideological struggles, one was the struggle between progressive and reactionary thoughts at that time, and the other was the political struggle between progress and reactionary. Burning books reflects the blow of those who represent progress in politics to those who represent reactionaries. Confucians are trapped because Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng can't get the fairy medicine, and they are afraid that "Qin method can't have it both ways, so they don't have to die". They scolded Qin Shihuang behind his back and fled Xianyang. When Qin Shihuang learned about this, he was furious and said, "I heard that Han Zhong didn't report it today, and Xu Fu and others spent tens of thousands of dollars. In the end, he couldn't get the medicine, but the traitor told the Japanese about it. Lu Sheng and others have been very kind to me, but now they slander me, which is not good for Jyuugo. Born in Xianyang, I let people ask questions, or make rumors. So I suggested asking the students about the case, and the students told them about it, and more than 460 people who violated the ban were in Xianyang, so that the world could know about it and punish them. The so-called cheating on Confucianism is also found through the slander and criticism of Confucian scholars. Pit is also caused by the harshness of Qin law. As for cruelty, there seem to be many more people killed than Qin Shihuang in history. Qin Shihuang was so concerned because he killed Confucian scholars. The biggest mistake of Qin Shihuang was that he did not stabilize and inherit the Qin system tempered in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. This is like "setting an example for others", which sacrifices the interests of a few people and saves the interests of more people. Moreover, those Confucian scholars also committed the crime of deceiving the monarch and neglecting the world. They must die. As far as ideological rule is concerned, it can be compared vertically. In a rage, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed many more people. Zhu Yuanzhang not only killed many people for his descendants to protect his Daming Mountain forever. Emperor Kangxi set up a literary inquisition, and the number of people who died in it was far from being counted. So I'm thinking: why didn't they get blamed for those behaviors in later generations like Qin Shihuang? Under the guidance of incomplete theory, Qin Shihuang's rule was blind, "treating the headache and treating the foot pain". So I found that if I have different opinions, I will "burn books", and if someone conflicts, I will "pit". Failed to solve the problem fundamentally and as a whole. However, this is not what we can ask for. After all, his "exploration" has no ancestral heritage to follow, no practical experience to refer to, and no wise consultant's advice to "help him build his own heart" to adopt. He is a lonely explorer. Unfortunately, he degenerated and became a tyrant. The unification of the Qin Empire depended on the relative national strength and the use of force. There are many bloody battles and conspiracies. After the rapid reunification, we are faced with the reality of how to govern the country. At that time, all the six countries had their own ideological and cultural systems except Qin. After reunification, many adherents of the six countries used the differences in ideological and cultural systems to seek opposition to the monarchy. The purpose of burning books and burying Confucianism is to realize the uniqueness of the imperial ideological and cultural system, just like the purpose of any ruler at any time. Didn't Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also propose to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone"? Didn't Lee Teng-hui and Chen Shui-bian change the mainstream of public opinion in Taiwan Province Province 10 years through "de-China"? It can be said that burning books and burying Confucianism was Qin Shihuang's "Cultural Revolution"! Moreover, the "Cultural Revolution" of the Qin Empire was much smaller than the "unprecedented" Cultural Revolution of 1966~ 1976 in terms of time span, social unrest, loss of national strength and sequelae of social influence. How can it be cruel? Looking at the imperial order at that time, the most dangerous thing was the "literati" who were "pitted". Before the country is completely and fundamentally stable, it is an inevitable choice to adopt fierce dictatorship. If Qin Shihuang adopts Gorbachev's ideological line of "new thinking" in order to achieve world reunification, then those scholars who engage in "academic research" will confuse the country and make government decrees impassable-just as the so-called "Democrats" in Hong Kong do now.

Let me talk about the so-called harsh laws. Enforce strict laws. What is evil law? Itself is a relative concept. Without flogging, the United States accused Singapore of being cruel. If there is no death penalty in the Commonwealth, it accuses China of cruelty; There is no religious law in China. People have heard that Arab countries implement the religious law of "stoning to death" for thieves, and think that Arab countries practice torture. At that time, the national philosophy that the Empire believed in-Legalism thought that "the troubled times were governed by strictness", and the Empire formulated strict laws relative to the six countries according to the national philosophy, which penetrated into every corner of society like a spider's web, and even made strict regulations on how many knives each household had (dual-use for military and civilian use). At the same time, relying on the Baojia system, it established the primitive community system and conducted the first national census in China history by sitting. The Jiabao Left-wing League system ensured the reduction of social crimes and the stability of the basic units of each empire. The simplest example is Liu Bang, the director of the Royal Pavilion at that time (equivalent to the director of the police station or the director of the street office now). Liu bang was in charge of military service, but he was drunk because of drinking at work. He lied that he was "a great responsibility from heaven" for fear of sin and tricked the people into rebellion. It can be seen that the court punished officials who were drunk at work very severely (in contrast, officials in a county now have to drink to do things). It can be said that the laws of the imperial court are strict, and their implementation is also strict, that is, "there are laws to follow, laws to be followed, violations to be investigated, and law enforcement to be strict". Nowadays, people are often confused by the imperfection of the law and judicial corruption, and always advocate the fairness and strictness of the law. Then how can we accuse China of being the first emperor who advocated governing the country with a perfect judicial system 2000 years ago? Should we be ashamed while accusing him? A unified law was conducive to social governance at that time. Political commentators in the Han dynasty said that the clothes of the Qin dynasty blocked the way and turned the city into a city, and the harsh Qin law turned the society into a big prison. In the past, we didn't know much about the law in the early Han Dynasty, so it was inevitable to interpret the remarks of these political commentators unilaterally. However, compared with the laws unearthed in the early Han Dynasty and Qin Law in recent years, it is found that they are almost the same, and Qin Law is not as harsh as they say, so it is inappropriate to regard Qin Law as the opposite of social stability in the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang talked about the relationship between law and society on many occasions. For example, in the 28-year Taishan stone carving, it is said that "there is a rule of law, and all things are suitable", in the Langxie stone carving, it is said that "the law is balanced, and everything is disciplined", "except for doubts, the law is established by salt", and in the 29-year stone carving, it is said that "the law is known, the world is warp and weft, and it will always be governed by the instrument". To tell the truth, there is nothing wrong with this idea. Qin law is indeed fine, but fine law and harsh law cannot be equated. Qin law is of course a law to protect the interests of the exploiting classes, but it also embodies the concept of social construction and is worth studying, especially to distinguish the cruelty of the period from Qin law.

Yes, Qin Shihuang's corvee is very heavy, but many of Qin Shihuang's corvees are criminals. When there are not enough people to complete a project, he will mobilize others to work. Just like when there is a flood now, officers and men of the armed police should be dispatched to fight floods and provide disaster relief; When fighting, reservists or militia should be called to participate in the war. This method is desirable, so it cannot be said that Qin Shihuang was cruel only because of his large-scale construction. But then again, building large buildings is a tradition of party and government officials in China. Now many cities that shout "building an international metropolis" are also building image projects that waste people and money. Even many poor counties are building luxurious buildings and halls. In history, we mentioned the number of buildings in the Qin Empire-the Great Wall, Lingqu, Qin Zhi Road, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and Abang Palace. The Great Wall is a typical military barrier. At that time, the Huns threatened so much that they had to be there. Lingqu is a semi-military project, which ensures the empire's rule over Lingnan area and must exist. Qin Zhi Road is equivalent to the current expressway system and is also a national infrastructure. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is the underground palace after Qin Shihuang's death. Emperors of all ages devoted their thoughts to it, not to mention a great man like Qin Shihuang. Now let's talk about Abang Palace, which is equivalent to the White House in the United States and Zhongnanhai in China. It marks the image of this country and is a national image project. The construction of Abang Palace is not only the residence of emperors, but also the political center of the first empire in the world. It was indeed wise for Qin Shihuang to combine personal residence with imperial residence and statue project. Are we going to ask Qin Shihuang to build a big yamen like a "public servant" in a county, build a local image project, build a personal first residence, and build a villa dedicated to mistresses?

Now let's talk about finding the elixir of life. First of all, we should make it clear that we can't use our current scientific cognition to ask people to know science before 2000. Looking for the elixir of life in those days was the "scientific research activity" in the society-wasn't it the alchemist who invented gunpowder in China? Not the working people (at that time, the working people simply didn't have the time, energy and financial resources to do these things). Qin Shihuang's search for elixir of life is the same as that of modern bioengineering research. In other words, Qin Shihuang was an emperor who supported scientific research to some extent. In the book burning operation, he ordered not to burn books on fairy tales, divination and agriculture (equivalent to science and technology, medical care, astronomy, metallurgy, geography and architecture). These actions have undoubtedly played a positive role in basic chemistry, physics, agriculture and architecture in China.

Let's talk about promoting agriculture and restraining business. The collective leadership of New China has always emphasized the issue of "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Tracing back to history, the emperors of China also emphasized agricultural issues, and the altars and shrines in Beijing were places where emperors prayed for agricultural prosperity. Of course, the head of state of the Qin Empire was no exception. Some people say that the Qin Empire paid attention to "land to the tiller and responsibility to every man", which is wrong. This accusation is simply ridiculous. In ancient times, "ploughing" was the lifeblood of the national economy, and "war" was the military guarantee of national stability. Putting "ploughing" before "war" was enough to show that the empire attached importance to the national economy. After hundreds of years of melee in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the greatest guarantee of the empire for its own people is that everyone has food, which is also the guarantee of the most basic human rights. However, in the case of limited national strength, it is inevitable to choose "agriculture" instead of "business". From the perspective of social structure, "agriculture" is more enough for people to avoid survival crisis and live with peace of mind; Advocating "business" is to make people take risks for possible benefits and increase social instability. From the institutional point of view, "agriculture" is a kind of reclamation, which allows people to stay under their own land, rather than running around like "business". The purpose of the Qin Empire to promote agriculture and restrain commerce is to maintain the stability of the empire to the maximum extent and maintain the stable development of society. Just because some scholars criticize China's "land complex" now, we can't criticize the economic policy of the Qin Empire from the social situation in the century before 2000. On the contrary, we should be grateful to the imperial policy of attaching importance to agriculture and land, thus gradually producing a great Chinese nation, a vast territory and a vibrant China culture.

And his belligerence. The biggest "criminal evidence" of the Qin empire's belligerence is the unification of force, the northern expedition to Xiongnu and the southern expedition to Guangdong and Guangxi. However, does all this hold water? The answer is no, the choice of reunifying China by force is inevitable. At that time, the six countries were obviously unwilling to merge with Qin and refused peaceful reunification, just like the authorities in Taiwan Province Province now. Then any China people will choose reunification by force. In the late Warring States period, the threat of the northern nomadic Xiongnu to the Central Plains is unimaginable today. Perhaps only in the 1960s did the Soviet Union station millions of troops on the border between China and Mongolia. At that time, the strength of the Huns had reached the south bank of the Yellow River. Today, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Ningxia, Shanxi and Hebei are all within the sphere of influence of the Huns. Then for the sake of national security, the empire must go to war with the Huns. The empire attached great importance to the war against Xiongnu, and appointed Meng Tian, the most outstanding army commander of the empire, and Prince Fu Su to direct the war against Xiongnu. The result of the war was to drive the Xiongnu forces to Mobei, and the imperial army was stationed at the Great Wall defense line. Judging from the results of the war alone, it can be asserted that the war against Xiongnu is not an expansion war, but a war to safeguard national unity. Otherwise, how could 300,000 heroes be stationed on the Great Wall defense line before the domestic chaos after the victory? As for the battle to conquer Guangdong, it is a continuation of the unified war. At that time, Chu was the strongest of the six countries, and its sphere of influence included Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guizhou. After Chu's death, some troops pointed to Lingnan for tenacious resistance. After the imperial army pursued and defeated, it was found that the indigenous people of South Vietnam threatened the southern border of the empire as much as the Huns, so the empire launched a unified war against Guangdong and Guangxi. After the Lingqu was completed, 400,000 troops were quickly replenished and defeated the enemy. At this point, the territory of the Qin Empire was fully formed, which also laid the embryonic form for the future territory of China.

Secondly, Qin Shihuang did not fully accept the social thought of Legalists. Confucianism says that the rule of society should be based on etiquette and morality, while Legalists say that the rule of society depends on law, technology and power, and that "the ignorant are fearless". Legalists' hostility to Confucian social thought is the most typical in Han Fei's remarks. However, a close study of Qin literature shows that Qin Shihuang emphasized "Fa" and did not abandon "Confucianism". Twenty-eight years ago, Zou Yishan set up a stone and Lu Rusheng participated in the discussion. There is also a language of "courtesy between men and women" in Taishan stone carvings. In the same year, Langxie's stone inscription said that "statutes" should be "clear personnel, about father and son." Virtue, wisdom, benevolence and righteousness reveal the truth. Qin Shihuang also emphasized changing customs and creating a "clean" social environment, all of which have traces of Confucian social thought.

Third, Qin Shihuang had the people-oriented idea of "saving time". In the newly unearthed Liye Qin bamboo slips, the ceremony of Dongting County Chief said in the official document sent to the subordinate counties: "Shi Tian (also) should not promote Qiantou, ... (Xing Qiantou) can save less money, save less money and prosper more, and illegally move into the county. (County) urgently needs laws and regulations. " This article was promulgated in February of the 27th year of Qin Shihuang, the second year after reunification. The official document emphasizes that criminals should be used as much as possible to undertake the corvee, especially in the busy farming season, and people should be used with caution. If you levy more taxes, you should be punished by law immediately. This seems to be inconsistent with our impression that the Qin Dynasty abused people's power. In fact, this administrative style began in the central government and then spread to local governments. For example, Qin Shihuang said in the 28-year "Stone Carving of Langxie" that the country should "get rid of the end of agriculture and make Guizhou rich", "worry about the head of Guizhou and make unremitting efforts every day" and "save time and diversify production. Peace comes first and there is no need for military reform. " Combining with Ligezhen, we can think that this idea has come true.

Some people say that ideological imprisonment originated from Qin Shihuang. This is a bit disregarding historical facts. Qin Shihuang somehow allowed the preservation of ancient books except the historical materials of the six countries. As far as I know, Kong Qiu is far more extreme than Qin Shihuang. At that time, the students were exhausted by Shao Zhengmao's lecture in Lu, and they were killed as soon as they took the stage. As a result, less speech has not been passed down. According to this practice, if Kong Qiu were in charge of the world, he would probably do much better than Qin Shihuang. Later Confucian scholars respected the practices of their ancestors, not those of Qin Shihuang. To say that the people are ignorant, the "people can make it, but they are unknowable" is even better than the Qin system, which at least allows the people to take officials as teachers.

Besides, "everything is inferior, only reading is high." If someone is not ignorant, it is deliberate slander. The "scholar" in pre-Qin Dynasty refers to "Wang Chen Gong, Dr. Chen Gong and Dr. Chen Shi", which is different from the so-called gentry of later Confucian scholars. Because the Qin Dynasty kept books on tree planting and medicine even if other folk books were burned, it can be seen that practical knowledge is still valued, and scholars can also learn from previous classics, which include historical, diplomatic and military knowledge, unlike later Confucian scholars who could only read those classics restricted by Kong Qiu.

Finally, let's talk about a hundred schools of thought contending during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The purpose of most theories is to serve the rulers and make the country rich and strong. The historical practice and competition during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period led to the final elimination of Qin by the six countries. Besides magic, Qin also adopted military strategists and strategists. Even if Confucianism was adopted in Han Dynasty, it was a policy of "Wang Ba miscellaneous". When Xuan Di saw the prince indulging in Confucianism, he solemnly warned the descendants of "Han family" that with the stability and absolute dominance of Confucianism, China became weaker and weaker. Confucianism advocates the outdated weekly system, so it is not popular in all countries. Even the rule of Lu relies on personal talent and the skill of deceiving the monarch. The Duke of Zhou, the most determined country of Lu, predicted its decline long ago, but it was not destroyed by Qi.

I think the real reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty are as follows: First, the death of Fu Su. If Fu Su dies, Fu Su will probably rule his empire with real Confucianism after he ascended the throne, so the Qin Dynasty will probably not perish. Second, there is another reason why the Qin Dynasty will perish so quickly, that is, there are only warriors around Qin Shihuang, and no one can remonstrate, dare to remonstrate and be good at remonstrating. This is the real reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. In fact, after the Qin Dynasty, another dynasty perished because there was no one around the emperor who could remonstrate, dared to remonstrate and was good at remonstrating, that is, the Sui Dynasty. In fact, the last emperor of the Sui Dynasty, Yang-ti, was as talented as Qin Shihuang. Because there was no one around to remonstrate, dare to remonstrate and be good at remonstrating, Yang-ti left. But after he bought a bigger country, it was obviously impossible to use the original method, but he didn't have a minister who was good at remonstrating. If Qin Shihuang had a square or Renjie around him, the Qin Dynasty could not perish. The third point is the death of Qin Shihuang. If Qin Shihuang can live a few more years, history will be rewritten. As can be seen from the above analysis, Qin Shihuang's talent is unparalleled in ancient and modern times. He not only completed the reunification of China, but also carried out a large-scale reform in China in terms of ideology, culture, politics, law, economic system and army building. However, military reunification and reform will inevitably mobilize the interests of some conservative vested interests, and its rebound will inevitably occur. On the one hand, Qin Shihuang cracked down on the reactionary forces, on the other hand, it promoted the economic and cultural development of various places. He also knows that he is facing great difficulties, even life-threatening-is it that Sean, the son of the six countries, recently created the Braun "Braun Cone" incident in an attempt to murder Qin Shihuang? In the face of the sinister situation, Qin Shihuang's response was to arrange for Prince Fu Su to participate in the Xiongnu War, increase Fu Su's prestige in the army, and demand Qin Jun's spiritual leader Meng Tian and the Montessori family to be loyal to Fu Su (this is also the reason why Qin Jun's main field army refused to be loyal to the empire after Hu Hai succeeded to the throne); At the same time, Meng Tian and Fu Su were ordered to carry out the strategy of guarding the Great Wall after the victory of the Xiongnu War, and turned to deter the Central Plains and provide mobile support for Guanzhong. Perhaps in Qin Shihuang's strategy, the future empire is an empire with strict laws, strong military, prosperous national strength, advanced science and prosperous official management. But when he was building his ideal, his life was over. What Qin Shihuang didn't expect was that under the conspiracy of Zhao Gao and Reese, Hu Hai succeeded to the throne, forcing Fu Su and Meng Tian to die. The empire was in chaos and the army refused to be loyal. Alas, the Empire State Building collapsed.

Chairman Mao's evaluation of Qin Shihuang is: Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialists, and he is a Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi. Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society. I am also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two factions, one is good for Qin Shihuang and the other is bad for Qin Shihuang. I agree with Qin Shihuang, but I disagree with Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system.

I found that Chairman Mao was really like Qin Shihuang, who unified China and established a new China. Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and Chairman Mao's ten-year Cultural Revolution; Qin Shihuang attacked Xiongnu in the north, and Chairman Mao resisted US aggression and aided Korea ... Why do people say that Chairman Mao is more successful than others, and Qin Shihuang is more successful than others? In fact, Kangxi's experience is similar to that of Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang strengthened centralization, and Kangxi killed Ao Bai. Qin Shihuang unified China, Kangxi Pingfan, recovered Taiwan Province Province and fought back against galdan; Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and Kangxi engaged in literary inquisition ... Why did Kangxi do more than him, and Qin Shihuang did more than him, or did the merits and demerits balance out? Moreover, Qin Shihuang was their ancestor, and there was no history book for him to consult, and no one asked him to consult. He is indeed a lonely explorer.

There is also the idea that Qin Shihuang sent troops to attack Nanman and build a Lingqu in Xing 'an, which may have the idea of developing Guangdong and Guangxi. The battle of Qin Ou, the strength and composition of Qin Jun in this war, almost all the history books say that Qin Jun mobilized 500,000 troops to attack Baiyue under the guidance of Tu Youyou, but in Huai Nan Zi? "Human Training" records: "In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Wei Tusui sent 500,000 soldiers, one army sealed the city, one army held nine doubts, one army was in Panyu, the capital, one army held the border, and one army had more than enough water", but there are also doubts here. Did all five roads in Qin Jun attack at the same time? According to the local chronicles of Guangdong and Guangxi, Qin Jun first attacked from Tusui Road and Zhao Tuo Road with 200,000 troops. But when did the remaining 300,000 people start to join the war? According to historical records, the remaining 300,000 people should be the frontline troops trapped in the quagmire of war, that is, they were dispatched before Tu Youyou wrote a war report about the lack of food for the troops to Qin Shihuang, because in a letter written by Tu Youyou, he said that his "500,000 troops suffered heavy casualties", and according to research, all the way Qin Jun began to attack Dongou, Fujian and Vietnam (now mainly in Fujian), and Qin Jun was also the latest one of the five roads to join the battlefield of Guangdong and Guangxi. Qin Jun's 500,000-strong army is controlled by soldiers there? According to our local chronicles in Hunan and other places, the troops used in this Qin Jun War are still mainly the troops that destroyed Chu in those days, but in order to adapt to southern operations, there are no less than 6.5438+10,000 original Chu troops among the 500,000 troops in Qin Jun. Almost no history books accurately record the participation of the Baiyue Army in this war. It can only be seen from some archaeological data that the number of Baiyue troops was far less than that of Qin Jun, and Baiyue in Lingnan was basically a wilderness with inconvenient transportation, dense virgin forests and harsh natural environment, so the total population of Guangdong and Guangxi at that time was estimated by archaeologists to be less than 500,000, and the young and middle-aged people who could fight at that time were about 50,000, which was similar to Baiyue in many unofficial history. But in any case, Qin Jun's power is absolutely dominant, and Qin Jun will win the war at all costs. The early official history of China recorded little about Guangdong and Guangxi, because before the Qin-Ou War, Guangdong and Guangxi actually belonged to Vietnam, and the South Vietnamese living there were said to be descendants of the King of South Vietnam. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he built the Great Wall in the north and ordered Meng Tian to station 300,000 troops. After consolidating the northern border, it expanded to the south. This article said that the "Battle of Qin and Ou" involved 500,000 troops, all of whom went into battle. I don't see that the fighting capacity of South Vietnam at that time was completely unable to fight against Qin Jun. At that time, the equipment in Qin Jun was very advanced. It has armor for self-defense, an attack gun, a sword, a crossbow and a two-horse chariot. The army also carries out coordinated operations with multiple arms, namely infantry, crossbowmen and cavalry. At that time, the lethality of this kind of combat power to the indigenous troops of Guangdong and Guangxi can be imagined. In this way, the 200,000 troops invested in the early stage of the war have actually won a great victory, and the 300,000 troops in the later stage should be used to station troops. And the book I read records that 300 thousand was stationed in Guilin county at that time. From the above, we can see that Qin Shihuang didn't just want to recover Guangdong and Guangxi, because for these 50,000 indigenous people, it is impossible to station 300,000 troops with stronger weapons and equipment and more operational experience. I think Qin Shihuang had the idea of developing Guangdong and Guangxi. If Guangdong and Guangxi were developed at that time, there would be a scene of prosperity in the Qin Dynasty, and the Qin Dynasty would probably not perish. If Guangdong and Guangxi are developed, the Jiangnan area should also develop soon. As for why not? If Guangdong and Guangxi are developed, it will be another great achievement after Qin Shihuang unified China.

I think Qin Shihuang's behavior also warned his descendants, which can't be said to be his contribution. Moreover, I think Qin Shihuang also had this idea during his reign. In 2 10 BC (the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang), Qin Shihuang, who was touring the southeast and died in the sand dunes. Historical records? Before the death of Qin Shihuang, the Chronicle of Qin Shihuang left a testament to his son Fu Su: "Bury with Xianyang." This means that Fu Su should return to Xianyang from Shang Jun to attend the funeral. In Biography of Li Si, this testamentary edict also includes the words "the soldier belonged to Meng Tian" and "the heir died in Xianyang", which shows that the actual state of the testamentary edict is hard to know. Qin Shihuang had more than 20 sons. Hu Hai, his favorite youngest son, was by his side at that time. Although Fu Su is the eldest son, Qin Shihuang doesn't seem to like him very much. So what does this testament really want to express? Zhao Gao saw the mystery. He told Hu Hai that the first emperor sent a letter to his eldest son alone, clearly indicating that he would make Fu Su emperor. Hu Hai also thinks this is what his father meant. As we all know, Zhao Gao conspired with Hu Hai and Li Si to force Fu Su to death, which caused a major turning point in the history of Qin Dynasty. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang and his eldest son Fu Su were not harmonious ideologically. For example, Fu Su once admonished Qin Shihuang's "Zhu Sheng" in Xianyang. According to historical records, Fu Su was "resolute, brave, trusting and striving for greatness", which seemed quite different from Qin Shihuang who was headstrong and "willing to kill people by torture". The history books also say that Fu Su has written many times about "discussing current affairs". This contradiction later developed to the point that Qin Shihuang couldn't bear it, and drove him to the border county to supervise the army. In that case, why didn't Qin Shihuang want to pass the throne to Hu Hai, his youngest son with the same personality and his favorite? Why did he give his empire to Fu Su, his eldest son, before he died? I think, judging from Qin Shihuang's personality, the reason why he chose Fu Su as his successor probably has little to do with Fu Su as his eldest son. The decisive factor is that Qin Shihuang realized from his heart that the empire needed a ruler who could stabilize the world, but Hu Hai and other scholars could not bear this responsibility. In this way, Qin Shihuang had the intention of warning future generations.

Moreover, Qin Shihuang was really not a fatuous and cruel emperor. From unification to his death 1 1 year (220-2 BC10), he traveled all over the country five times. Unlike Yang Di, when he visited Jiangdu for the first time, thousands of ships accompanied him, as well as concubines and palaces. Qin Shihuang didn't go to Jiangnan six times like Qianlong, and spent 70 million taels of silver. Qin Shihuang personally worked hard, and he made decisions on major and minor issues of the country. "Use a balance stone to measure books, which are presented day and night, and you can't rest if you miss them" ("Historical Records? Qin Shihuang's book). Chen Qin praised him in Taishan stone carvings: "Not only leveled the world, but also made unremitting efforts to govern; "If you don't come home at night, you will benefit for a long time" (same book).

From the above, the merits and demerits of Qin Shihuang are very obvious. He has done a lot of merits, but many so-called merits cannot be said to be excessive. On the whole, Qin Shihuang was quite active.