Senior one history questions

I. Evolution of the Central Political System

(A) Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1. Hereditary system of the throne: China has had an early national political system since the Xia Dynasty. Yu died and succeeded to the throne, and the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system in the late primitive society. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, it also adopted hereditary system, or "father died and son succeeded" or "brothers and sisters"

2. The administrative system of Xia and Shang Dynasties: the king commanded officials of all sizes to govern the country. Shang dynasty. The central government has ministers and ministers who participate in the decision-making of Shang kings, fortune tellers who are responsible for offering sacrifices and recording divination, the wishes and history of dynasty events, and military advisers.

3. Internal and external service system: a system that manages internal service (the activity area of the merchant's own family) and external service (foreign countries other than the merchant's family). Features: The Shang king controlled the actual power of the alliance and formed a dominant and dominated relationship with other countries.

(2) Qin and Han Dynasties

1. The establishment of the emperor system

(1) Origin of the title of Emperor: The King of Qin thought that he was "respected in Huang San and had contributed to the Five Emperors" and decided to take an "emperor" from "Huang San" and an "emperor" from the ancient "Five Emperors" to synthesize the "emperor" as his own name. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the highest feudal ruler in China, which was used by all dynasties.

(2) The content of the emperor system: First, in order to safeguard the dignity of the emperor, Qin Shihuang stipulated that only the emperor can be called "I", the emperor's orders are called "system" or "imperial edict", and the imperial seal used by the emperor is called "seal". These regulations are intended to emphasize that the emperor is different, so as to enhance the sense of sacredness of the emperor in people's minds. Second, all the political, economic and military powers of the country are under the overall control of the emperor. The principal officials of the central and local governments are appointed and removed by the emperor.

(3) The characteristics of the emperor system: ① imperial power is supreme and powerful; (2) the system of succession to the throne.

2. The system of "three public officials and nine ministers": the three public officials refer to the prime minister (assisting the emperor in handling state affairs), the censor (in charge of laws and books and supervising officials) and Qiu (assisting the emperor in managing the military). Military affairs are under the control of the emperor.

3. The system of Chinese and foreign dynasties: the prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty held a high position in decision-making, judicature and execution. In order to strengthen the imperial power, Liang Wudi appointed attendants, secretaries and other staff around him as ministers, thus forming a "China-DPRK" decision-making body. The organization composed of three officials and nine ministers, headed by the prime minister, has evolved into an executive body, called the "foreign court".

4. Expanding the power of Shangshutai: The Eastern Han Dynasty further deprived Shangshutai of its power, expanded its power, and made it a central institution for making decisions and giving orders, with the power monopolized by the emperor.

(3) Six-part system in Sui and Tang Dynasties

1. Formation process: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the system of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province was formed. The three provinces in the Tang Dynasty had a clear division of labor and three points of power. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Shangshu Province had six departments, namely, officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, punishments and workers, and established a six-department system in three provinces.

2. Authority and operational mechanism: Zhongshu Province is responsible for decision-making, Xiamen Province is responsible for deliberation, Shangshu Province is responsible for implementation, and the three provinces contain and supervise each other, which weakens the relative power and ensures the exclusive respect of imperial power. The system of three provinces and six departments was a great creation of China's ancient political system, which was basically followed by successive dynasties.

(4) Strengthening the imperial power in the Song Dynasty: Zhongshumen was established as the highest administrative organ in the early Song Dynasty, and the Chief Executive exercised the functions and powers of prime minister. In order to restrict the prime minister, the Privy Council and the three divisions were added to divide the executive power, military power and financial power of the prime minister. This weakens the authority of the prime minister, and the emperor can take over the power.

(5) The new development of the political system in the Yuan Dynasty: The Yuan Dynasty established the Zhongshu Province to replace the previous three provinces. Zhongshu province is the highest administrative organ, inheriting the emperor and having hundreds of officials. The Chief Executive of Zhongshu Province exercises the functions and powers of Prime Minister.

(6) Strengthening the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty

1. the prime minister was abolished and the power belonged to six departments. The Ming Dynasty abolished Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister, and managed the national government affairs in six departments, directly reporting to the emperor. China's prime minister system, which lasted for more than 1000 years, was abolished, and the absolute monarchy reached a new height.

2. The formation of the cabinet system:

(1) Formation process: Taizu set up a college student in the palace, and formed a cabinet system when the country was founded. Later, the status of the cabinet was improved and he had the right to vote on the draft.

(2) Status: It is not a statutory central-level administrative body and decision-making body, but a consultant, and its promotion and authority are decided by the emperor.

(7) The continuous strengthening of the absolute monarchy system in the Qing Dynasty.

1. Emperor Kangxi set up a south study room in the palace, and the central organization was divided into three parts. The Cabinet, the King's Council and the South Study Room are three pillars, which restrict each other and focus on the emperor.

2. Yong Zhengdi is located in the Ministry of Military Affairs:

(1) Authority: handle military affairs, participate in internal and external affairs, make military and political plans, try major cases, and only kneel down and take notes.

(2) Impact: improving administrative efficiency; Military affairs were decided by the emperor, and autocratic imperial power was highly developed. The establishment of the military department is an important symbol of the high development of autocratic imperial power. It marks the peak of autocratic centralization.

Second, the evolution of local political system.

(A) China's early political system

1. packet system

(1) Concept: The enfeoffment system is also called the "feudal state". Zhou Wang sent clan in-laws and heroes to various places to establish a feudal state, and the vassal states must recognize the authority of Zhou Wang and undertake various obligations. The so-called "feudal relatives, to screen the week."

(2) Purpose: to consolidate the rule.

(3) Contents: ① Zhou Wang is the supreme ruler of the country. ② The kinship with the same surname is the subject of enfeoffment, and it is also the hero, in-laws and descendants of Shang Dynasty. (3) The blocked vassal must obey the orders of Zhou Tianzi, and the vassal has the obligation to defend the territory of Zhou Tianzi, fight with Zhou Tianzi, make pilgrimage and report on work.

(4) Function: ① Zhou people's sphere of influence expanded; (2) established the position of Zhou Wang in the world and consolidated his rule; (3) The enfeoffment system formed a hierarchical sequence of "King of Zhou-vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar" in the Western Zhou Dynasty; ④ The vassal states established by the enfeoffment system were relatively independent, which directly affected the concentration of Zhou kingship to some extent.

2. The patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

(1) Purpose: To consolidate the ruling order formed by the enfeoffment system, and to solve the contradiction between nobles in power, property and land inheritance.

(2) Content: Zhou Wang, governors, Qing Dafu and scholars all practiced the eldest son inheritance system (the core of patriarchal clan system). The eldest son is big, and the other brothers (second son and illegitimate child) of the other eldest sons are small. The relationship between big and small is relative. For example, a vassal is a small clan to Zhou Wang, but a big clan to his family.

(3) Role: ① A complete system of distribution and inheritance of land, property and political status has been established to ensure that nobles at all levels can enjoy the privilege of "learning from the past". ② It is beneficial to unite clans, prevent internal disputes, strengthen kingship, and make "country" and "home" closely combined.

(B) the Qin Dynasty fully implemented the county system.

1. Formation: Qin Shihuang implemented the county system throughout the country, which was divided into 36 counties directly under the central government.

2. Power: the county magistrate is the highest chief executive of the county, obeying the orders of the higher central government and supervising the lower counties. The chief of a county is called the county magistrate or county magistrate. County magistrate, county magistrate and county magistrate were directly appointed by the emperor. By implementing the county system, the Qin Dynasty realized the direct and effective control of local political power.

(3) The parallel county system in Han Dynasty

At the beginning of Han Dynasty, counties and countries were in parallel, and feudal countries were sometimes opposed to the central government. When Emperor Jingdi put down the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, Emperor Wudi issued an edict, advocated kindness, and set up a place for secretariat supervision, which weakened the power of the kingdom.

(D) Changes in the local administrative system in the Tang Dynasty

In the mid-Tang Dynasty, our times were set up, and after the Anshi Rebellion, the separatist situation in the buffer regions was formed, which seriously weakened the centralization.

(E) the weakening of local power in the Northern Song Dynasty

In the Northern Song Dynasty, general power and financial power were centralized, civil servants were appointed as local officials, and judges were appointed to supervise them, which strengthened centralization.

(6) The provincial system in Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty set up provinces, with prefectures and counties under them, and propaganda departments in remote areas. Provinces have economic and military power, but the exercise of power is controlled by the central government. The implementation of the provincial system has effectively strengthened centralization and consolidated the unity of multi-ethnic countries. It is the beginning of the provincial system in China and has far-reaching influence.

(7) The Ming Dynasty abolished the province and set up three divisions.

In order to strengthen centralization, Ming Taizu abolished Zhongshu Province, which was in charge of local military and political power, and set up Chief Secretary, General Command Post and Inspection Department, which were in charge of local administration, military and political affairs and supervision, collectively known as the "three departments".

(8) The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty locally.