Who can briefly describe the evolution law of middle ancient sounds, rhymes and tones to today's Putonghua?

Briefly introduce the historical changes and development of Chinese-Oracle Bone Inscriptions was the first to record Chinese characters with ancient and medieval sounds. This kind of writing recording divination and sacrifice in Yin and Shang Dynasties is an important material for modern people to understand the characteristics of early Chinese grammar. Judging from Oracle Bone Inscriptions at that time, the Chinese word order of Shang Dynasty had the same form of "subject-predicate" or "subject-predicate-object" as that of modern Chinese. But at that time, Chinese grammar was simple, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions was mostly simple sentences. The boundaries between parts of speech are not as thin as they are today. In addition, the Chinese vocabulary used by businessmen is quite limited, and due to the limitation of thinking level, the proportion of words expressing abstract concepts is far less than that expressing image concepts. During the more than 3000 years from Shang Dynasty to the present, Chinese has undergone obvious changes in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Modern linguists divide the history of Chinese development into four stages: the ancient period before the Jin Dynasty, the medieval period from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, the nearly ancient period from the Southern Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, and the modern period from the middle and late Qing Dynasty to the present. At each stage of development, Chinese initials, finals and tones will be innovated. But we should note that these changes are by no means chaotic. On the contrary, the development of Chinese is very regular. It is this regularity that makes it possible for modern people to try to understand the development history of our mother tongue. Say pronunciation first. It is the first research method to study the pronunciation of early Chinese by using the phonetic symbols of homophones. Duan Yucai, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, studied homophonic characters in Shuo Wen Jie Zi and came to the conclusion that homophonic characters must be in the same department. For example, the modern pronunciations of the words "attack, red, river, Hunan, shoulder and Guangxi" are different, but their phonetic symbols are all "gong", so in the ancient times when these words were created, their pronunciations should be the same or very similar. Therefore, if we systematically summarize the words with different phonetic symbols, we can have a general impression of the Chinese phonetic system in the early word-making period. Later, in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the earliest rhyme book "The Book of Songs" appeared in China. Regardless of the literary value of the poems in the book, we are concerned about their rhymes. You can easily find that a rhyming poem at that time, if you look at it now, is likely to have problems. There is no doubt that these poems are rhyming when they are written, so the only explanation is that the pronunciation of some words has changed. In the era of the Book of Songs, that is, the Spring and Autumn Period, the tone of Chinese was different from that of today or the Middle Ages. The four tones of modern Chinese are level tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone, while in the Middle Ages they were level tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone. In ancient times when The Book of Songs was born, the four tones were flat, upper, long and short. The so-called "Rusheng" refers to the sound that is only posturing without blasting. For example, "urgent" is pronounced "gieb" and "destroyed" is pronounced "miad". In the process of development, the long entering tone gradually changed into the falling tone, and the short entering tone became the middle entering tone. Compared with the later Tang and Song Dynasties, there are some obvious differences in the initials of ancient Chinese, and of course, compared with modern Chinese, the differences are even more obvious. There is a saying in Chinese history that there is no light lip sound in ancient times, which is also a major feature of ancient initials system. Lip sound refers to the sound made by lips or lips and teeth when pronouncing. The "f" in modern Chinese is labial-dentical sound. Light labial sounds refer to labial teeth sounds similar to "F". Accordingly, a double lip sound like "b" is a double lip sound. "There is no light lip sound in ancient times" means that there are no sounds like "f" and "v" in ancient Chinese. So in ancient times, "negative" was pronounced as "back", "attached" as "part", "Buddha" as "bi" and "feng" as "Peng"-all light lip sounds were pronounced with heavy lip sounds. That's why Epang Palace will be recorded as Abang Palace, and water distribution will be written as basin water. Until today, some dialects in the south, such as Shanghai dialect, still retain the feature that light lip sounds are pronounced as heavy lip sounds. The word "fu" in Mandarin is pronounced as "no", and the word "Fang" in Shanghai dialect is pronounced as "bang". In addition, Korean, as a foreign language that has accepted some ancient Chinese words, also retains some signs in this regard. So, yes, only heavy lip sounds without light lip sounds are the characteristics of ancient Chinese. Another feature of Chinese before the Jin Dynasty was that there was no supralingual sound. The pronunciation position of supralingual sounds is similar to that of modern Chinese, such as "ZH" and "ch". Traditional phonology uses the initial consonants of "Zhi", "Che" and "Cheng" to express the supralingual sounds. However, before the Middle Ages, these initials were pronounced as tongue sounds. Tongue sounds are tongue stops like "D" and "T". Here is a very interesting example to explain the difference between tongue sound and medieval sound. Confucius, who lived in the Spring and Autumn Period, said that "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also". In fact, at that time, he should have seen "Dad is Dad, Not Dad, Not Dad, Dad". Modern Fujian dialect still retains some features of ancient tongue sounds. In Min dialect, "Zhi" is pronounced as "Di" and "Zhu" as "DV". The British say that the word "tea" they use to address tea comes from China, but in fact this pronunciation is borrowed from the Min dialect with the characteristics of ancient tongue sounds. Next, briefly introduce the characteristics of Chinese phonetic system in the Middle Ages. Anti-tangential phonetic notation is a wonderful invention of Chinese in the early stage of medieval development. Backcutting is to select two Chinese characters. The former is called backcutting the upper word and the latter is called backcutting the lower word. Take the initial consonant of the upper word and the tone and vowel of the lower word, and combine them into one to form a new sound with sound, rhyme and tone. For example, "Tongtai" means "Datong" and "Tongda" means "Tongtai". This phonetic notation rose at the time of the rise of Buddhism in Han and Wei Dynasties. Inspired by Sanskrit, people have a new understanding of the syllable structure of Chinese. Modern scholars can estimate the pronunciation of Chinese in the early Middle Ages from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty by backcutting method. The reference material for this kind of research is Rhyme Book, the most prominent of which is Guang Yun, which was written in the northern Song Zhenzong period. Guang Yun is actually the integration of various versions of Qieyun, which was written in the Sui Dynasty and later lost. So although it was written in the Song Dynasty, it describes the pronunciation of the Sui Dynasty in the early Middle Ages. Comparing the phonetics of Guang Yun with those of ancient Chinese, we can find that at the turn of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the words "Sui", "Harm", "Shen" and "Yi", which were originally long sounds, all became unvoiced. Originally it was flat, such as "up", but later it was changed to a flat voice. There were about 700 years before and after the Middle Ages, and the phonetic system could not be static for such a long time. In fact, some new phonetic notation methods have been mentioned in Guang Yun, because the pronunciation of the Northern Song Dynasty has changed a little compared with that of the early Tang Dynasty. Fortunately, a monk named Shouwen, who lived in the late Tang Dynasty, invented a phonetic notation, which was very helpful for the study of Chinese history. On the basis of summarizing Chinese characters and combining some Sanskrit sounds, Monk Wenshou created 30 Chinese characters letters, which were updated by scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty in the Five Dynasties to become 36 letters. In fact, thirty-six warm letters well summarize the Chinese initials in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty. In the era of the birth of thermal insulation phonetic notation, the above-mentioned supralingual sound and light lip sound have been produced. For example, the original initial "b" has evolved into a light lip sound "f", and since there is no supralingual sound, "Chao" pronounced as "tiao" has become more like modern "ch". But it must be pointed out that when reading warm letters, I still can't understand them in modern Chinese. Because the pronunciation of Chinese characters has changed greatly after all. For example, the words "see, flow, and group" were still the root sounds of the tongue. For example, "see" means "G" and "flow" means "K". This is still reserved in some dialects today, such as Guangdong calling cattle "Ngiu" and Shanghai calling teeth "Nga". From this alphabet, we can see that the initial consonants of Middle Chinese are still as clear as those of ancient Chinese, but unlike modern Chinese, the voiced consonants have been removed. Therefore, in Chinese in the late Middle Ages, there were more initials than in ancient times because of light lip sounds and supralingual sounds, and there were also clear and turbid points, which made the initials more than in modern times. In other words, the initial and final systems of Chinese in the Middle Ages were the most complicated in each period.