When did the Spring and Autumn Period begin?

The Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as the Spring and Autumn Period for short, was from 770 to 476 years ago (conversely, from 770 to 403 years ago), belonging to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Wang's influence weakened, and the princes fought with each other. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Song Xianggong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang successively dominated, and were called "the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period". (Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, Gou Jian, King of Yue). The Spring and Autumn Period was followed by the Warring States Period.

Chunqiu was named after Confucius revised Chunqiu. This book records the history from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). For convenience, modern scholars generally refer to the period from the first year (770 BC) to the forty-third year of the week (477 BC) as the "Spring and Autumn Period".

Historical event

Zhou Pingwang moved the capital:

In 770 BC, due to civil strife and dog invasion, Zhou Pingwang was forced to move its capital from Haojiang to Luoyi. Since Luoyi lies to the east of Haojiang, the history of the Zhou Dynasty since then is called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 ~ 22 BC1).

Periventricular recession:

After Wang Ping moved eastward, Zhou gradually declined. First, my grandfather, Shen Hou, led the dog to invade the capital and killed the King Youwang. With Shen Hou's support, he was suspected of killing his father, thus reducing Zhou's prestige among the princes. Secondly, the power of the vassal States gradually became stronger and finally moved eastward, leaving only a small piece of land, and the Zhou royal family declined. In the explanation of the twelfth year of Zhou (Zhou), the status of Zhou Wang has been seriously reduced, but it still retains the name of the Lord of the world.

Qi Huangong dominates:

685 years ago, Qi Huangong succeeded to the throne, taking Guan Zhong as the prime minister, reorganized the national politics, abolished the mining field system, set taxes according to the fertility of the land, set up salt and iron officials to cast money, increased fiscal revenue, and integrated military and agricultural organizations, thus increasing the source of soldiers and fighting capacity, and quickly became the richest country in China. Then he played the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries", and gathered governors to help or interfere in other countries for many times to fight against the righteous emperor, and finally became the overlord in the third year of King Zhou Nuo (679 BC). In the twenty-first year of King Hui of Zhou (656 BC), Qi Huangong led the allied forces of eight vassal states, and forced Chu to submit to him with superior forces, forming an alliance of Zhaoling, becoming the first of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. Since then, Qi Huangong has established an alliance hegemony system.

Song-Chu dispute:

After Qi Huangong's death, Wuzi seized power and civil strife broke out in Qi. It is said that Qi Huangong's five sons fought each other, and the arrow hit Qi Huangong's body, and no one cared. The rise of Chu in the south wiped out several small countries in the north, and then pointed the finger at the Central Plains. In the name of resisting Chu's attack, Song Xianggong tried to unite with the governors to claim hegemony again, but the strength and prestige of Song State were insufficient. In the 15th year of Song Xianggong (638 BC), the two armies of Song and Chu fought in a flood. When the Chu army crossed the river, Sima Yuzi of the Song Dynasty suggested that Song Xianggong should "kill halfway". Song Xianggong said that attacking while the enemy was crossing the river refused the suggestion on the grounds of unkindness and injustice. After the Chu army crossed the river, Yu Zi suggested attacking while the Chu army was in chaos. Song Xianggong refused again on the grounds of unkindness and injustice. After Chu Jun attacked, Song Jun was defeated, and Song Xianggong was shot in the thigh, and died of injury the following year. When Chu proclaimed himself emperor, Chu Zhuangwang became the second overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The prosperity of Jin state:

In the northern state of Jin, he and Zhou Shi lived in the same family. Love for Ji threw national politics into chaos. In 636 BC, Zhong Er, son of Jin Xiangong, succeeded Jin Wengong to the throne of Jin under the escort of Qin Mugong. He reformed politics, developed economy, reorganized the army, won the trust of the people, stabilized the royal family and was friendly to Qin. He has high prestige in Wang Zizhong. In the twentieth year of King Xiang of Zhou (633 BC), the Chu army surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the Song State. At the beginning of the following year, Jin Wengong led the troops to save the Song Dynasty, defeated the Chu army in the battle of Chengpu, and became the overlord.

Qin Mugong dominates Xirong;

After his death, he sought to develop eastward and was blocked by Jin. In World War I, Qin Jun was completely annihilated and turned westward, annexing some Rongdi tribes and dominating Xirong.

Chu won the Central Plains;

After the Battle of Chengpu, Chu developed eastward, destroying many small countries, and its influence extended to Yunnan in the south and the Yellow River in the north. Chu Zhuangwang reformed its internal affairs, quelled riots and built water conservancy projects, making its national strength stronger. He even asked the king's emissary about the size of the tripod offering sacrifices to heaven and earth in order to destroy Zhou's independence. This is the origin of the word "winning the championship". In the tenth year of King Ding Zhou (597 years ago), Chu Jin fought in Zhai (now southeast of Wuzhi, Henan) and won a great victory. Soon after, it invaded the Song Dynasty, and the Jin people dared not save it, so the small countries in the Central Plains turned to Chu, and the Chu people dominated the Central Plains.

Chu Jin War:

Later, two large-scale wars broke out between Chu Jin and China (Yanling in 576 and Zhanban in 557). Although both of them ended in the victory of Jin, Chu was still evenly matched with Jin in the Central Plains.

Soldiers' Union:

The continuous war has brought great disasters to the people and caused the boredom of small and medium-sized countries. In addition, the two big countries in Chu Jin are evenly matched, and neither can eat the other. So initiated by the Song Dynasty, in the seventh year (579 BC) and the twenty-sixth year (546 BC) of King Zhou Jian, two "pacifying armies" were held, and the war was greatly reduced.

Wuyue is in the southeast;

The hegemony of the former governors came to an end, and wuyue, located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, began to develop. He Lv, the prince of Wu, reused Sun Wu, Wu Zixu and others. In the 14th year of the Zhou Dynasty (506 BC), the king of Wu took Wu Zixu as the general and unified his army to attack Chu. Wu Jun attacked Chu Du Ying, and Wu Zixu avenged his father and brother, dug the tomb of King Chu Ping, and flogged 300 corpses. In the 24th year of Zhou Dynasty (496 BC), Wu Jun went south to attack Vietnam. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, led troops to fight. The doctor of Yue hit He Lv, and He Lv died of serious injuries. In the 26th year of the week (494 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, took revenge and defeated Yue. Gou Jian made peace, bribed Wu, gave him treasures and beauty stones, and led his horse to Fu Cha. The prince of Wu rejected Wu Zixu's proposal to unite with Qi to destroy Yue, accepted Yue's peace, turned to the north, defeated Qi, and became a bully. Gou Jian, who lived together for ten years and studied Buddhist scriptures for ten years, finally wiped out the state of Wu for three years (in the first 473 years), and Fu Cha committed suicide in humiliation. Gou Jian went north and joined forces with Qi Jin in Xu, becoming the last overlord.

Three families are divided into gold:

When he ascended the throne of Jin State again, many followers followed him back to China. As a result, these people gradually became nobles of the State of Jin, and the state affairs of the State of Jin also fell into the hands of these nobles (Zhi, Zhao, Han, Wei, Fan and Zhongshan). In the first 455 years, there were only four nobles in the state of Jin: Zhi, Zhao, Han and Wei. Zhishi sent troops to attack Zhao and threatened Wei Han to send troops. After the war lasted for two years, Zhao lobbied the Wei and Han families to defect, destroy the Zhi family, carve up the Zhi land and control the state affairs of Jin. In the first 438 years, the Han, Zhao and Wei clans were divided into Jin, and Jin Yougong was only in yujiang county and Quwo. In the first 403 years, Zhou Weilie established the three kings of Korea, Zhao and Wei, which was the dividing point of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in Zi Tongzhi Jian.

statistics

According to historical records, in the Spring and Autumn Period of 242 years, 43 monarchs were killed by vassal states or enemy countries, 52 vassal states were destroyed, there were more than 480 wars, and vassals were hired and allied for more than 450 times.

politics

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined, which was actually similar to a medium vassal state. Countries attacked each other, wars continued and small countries were annexed. Within the country, Dr. Qing was powerful, turmoil occurred from time to time, and regicide was common. There are as many as 43 incidents of regicide recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuozhuan, which mainly occurred in the early Spring and Autumn Period, which also reflected the sharp changes in power during the alternation of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, China was a knight of five categories. The big country was called Gong and Hou, and the small country was called Bo, Zi and Gong, while Wu, Yue, Chu, Xu, Ba, Shu and Yiqu were all barbarian countries, so they claimed to be kings without the courtesy of China. Under the monarch, there are ministers, two ministers, three ministers or six ministers. Among them, Zhengqing or Shangqing presided over government affairs, Lingyin in Chu State, also called Xiang, and Shuchang and Bugeng in Qin Dynasty. When the Qing Dynasty went to war, the three armed forces helped. In the Qing Dynasty, Si Tuleideng, Sima, Si Kou were in charge of civil affairs, military affairs, fortifications and etiquette. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Jin, Chu and other countries began to set up counties in newly merged places, or set several small cities as counties, or divided private fields into counties. In the border areas, there are counties. There is no subordinate relationship between counties, and its chief executive is appointed by the monarch, and only a few are awarded to nobles as fiefs.

economy

Iron farm tools began to be used in the Spring and Autumn Period, but in order to popularize (Warring States Period), in addition to using iron blocks, the advanced technology of smelting pig iron was mastered in the Spring and Autumn Period. The use of iron makes it possible to reclaim wasteland on a large scale, promotes the development of private fields and provides sharp tools for handicrafts. Niu Geng is becoming more and more popular, and the development of technology in Niu Geng can only play a role if it is coordinated with the use of iron. In bronze smelting and casting, new technologies such as gold dislocation, silver dislocation and red copper inlay were invented. The excavation of a large number of cast pottery models in Houma shows that the bronze smelting and casting industry and mining industry in this period were large in scale and high in level. After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal states have used a lot of money. The circulation of metal currency promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools were widely used and popularized in Niu Geng, which greatly improved agricultural productivity. Many wasteland has been reclaimed in Cheng Liangtian, and the farming technology has changed from extensive farming to intensive farming, which has greatly increased the agricultural output. The increase of private land, the disintegration of well field system and the development of land relations towards privatization. Governors had to carry out reforms one after another, recognizing private ownership of land, allowing land to be bought and sold, and collecting land taxes from landlords, so farmers' enthusiasm for production was high. The number of horses has increased due to the needs of war. Animal husbandry in the Central Plains has basically become a vassal of agriculture, and few people specialize in animal husbandry production.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the engravings on bronzes tended to be meticulous and neat, and the shape was light and light, which led to the wrong gold inscription. The existing bronze sword of wuyue is rare in the world for its refined smelting and quenching, skillful alloy technology, exquisite external plating and casting patterns. Salt boiling, iron smelting, lacquer ware and other departments have developed. Iron tools are mainly handicraft tools and agricultural tools. Silk products of Qi and lacquerware of Chu are of high level. Some craftsmen become individual producers and operators, living in the "boss" of the city, producing and selling. Lu Ban, known as the ancestor of craftsmen, lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Metal coins were cast in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Jin was one of the earliest areas where coins were cast and used. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the grain price in Yue was the highest in 60 yuan and the lowest in 30 yuan.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new tax system was created. In the fifteenth year of Shandong (the first 594 years), the initial tax on mu was implemented, and the state levied a certain kind of tax on landlords according to the land area. This is the beginning of ancient land tax. During the Lucheng period (590 BC), Ren Jia collected a certain amount of military tax (A) according to the land area, so that the tax and tax were combined into one. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was very common to collect local taxes. In the seventh year of Gong Jian (the first 408 years), Qin implemented the "initial tax" in kind tax system. During the Warring States period, the tax systems of different countries were different. Qin first implemented the household registration system, which was used to collect land rent tax and "head meeting" (population tax).

culture

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great cultural development in China, which realized the historic transformation from the religious superstition culture of divination to the rational humanistic culture centered on people in the ideological and cultural history of China. In the transition period of the Spring and Autumn Period, although the traditional ideas since Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties still play a huge role in people's minds, the influence is universal. The political authority of Zhou and his princes was shaken and declined, and the situation of official learning was broken, which was followed by changes in all aspects of society, such as the downward movement of academics and the popularization of Confucian classics, which made people's ideas change. These changes are the historical conditions for the ideological and cultural transformation in the Spring and Autumn Period.

religion

There was no widely popular religion in the Spring and Autumn Period, because Taoism only appeared in the Han Dynasty, and Buddhism was introduced to China in the Western Han Dynasty. However, there may be some primitive religions that are not well known in the Spring and Autumn Period.

art

The art in the Spring and Autumn Period is mainly the carving on bronze wares. The famous three-legged sheep tripod is a bronze work of art in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the period of 1923, a large number of bronze Ding and Jue from the Spring and Autumn Period were unearthed in xinzheng city. Compared with the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the technology has developed greatly. The decorative patterns on bronzes are also very particular.

science and technology

Mozi's first secretary described the lever principle similar to a balance. This is the earliest lever principle theory.

The popularity of ironware and Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period promoted the development of history.

In astronomy, physics and medicine, China in the Spring and Autumn Period was at the leading level in the world.

The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period brought the whole world, including astronomy, into the five elements system. "Heaven" shows "destiny" not only through astronomical phenomena, but also through various celestial bodies. Therefore, people should observe "fate" with various symbols, which has changed the previous method of observing fate with people's hearts. These symbols should be displayed in the "Five Virtues Turn". Expressed in "five elements of luck". Astronomical observation is not only applicable to national politics, especially abnormal astronomical phenomena, because it is related to "fate" and is highly valued. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some cutting-edge medical technologies were invented and applied in clinic. Lingshu Four Seasons Steaming recorded the earliest abdominal puncture in the medical history of China.

Chinese traditional agriculture began to take shape in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, people invented new farm tools such as iron plow head, iron hoe, flail and stone mill, which were not available before.

Bronze casting in the Spring and Autumn Period is also a feature of this era, represented by the bronzes of Zeng, Chu and Xu.

Philosophical thinking

The source of China's thought and culture is Yi. As one of the six Confucian classics, The Book of Changes has a long process of formation and development. What is called "River Map" and "Luo Shu" by later generations is the expression of burning Oracle bones and the reflection of the mutual connection and infiltration of rational thinking and image thinking realized by ancient ancestors in their long-term life and divination practice.

According to legend, it was summed up by Fu, who arranged yarrow repeatedly and painted it as gossip, covering all the phenomena between heaven and earth, which was primitive and relaxed. Later, it is said that after careful study by Zhou Wenwang, it was standardized and sorted out, and it was interpreted as 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. With divination and diction, it is called Zhouyi. It uses simple images and numbers, and the opposite changes of Yin and Yang to explain all kinds of complex social phenomena, and displays thousands or even infinite numbers, which has the characteristics of using few to show many, using simplicity to show many and being full of changes. It is called "Yi" because Zheng Xuan has three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is difficulty. That is to say, The Theory of Everything has changed, the phenomenon is constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts rich and simple dialectics from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius explained and discussed the Book of Changes and completed the Ten Wings, namely the Book of Changes. In this way, Zhouyi has developed into a profound philosophical work about the change of the universe. The academic origin of Chinese civilization is very early, but it didn't develop until the Spring and Autumn Period. The academic thought at this time can be said to be the great golden age of Chinese civilization. China people call this period a period of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

[Edit this paragraph] Three history books

Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu, which was revised by Confucius. It records the history from the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (4865438 BC+0 BC), and is the earliest chronological history book in China. The historical data of Chunqiu is of high value, but it is not complete. Wang Anshi even said that Chunqiu was a "waste newspaper". It is also one of the Confucian classics.

In ancient China, spring and autumn were the seasons when princes made pilgrimages to the royal family. In addition, Spring and Autumn also represented the four seasons in ancient times. History books record all the major events that occur throughout the year, so "Spring and Autumn Period" is a general term for history books. The official name of Lu's history book is Chunqiu. Traditionally, Chunqiu is regarded as the work of Confucius, while some people think it is the collective work of Lu historians.

The writing in Chunqiu is very concise, and the record of events is also very brief. However, during these 242 years, the customs of vassal's attack, alliance, usurpation, sacrifice and disaster were recorded. It records the era of the twelfth generation of Lu, which is completely correct. Compared with the solar eclipse scripture written by western scholars, there are more than 30 solar eclipses recorded in it, which proves that Spring and Autumn Annals was not written by the ancients on the basis of nothing, and can be regarded as a history of faith. However, in the process of long-term circulation, it is inevitable that there will be problems such as escaping from the text and increasing channeling.

The original version of Chunqiu contained only 18000 words, while the existing version contained only 16000 words. The language is extremely concise and the wording is orderly. Because the text is too simple for later generations to understand, exegetical works have appeared one after another, explaining and explaining the records in the book, which is called "biography". Among them, Zuo Qiuming's Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan and Chunqiu Gu Liangxi Zhuan are collectively called the three biographies of Chunqiu as Confucian classics. At present, the original text of Chunqiu is generally compiled into Zuozhuan as a classic, and the new content in Zuozhuan is biography. According to "History of Literature and Art in Hanshu", there were ***5 biographies in the Spring and Autumn Period:

Thirty volumes of Zuo Zhuan;

Ram biography (11);

Gu Liangchuan11;

Zou Chuan (11);

Jia Chuan 1 1.

The latter two have disappeared. Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang were written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, using the official script prevailing at that time, which was called Jinwen. There are two kinds of Zuozhuan, one is written in ancient fonts before the pre-Qin period, called ancient prose; One was handed down by Xun Qing during the Warring States Period.

Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are quite different from Zuozhuan. Biography of the Ram and Biography of Gu Liang talk about "righteousness" in the hope of clarifying Confucius' original intention (the author thinks that Spring and Autumn Annals was written by Confucius), while some people think that some contents are far-fetched. Zuo Zhuan is based on historical facts, which supplements the events not recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals. Some records are different from Chunqiu. Some people think that the historical value of Zuo Zhuan is greater than that of Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan.

The origin of the names "Spring and Autumn" and "Warring States"

Lu historians recorded the major events reported by various countries at that time by year, season, month and day, and recorded them in spring, summer, autumn and winter in a year. In a word, they named this chronicle Spring and Autumn Annals. Confucius compiled and revised the Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Lu historians and became one of the Confucian classics. "Spring and Autumn Annals" recorded an important event of ***242 years from the year of Lu Yinnian (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Duke Xiang of Lu (4865438 BC+0 BC). Because the starting and ending years of the historical facts recorded in it are roughly equivalent to an objective historical development period, historians of all dynasties have used the title of Spring and Autumn Annals as the name of this historical period. For narrative convenience, the Spring and Autumn Period began in 770 BC (the first year of Zhou Pingwang) when Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and ended in 476 BC (the forty-fourth year of Zhou Dynasty) on the eve of the Warring States Period, with a total of 295 years.

After the Spring and Autumn Period, the seven vassal states of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin fought for years. At that time, people called these seven vassal states "vassal states". Su Qin's younger brother, Su Dai, said in "The Warring States Policy Yance I": "Where there are seven warring states, Yan is weak." It can be seen that the seven vassal States at that time all had the title of Warring States. By the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the meaning of the word "Warring States" had not changed. It was not until the end of the Western Han Dynasty that Liu Xiang compiled the book Warring States Policy that he began to use "Warring States" as the name of a specific historical period. The Warring States Period began in 475 BC (the first year of Zhou Yuanwang), began in the Chronicle of Six Countries in Historical Records, and ended in 2265438 BC (the 26th year of Qin Dynasty). Qin unified the six countries in 255 years.

politician

Confucianism: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi; Main ideas: "benevolent government", "people value the monarch" and oppose the merger war.

Mohist school: Mozi, the theme: "Man can conquer nature".

Major vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period

The early period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, also known as the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), was the first period of ethnic division in the history of China. Historians generally regard "three schools divided into Jin" as the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. In 770 BC, Pingdong moved eastward and established the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. But at this time, Zhou has weakened to the extreme, and its rule area is less than 600 miles. The vassal States became lords one after another, no longer appeared in front of the king of Zhou, and the command over the vassal States also existed in name only. During this period, the whole country was divided into 140 vassal states, among which Chu, Qi, Jin, Wu, Yue and Qin Wei were the largest.

Chu:

Chu is a country founded by Sanmiao people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, he took part in the battle to attack Zhou, and later won the name of Zhou Guo, living in Danyang, Chu (now Xixian County, Hubei Province). In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Chu became increasingly powerful. Before 704, Xiong Tong, the king of Chu, claimed to be the King of Wu, with a territory of thousands of miles. Because it is located in the south of China, there are often some wars between Chu and China governors in the Central Plains. Through the war, Chu annexed forty-five weaker vassal states, and gradually became one of the major powers in southern China in the early Spring and Autumn Period.

Qi:

Qi's ancestors were the family of counselors. He was named King of Qi for his meritorious service in helping Zhou destroy the Shang Dynasty. At the same time, Zhou rulers gave Qi a privilege-he could punish guilty princes. With this privilege, Qi had developed into a big country in the East during the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, a famous politician Qi Huangong appeared in the State of Qi. He relied on Guan Zhong, an adviser, to rectify state affairs, set up various officials to perform their duties, and divided the country into 21 townships, including 6 townships for industry and commerce and 15 townships for scholars. These fifteen townships are all agricultural townships, where people usually concentrate on farming and serve as soldiers in wartime. In these years, Qi became rich and strong, and by 679 BC, it had ruled the north. Later, in 567, the State of Qi wiped out Lai, a great country in Dongyi, and its territory more than doubled, making it a truly one of the best countries.

Jin State:

Jin was originally a nomadic area in Rongdi. In the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty (676 BC-65 BC1), the capital of Jin was Jiang (Yicheng County, Shanxi Province), and the hegemony of Jin began. The State of Jin has successively eliminated some small northern vassal states such as Huo, Geng, Wei, Yu and Guo, and unified the Fenhe River basin. In 636, Gong Xian's son Zhong Er ascended the throne. He was exiled by Gong Xian 19 years. During this 19 year, Zhong Er traveled around the world and accumulated rich political experience. After returning to China, he immediately set out to rectify his political affairs. Together with his ministers, he led the Jin, Qin, Song and Qi armies to attack Chu in the south twice, occupying a large territory in the south. Jin Jun's expedition to the south promoted the further spread of Chinese civilization to the south of the Yangtze River and accelerated the pace of great integration of the Chinese nation. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, there was a crisis in the rule of Jin State, which eventually split into several independent vassal states, such as Korea, Zhao and Wei, which was called "the three tribes divided into Jin" in history.

Wu:

Wu is a new vassal state developed in the middle and early Spring and Autumn Period. Originally a vassal state of Chu, it gradually broke away from the rule of Chu with its later strength. 506 years ago, the State of Wu attacked Chu on a large scale. During the war, Wu conquered Chengying (now Jiangling, Hubei), the capital of Chu for 200 years, and plundered a lot of materials. Wu Chu War was the first major war in the Spring and Autumn Period. As a result of the war, Chu suffered unprecedented trauma, and Wu gradually replaced Chu as a southern power.

Yue Guo:

Yue, like Wu, is a vassal state of Chu, but the rise of Yue was later than that of Wu, and it was not until Yunchang that the King of Yue became king. Later, with the help of Wen Zi and Fan Li, the old ministers of Chu, the King of Yue repelled the invasion of Wu. Later, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, took Wu Zixu as the general, captured Yue State and made it surrender. However, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was not willing to fail. He lives in firewood and tastes bitter once a day to show that he does not forget his national enemy. After several years of preparation, Gou Jian, King of Yue, destroyed Wu in 473 BC and became another southern power after Wu.

Qin:

Among several big countries, Qin is not the most powerful country, but with its superior geographical position, Qin became the fastest developing country in the Spring and Autumn Period. During Qin Mugong's reign, he used to be a consultant, Prissy, which made Qin powerful for a while. However, Qin is located in the northern part of the Central Plains, and it is mixed with northern nationalities such as Rongdi and Qiang. Therefore, the governors of China always used Qin and Wei to honor the emperor and forbade him to join the Central Plains, which gave A Qin a good development opportunity. Later, during the Warring States period, Qin wiped out the six countries with great strength and unified the world.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, various vassal states annexed other small countries, especially big countries such as Chu and Qi. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, most small and medium-sized countries gradually withdrew from the historical stage and were replaced by the era of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. At this point, the Spring and Autumn Period in China's history ended, followed by another separatist era-the Warring States Period.