What are the hundred schools in Liu Xin's seven views?

The contents of Seven Laws are very rich, including compilation, six arts, hundred schools of thought, poetry and fu, military literature, techniques and methods, etc. Outline (Compendium) summarizes six outlines and explains the significance of six outlines and 38 categories. It is a brief academic history, which briefly describes the origin and evolution of academic thoughts in the pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties, which is equivalent to telling examples. "Qilue" abridged the narrative, omitted the contents of the special record, and changed the special record of 20 volumes into the Qilue of 7 volumes, so the word "lue" has the meaning of "brevity". Some scholars say that the Seven Laws is an abridged version of Bielu. In fact, the seven laws are only divided into six categories, which can also be called six laws. The contents of Liu Lulve include Liu Lulve, Zhuzi, Poetry, War Book, Techniques and so on.

Liu Quanlv received Confucian classics and six classics (namely Confucian classics) from the pre-Qin period to the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which were divided into nine categories: Yi, Shu, Poetry, Rites, Music, Spring and Autumn Period, Analects of Confucius, Filial Piety and Primary School, with books 103 and articles 3 123. Six Arts (Six Classics) are Confucian classics. The Han Dynasty attached importance to the Six Classics and put the Six Arts (Six Classics) in the first place. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ousted a hundred schools and respected Confucianism alone, and the Six Classics rose to official school. The Analects of Confucius, the Book of Filial Piety and Primary School are textbooks recited by schools in the Han Dynasty. The Analects of Confucius and the Book of Filial Piety are books that explain the classics in the Han Dynasty. Primary school is the foundation of reading classics, and it is impossible to read classics without literacy. Therefore, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and Primary School are classified into six arts. Eight historical books (4 1 1), such as Shiben, Guoyu, Warring States Policy, Taishigong 130, Chunqiu of Chu and Han, belong to the Chunqiu category of Liuyilue.

Hundred schools of thought's works from the pre-Qin period to the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty were collected by hundred schools of thought, which were divided into ten categories: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Ming, Mohism, Zongheng, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novels, and recorded 189 books and 4324 articles. Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of Six Schools" divided the ideological circles of the Warring States into six schools, namely, Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming, Legalism and Taoism, which respectively represented six influential schools in the Warring States period. On the basis of Sima Tan's Six Classics, Liu Xin's philosophers added four schools of thought, namely, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture and novel, and became 10 school, which included China's ancient philosophy, economy and other sciences. Confucianism was mainly advocated in Han dynasty, followed by saints. During the Warring States period, the country was divided, and talents were badly needed, resulting in different theoretical and academic freedoms. Among the philosophers, the most works in the pre-Qin period were Taoism, followed by Confucianism and Yin and Yang. Confucianism believes that a hundred schools of thought is a tributary of the classics. If we take the Six Classics as the guide and learn from the strengths of each school, we can learn from others' strengths, so we rank second. History and Literature of Han Art said after Introduction to hundred schools of thought: "There are only nine impressive schools in hundred schools of thought. They are all based on the weak kingship, the princes co-governing, and the princes co-governing. They like and dislike different ways. They used the skills of the nine sects, each led one end, worshipped their goodness, talked about it, and won over the princes. Although his words are different, they are still incompatible with each other and are made for each other. Benevolence and righteousness, respect and harmony, on the contrary, complement each other. Yi said, "The world is the same but different, and the same is worrying." Today, different scholars, each pushing their own strengths, are poor in knowledge research to clarify their meanings. Although there are shortcomings, they should be returned to them, and they are also branches of the Six Classics. It is material to make its people suffer from the suffering of the Ming king and get what they want. There is a saying in Zhong Ni:' If you are rude, you will seek the world.' It's been a long time since Fang went away, and Taoism is lacking. I want nothing more. Isn't it better in the wild than in Jiuzu? If you can practice six arts. Look at these nine schools of writing, you can learn from them. "

Poetry and Fu includes songs and poems, which are divided into Qu Yuan and Lu Jia, Lieqing and Xun Fu, miscellaneous poems, books 106, articles 1, 3 18. Fu is a particularly developed style in Han Dynasty. It is a style that expresses feelings by exaggerating imitation of things, arouses feelings by relying on things, and can observe local conditions and customs and appreciate the simplicity and lightness of the atmosphere. There is only a big order in poetry and fu, but no small order. Han Shu Literature and Art Shi Zhi Fulu said: "It is said that reciting Fu without singing can make you a doctor." Words and feelings make things special, and materials can be used to paint things, so they can be used as medicine. When the ancient princes handed over to their neighbors, they whispered empathy. When abdicating, you must call "poetry" to express your ambition and cover it with other sages. So Confucius said,' If you don't learn poetry, you have nothing to say'. After the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Dao was greatly weakened, and the singing of hiring questions was not suitable for other countries. Those who study Poetry live in cloth, while sages lose their will. ..... Since the adoption of ballads in Xiao Yuefu, there have been generations and winds, and the winds in Qin Chu are all happy because of sadness, and they are also known for their customs. "Separate into poetry and prose, don't divide into poetry and prose of six arts, or the proportion of space will be unbalanced.

There are four books on military theory and practice: tactics, situations, yin and yang, and skills. Military tactics refer to strategy; Military situation refers to tactics; The yin and yang of soldiers refer to weather, medicine, geography, divination and so on. Military skills refer to military technology and the application of military skills. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars have been frequent, so there are many military works, and military books are slightly compiled. In addition, the rulers of the Han dynasty attached importance to the art of war, which also slightly reflected the characteristics of the times. There are 53,790 copies of Sun Tzu's Art of War, such as 82 pieces of Sun Tzu's Art of War, 89 pieces of Qi Sun Tzu, 27 pieces of Gong Sunyang, 48 pieces of Wuqi, 2 pieces of Fan Li, 10 pieces of Bao Zibing Law and 10 pieces of Wu Zixu.

Yin He's works are divided into six categories: astronomy, calendar, five elements, tortoise, miscellaneous industry and morphology. Astronomy includes astronomy and astrology (explaining astronomical phenomena with theological superstitions); Calendar spectrum includes calendar and celestial calculation; The five elements are yin and yang; Turtles refer to divination books; Miscellaneous occupation refers to daily life, production and other specific divination; Morphological method refers to books on topography, geomantic omen and physiognomy. Shu Shu slightly collects books on astronomy, calendar, divination, astrology and mathematics, that is, books on natural science and applied science closely related to people's daily life, some of which belong to feudal superstitions. (Original Author: Xia Shihe) Ji Fang slightly collected the works of the immortal Ji Fang, which are divided into four categories: medical classics, classics (prescriptions), houses and immortals. Medical classics refer to books about pathology, physiology and therapeutic principles, such as Huangdi Neijing (18), Waijing (37) and Bian Que Neijing (9). Classic prescriptions refer to books on how to treat diseases with drugs.

"Prescription, the cold temperature of herbal stone, the shallow depth of the disease, the taste of counterfeit drugs, because of the feeling of gas, arguing five bitter and six bitter, causing fire and water to become one, to open and close the knot, and vice versa. And those who lose health, benefiting heat with heat, increasing cold with cold, and internal injury of essence and qi are the only losses. Therefore, as the saying goes, Chinese medicine is often taken when you are sick. " Refers to the books of men and women in the room, such as Mi Xi Zadao (twenty chapters), Yangfang (twenty chapters) of Three Kings of Yellow Emperor, Zifang (seventeen chapters) of Three Inner Courtyards, etc. Immortals refer to books that eat Dan medicine and live a long life, such as Qi Wave Massage of Huangdi (volume 10) and Introduction to Huangdi Zazi (volume 12). Ji Fang collected books on medicine and healthy life, longevity and reproduction, and recorded 36 books and 868 articles. The ancients didn't attach importance to science (science and technology) and looked down on skill and sideline, so the two strategies (skill and sideline) came last.

Third, the academic value of the Seven Laws

(A) "Seven Laws" classification method is scientific.

Seven laws (also known as six laws) are divided into six categories, which are further divided into subclasses, and * * * 38 subclasses. Of the 38 subcategories, 33 have a small preface (all subcategories in Shi Shuo Xin Yu are out of order), 6 categories have a big preface, and the whole book has a general preface. The general preface, the big preface and the small preface are all included in the Compendium. Narrating the academic origin through the big sequence and the small sequence. Each category is divided into several volumes or articles, with 603 volumes and 132 19 volumes. The classification method of Qilue is scientific: (1) It is classified according to academic nature, which accords with the actual situation of academic development at that time and is a great innovation in book classification. For example, Liu Yi lue is classified according to the objects of ancient books; Scholars are divided into academic thoughts; Poetry and fu should be organized according to the genre of the article; Sun Tzu's art of war is divided into functions; The number of skills is slightly more, and the skills are slightly specialized. (2) Similar books are arranged in chronological order. (3) Books with similar nature are attached to each other and written separately. This is called mutual writing. For example, the military strategist has Mozi, and the Mohist school has Mozi. (4) those with the same academic nature are classified according to the differences of ideological factions or schools. (5) If a book can be divided into two categories, it can be found in both categories. (6) If an article in a book can be classified into other categories, it must be classified into another category. This is the so-called "classification", that is, analysis and description. For example, in hundred schools of thought's and Taoism's Guanzi, a "disciple's position" is taken out and recorded in the category of six arts and etiquette. Disciple's Duty is about the general rules that disciples should abide by, such as reading, virtue, being a deacon early, receiving business, entertaining guests, eating, dining, sweeping the floor, holding candles, resting in the teacher, reviewing lessons, etc. It is a rule for a boy to study in Germany, and it is the most comprehensive, content-complete, chapter-complete, clearly described and oldest school rule in ancient China. (7) Extract narrative outline. (8) There is no bibliography of articles.

(2) The "Seven Laws" have distinct levels and clear organization.

Six arts are only academic collections, so they are put in the first place; Philosophers are tributaries of the Six Classics, so they are placed in the second place. Poetry and fu slightly reflected that there were many poems and fu works at that time; Military literature slightly reflected the military emphasis at that time, which emphasized strategy first, then tactics, then relying on the time, place and people to guarantee, and then relying on soldiers to skillfully use weapons to win; The lack of skills and skills reflects that science and technology were not valued at that time, and science and technology were mixed with superstition. Skill number briefly talks about astronomy, genealogy, five elements, sitting on a turtle, miscellaneous trades and physical methods, in order from heaven to underground, from astronomy to geography; Talk a little about medical classics, classics, room and immortals. Only by understanding physiology can we treat diseases with prescriptions. Healthy and disease-free men and women have offspring, and then seek immortality.

(3) Qilue is a model of bibliography works.

The Seven Laws reflects the academic thought and scientific and cultural understanding level from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty. The six categories classification (six-point method) of Qilve laid the foundation of China's book classification, and Qilve's pioneering contribution to China's book classification is indelible. Qilue pioneered the method of writing short preface to understand the academic origin, which embodied the characteristics of distinguishing chapters and textual research on the academic origin, and became a model of China's ancient bibliography works.

(4) The Seven Laws reflected the academic trend and achievements at that time.

Six arts slightly reflected the emphasis on Confucianism at that time; The philosophers reflected a hundred schools of thought contending in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period and the Early Han Dynasty. Poetry and prose reflect that there are many literary works and professional writers, and literature has never been independent to consciously independent; Sun Tzu's Art of War slightly reflects that China has always attached importance to military affairs, while Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty paid more attention to military research because of the need of war. Skills and methods reflect the achievements of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine and calendar at that time.

Fourth, the influence of the Seven Laws on later generations.

The book catalogues compiled in the Eastern Han Dynasty were all compiled according to the system of Qilue. Influenced by Qilue, Han Shu Literature and Art Annals compiled by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty preserved 3/ 10-4/ 10 of Qilue. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties respected the Seven Views when compiling bibliographies, and inherited and innovated them.