The Beauty of the Classic I Ching

The Book of Changes is the first of the Six Classics, which was later called Zhouyi. It implies the change of everything in the world, and it is thorough and universal. It is different from the two ancient barbarians before the Zhou Dynasty: Lianshan of Shennong and Tibet of Huangdi. Zhou Wenwang reinterpreted the ancient Book of Changes, making it spread more widely. It plays a greater role, so it is called Zhouyi. It consists of the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.

The Book of Changes consists of two parts: First, the Book of Changes has eight diagrams, sixty-four overlapping hexagrams, sixty-four hexagrams' names and words, and 384 poems. There are 10 articles in the Book of Changes, including Classical Chinese, Wen Xin Zhuan, Xun Zhuan, Xiang Zhuan, Shuo Gua Zhuan, Xu Gua Zhuan and Za Gua Zhuan. These articles explain the original meaning of the book, just like Jing. Also known as "Ten Wings".

From "Jing" to "Chuan", it has experienced many people's long exploration and creation, from the legendary Huangdi and Fuxi to Zhou Wenwang, which lasted for more than a thousand years. Confucius once told his students about Yi. The "Ziri" in Cohesions' biography may be a student's record. From Zhou Wenwang's interpretation of "Yi" to Confucius (in the era of Zhou Lingwang and Wang Jing). For more than 600 years. The other Nine Wings were generally written in the Warring States Period. The whole creation of Yi Zhuan lasted 300 years. Read Zhouyi today. It is from ancient times to the present that people ask, "People are more holy." . Three ancient dynasties "(ancient Fuxi, medieval Zhou Wenwang. Great classics completed by Confucius in ancient times. Its authors are numerous and its time is long, ranking first in the world. Its influence in the world is also enormous.

Jung, a Swiss psychologist, wrote a preface to the English version of the Book of Changes and attached great importance to it. (The translation is contained in Zhouyi Research No.2, 199 1).

The original form of the Book of Changes is a divination book. When inquiring about the fate of life, society and country, it embodies "peace does not forget danger, survival does not forget death." The sense of hardship and life experience of "ruling without forgetting chaos" in the classical Chinese text of Yi Zhuan shows beauty with words. "Cohesion" is to express feelings with words, while "training" and "image" are to express feelings with images. Explaining with literary words makes "image" and "word" vague and adapt to various situations. The hazy beauty of trance and vivid image full of wisdom can give people a pleasant aesthetic feeling.

The main means of the Book of Changes is to "set up an image to express one's mind", and its appearance is to "look up at the image in the sky, overlook the law on the earth, observe the culture of birds and beasts and the suitability of the earth, and take all things near and far away." So I began to gossip, spread the virtues of god and wisdom, and love everything. "Gossip is the image of ancestors. This image is based on real objects, it is not a simulated object shape. But to draw symbols with universal significance. Draw two basic symbols first: "one" symbolizes heaven, male, yang, gang and so on; "Symbolically, a woman, Yin, soft, etc. Then these two highly generalized basic symbols are superimposed according to the three levels of heaven, earth and man, respectively symbolizing the important images such as thunder, wind, water, fire and mountains and rivers closely related to man, and creating? (god),? (ground),? (thunder),? (wind) (water) (fire) (mountain),? (Ze) Eight images, such as "things that are suitable for pleasure" and "suitable" in "The Virtue of the Gods" and "Love of All Things", are named Eight Classics. Then, the image of personnel was expanded to 64 symbols, and it was reduced to a perceptual image with fuzziness and adaptability in many cases, which promoted a lot of life philosophy and good luck. As Chen Xun said in the Song Dynasty: "The Book of Changes makes the best use of images; Comparison of "poetry". In order to achieve its feelings. "Yi Xiang has a meaning beyond image. Hinting or associating many specific situations in life, just like literary competitions, adds aesthetic interest.

"Cohesion" says: "The love of saints is a matter of opinion". In the speech, there are vivid experiences of life, insights into various situations of good and bad luck, and feelings of sadness, joy, sorrow, joy, regret and difficulty, which make people "observe its image, play its words" and "play fun" in taste. ("copula"), get aesthetic pleasure.

The language of the Book of Changes is refined and implicit, rich in literary talent. It is vivid to write all kinds of specific situations in concise words. The uncertainty and fuzziness of death, the adaptability of various scenes, and the flexible writing of various transformations. Even in the case of "extremes meet". "Cohesion" says that hexagrams are "small in name, large in category, far in purpose, vague in words." It is similar to the "symbolic" technique of literature and art. As Liu Xie's "Literary Mind Carving Dragons and Hidden Show" said: "Deep writing is deep and hidden, and the aftertaste is full of joy." "Wen Xin Diao Jing" said: "On the preface, it is easy to be the first. The Book of Rites says that music comes from "the feeling of human heart lies in things": the "salty divination" in the Book of Changes. According to the ancient word "love". This article depicts the sympathy of the next "root" (boy) and the last "right" (girl). Pan Guangdan's Translation of Psychology of Sex: 39 1, 392, 3 10, 394. Love between men and women, such as "salty thumb", "salty fly" and "Stephy's auxiliary cheek and tongue" written in Xiangua and Biography of Xianbi, has already been described. It also involves important aesthetic concepts such as "aesthetic induction".

Most importantly, the Book of Changes says that divinatory symbols are produced because "books are not enough. Words can't convey all the meanings, so "setting up images to convey all the meanings" put forward the concepts of "image" and "symbol" two thousand years earlier than the west. From the hexagrams, we can feel the image outside the image and feel the artistic conception of different verve. Think of all kinds of life situations. From the random change of hexagrams and the adaptation of the times, we have the concept of keeping pace with the times, and through a variety of literary talents, we reflect the way of change of everything in the world and the infinite changes of life feelings.

The most precious essence of the contribution of Zhouyi is to provide us with a broad vision and a high starting point, revealing the general law of the development and change of everything in the world: the way of heaven and earth lies in the fact that everything in the world is changing. As Xun Zhuan said, "The way of heaven and earth will never change." Finish what you started. The sun and the moon can shine for a long time, and the four seasons change for a long time. A saint is good at his Tao and becomes a world. "

Cohesion says: "Knowing Zhou is everything, and discipline is the world". "If you know the way to change it, you will know its magic": Xun Legend: "The grand view is on the top, … looking down, … looking down. Watching the gods and Taoism is not embarrassing at four o'clock, and the saints are Shinto, and the world is served. " Sages keep Shinto (the way of heaven and earth) and push it from the law of natural change to the law of social development, thus transforming social life, "turning it into the world" and creating human undertakings to conform to heaven. "Cohesion" said: "Being poor and knowing makes virtue flourish." A new day is called Shengde. Has the enterprising spirit of "self-improvement". Take "poor knowledge" as the realm of life philosophy. Cohesion also said: "The metaphysical person refers to the Tao, the metaphysical person refers to the device, the transformation refers to the change, the promotion refers to the communication, and the people who make mistakes in the world (take the same measures) refer to the cause." In the spirit of continuous innovation. Put everything in the right place. It happens to be beautiful and beneficial to people all over the world. It is the most beautiful. Therefore, "Kun Classical Chinese" praises the inner virtue and exerts the external merits, which is the ultimate beauty: the "yellow" of a gentleman makes sense, and the beauty lies in it; Four branches are smooth, and the official career is born, which is beautiful.

The contribution of Yi Zhuan lies in further pointing out that the way to change heaven and earth lies in the unity of opposites of "internal cause", and internal cause and external cause are contradictory and contradictory. The copula says, "One yin and one yang are the Tao."

There is no obvious conscious concept of yin and yang in the Book of Changes. The words "Yin" and "Yang" are not found in hexagrams and epigrams. The concept of Yin and Yang has long been recorded in Guoyu Zhou Yu. Last weekend, Bai Yang's father said that the cause of the earthquake was "the sun was lying down and couldn't get out". Yin is forced but not steamed, and the general principles of yin and yang in heaven and earth are chaotic. In Zuo Zhao Zhuan AD, Jin Pinggong's body is out of balance between Yin and Yang, and if it goes too far, there will be great disaster. The divination in the Book of Changes and the Ancient Book said: "Women confuse men, but the wind gathers. Call it the law "(Xia Xun Shang Gen). The eldest daughter wants to match the younger son, but she doesn't. This also means that yin and yang should be harmonious. Although there is no word "yin and yang" in the Book of Changes. But the name of the hexagram is Gankun, which means Yin and Yang in the Book of Changes. Taiji Map consists of yin and yang, with the yang in the yin. Yang has yin, that is, interdependence and mutual penetration. Confronting each other and promoting development and change is the way to change the world. Grasp the general law of the development of the universe and realize that everything in the world is a series of diverse unity of opposites, such as "yin and yang, rigidity and softness", which conflict with each other and are endless. Natural day and night, four seasons, social chaos, rise and fall, countless differences, contradictions and conflicts among human beings, interdependence, mutual penetration and mutual transformation.

If we study aesthetics with the basic spirit of "the way of heaven and earth" revealed in Zhouyi, we can appreciate beauty. From the outside. Beauty and ugliness exist in the unity of opposites and develop in the struggle; Internally, beauty is basically composed of female beauty and masculine beauty, and their relationship is also contradictory, connected, infiltrated and germinated. Yao Nai also had a good discussion on this in Qing Dynasty. He also talked about the beauty of masculinity and femininity from "The Way of Heaven and Earth": I heard the way of heaven and earth, and yin and yang were both rigid and soft. Scholars are elites of heaven and earth, and yin and yang are also rigid and soft. ..... Its beauty is outstanding, and its style of writing is specious, such as electricity, such as the long wind out of the valley, such as mountains, such as rivers running; Its light is like the sun, like fire, like gold and iron; This is also for people, such as lofty vision, ... those who get it from feminine beauty, whose writing is like the rising sun, like the breeze, like ripples, like the brilliance of pearls and emeralds, like the voice of swans; In people, sighing is ridiculous, thoughtful, happy and sad. Observing his writing style and satirizing his voice will give a special example to the writer's temperament and modeling. ("Fu Lu chooses Shu Fei")

He moved from "the way of heaven and earth" to the softness of yin and yang in his writing. It depends on the writer's temperament, appearance and temperament. Masculinity and femininity are not completely separated in a writer. "At both ends, the creator is angry and how lacking he is. Then the quality is hundreds of millions, not bad. " The way to change yin and yang. They also complement each other and complement each other. Can be biased, but not biased; There are differences and contradictions between them, and they are interdependent and unified. He said: "It's okay to win; If you are superior, you can't say anything. Being with her husband is not strong enough to say anything. " In the preface to Yu Hai's Poems, he said, "The way of heaven and earth. Synergy is a body, but when it comes to novelty, it is used. Of course. It is used in heaven and earth. There are sunny and cloudy, just and soft, and so are the old people. The grandeur of words is powerful. Definitely more expensive than warm, deep and gentle. " Soft and hard infiltration. It is also a manifestation of the mutual infiltration of yin and yang in Taiji diagram. This just reflects a sentence in the Book of Changes: "A gentleman knows little but shows strength. Knowing softness is the hope of all men. " "Feminine and soft, rigid and soft, the pen of heaven and earth, the virtue of the gods."

When we study aesthetics today, we should be promoted to the height of the universal law of "the way of heaven and earth" revealed in Zhouyi to study the external opposition between beauty and ugliness. The internal opposition between masculine beauty and feminine beauty. And deeply understand their interdependence, mutual penetration, mutual growth and mutual transformation, which can be biased and not neglected, as well as their relationship with the temperament and talent of aesthetic subjects.

The most important invention of Zhouyi lies in revealing the changing way of everything in the world. Yi Gan Wei Chiyu in the Han Dynasty said: "Yi has three meanings. The so-called easy, easy, not easy. " Among the three meanings of simplicity, changeability and invariability, the most important one is "changeability". In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said: "The husband who changes is the general term for change. Another name for change. From heaven and earth. Yin and yang run, cold and summer come again and again, the sun and the moon are more, and ... new things are constantly emerging. Life follows life, which is not the power of change, but the power of replacement. However, it changes and runs in yin and yang. " (preface to justice of Zhouyi). Cohesion is called the general introduction of the Book of Changes. It says: "One yin and one yang is the Tao", and it says: "What is beyond yin and yang is God". Wang Bi quoted Han Zai as saying: "God is there, too. The extreme change is that everything is wonderful and cannot be deformed, so yin and yang are unpredictable. " This means that the way of yin and yang is constantly changing. Everything is constantly changing. Change is normal and inevitable. Inevitable; It is impossible to keep things the same. Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty said, "Heaven remains unchanged, so does Tao." This is not right. Accurately speaking, there may be some unchangeable parts in the heaven, but it is impossible to be unchangeable as a whole. Liu Xie of the Liang Dynasty said in Wen Xin Diao Long: "The times have changed and the quality has changed. ..... songs and art, as time goes by. " ("Time Series"), the style of writing remains unchanged and the variables are not good. ..... Often everything happens for a reason, and the body will be based on reason; There is no way to change it. The number must be determined by the new voice. Therefore, you can walk endlessly and drink endlessly. ..... Wen Zhou, a new industry. Change can last for a long time, and there are many reasons. "(General Compilation) He first affirmed that the times have changed, and people's aesthetic requirements and tastes are bound to change. Then he pointed out. Get better and worse. He is sure that the change of Jian 'an's personality is good. At the same time, it also pointed out: "In modern times, the rate of resignation was very clever. It turned out to be the body. The situation has changed; I hated the old style, so I bought a new one. It seems difficult to figure out what it means, but there is no other way anyway. ..... However, those who meet in secret are clever at novelty, and those who don't agree are blamed for losing their bodies. Old-fashioned people have the right to control unfamiliar things: the keenness of new learning. This is strange and wrong. " ("Set" article)

In aesthetic research, it is necessary to affirm aesthetic requirements, interest, appreciation and creation, which will inevitably keep pace with the times with the thought of Zhouyi on the road of the change of heaven and earth, and to inherit, carry forward and affirm good changes. Face up to bad changes. I firmly believe that bad changes will inevitably change again. We should absorb and develop reasonable factors and overcome unfavorable ones. According to the law of spiral rise and negation of negation, it will develop in a better and more beautiful direction.

In the divination of the Book of Changes, it is said that "Heaven is healthy and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement", which means that the world, nature, society and human beings should constantly change and develop in a newer, better, more harmonious and better direction with the spirit of continuous innovation and enterprising and imitating Heaven.

The word "beauty" does not appear in the hexagrams of Zhouyi, but "loyalty" and "benefit involving the great river" are common occurrences, which shows that the utilitarian concept precedes the aesthetic concept. "Seeing the dragon in the field" and "Flying dragon in the sky" in Melon. We also think that the legendary dragon has a dynamic and vigorous beauty. Among the names of hexagrams and hexagrams. There are Including Zhang Kejian, Kun's Essays on June 3rd, and the Light of Viewing the Country (Guan * Essays). "Contains chapters" means "those who contain beauty and can be correct" (Wang Bi's Notes on Zhouyi). "Light" means "Guanghua Mei Sheng" (The Book of Changes and the Biography of Cheng Yi). This embodies the aesthetic feeling. "Dry Classical Chinese" in Yi Zhuan also said:

It's great to be able to benefit the world with beauty from the beginning without saying anything! What a big deal! Strong and upright, pure and refined; Six hexagrams of drama, bypassing the situation; Take six dragons to control the sky; Clouds are raining and the world is flat.

Among them, "big", "beautiful", "rigid", "healthy", "pure", "refined" and "refined" all have aesthetic significance. Through images and imagery. Feeling "indirect affection" is closer to feeling emotional meaning through images and images, which can benefit the world without words. This is the characteristic of aesthetics. "Take advantage of the six dragons" and "sex". There is also vivid aesthetic significance.

Zhuangzi said, "There is great beauty in heaven and earth, but we don't talk about it. There is a clear law and we talk about it from time to time. Everything is reasonable and we don't talk about it. Saint, the beauty of the original world, the principle of everything. " Confucius said in the Analects of Confucius Taibo: "Heaven is the greatest thing, and Yao is the only one to do it. ..... Huan Hu, it has an article. " Mencius said, "Abundance is beautiful, and abundance is brilliant." (Mencius. Dedicated "). Shuowen said, "Beauty. Godfather. From sheep to big. "These show that the ancients thought that the beauty of heaven and earth and the principle of all things were unified, which was consistent with the feeling that heaven and earth gave people a harmonious aesthetic feeling. Yi chuan Zhuang Xun said, "The great one is also great. Zheng Da and the love between heaven and earth can be seen. "

As mentioned earlier, the word "salty" in the Book of Changes. It was later that I used the word "feeling" with my heart, which can be used as an inducement. It can also be used as a verb. Later, Shi Mao interpreted "feeling" as "movement" (pronounced Han Han). The word "feeling" appeared in the tenth wing of the Book of Changes and was later defined as "touching the heart" in Shuowen. The Book of Changes Fairy Gua describes the aesthetic state of men and women. There is no word "love" in the hexagrams of the Book of Changes. Yi zhuan uses the word "love" 14 times. Feeling emotions through images is the core of aesthetic activities. "Cohesion" said: "Mixed, so it is called Wen. ... participate in its changes and summarize its figures. Change it. It became the text of the world; Extremely numerous. Establish a world image. " The preface to the Biography of Gua says, "Exchangers are also happy." Happy break up. "Spreading happiness and infecting others is the aesthetic function of aesthetic creation." Cohesive "gentlemen" enjoy it, but their words are also stubborn. It means that his words hit the nail on the head. "Can appreciate, can appreciate, also have aesthetic significance.

The Book of Changes is of great guiding and enlightening significance to aesthetic research: the problem of "expressing" with "words" and "meaning" puts forward "image". "cohesion" said: "the book is not full of words, and the words are not full of meaning. But is the sage's intention invisible? Confucius said, "The saints erect statues and do their best. "Moreover, what is more commendable is that the Book of Changes can further enlighten us to realize that establishing an image can not only be the best, but also has its limitations. It has its fuzziness, can stimulate contact and experience widely, and can also convey emotional charm beyond images, which is frankly impossible. This is of greater significance to aesthetic research.

There are three kinds of "images": one is concrete images; Second, the "invisible image" mentioned in Xie Lao Han Feizi is an imaginary and unrealistic image; Third, people imitate, create, copy and describe images similar to objective images. "cohesion" means "quasi-description" It's like everything is right "and" it's like, it's like. " There are also artificial "likes". It means the third level. It also includes the second meaning of "imagination". Beyond all tangible objects. It also includes the "image in mind" that can symbolize them. It is the biggest and most perfect "elephant". "Forty Times of Laozi" says that "elephants are invisible". That is, transcending specific objects, such as "beauty without words", "no trace to be found" and "loud voice", is the ultimate beauty.

Yi Zhuan laid the theoretical foundation of the theory of "image". According to Cohesion, "the name is also small, and the class is also big". The image of a saint is typical, symbolic, ambiguous and adaptable to various situations. In the Book of Changes, Wang Bi simply cited Zhang's example and thought that "you can get the image by touching the class". Harmony can be its symbol. " He also said that he was "complacent and forgot about elephants." Symbolic image can help people to understand the beauty in "image beyond image", "taste beyond intention", "meaning beyond rhyme", "implication between words" and "image". This kind of beauty is infinitely diverse, as Wang Chong said in On Balance and Self-discipline: "Different aspects of beauty are better than eyes", and Ji Kang said in On Sound Without Sorrow: "Five tastes are different. And Datong is more beautiful. "

Zhu Guangqian once said in the 1950s and 1960s that beauty lies in "the second thing". According to my experience today, it means. Beauty is in the "image" influenced by aesthetic consciousness, not in the isolated "body armor" isolated from people. It makes sense to think about it today. Beauty is for people to see Leave the aesthetic relationship with people and not enter the aesthetic consciousness of people. There is no beauty in isolating things that are isolated from people. At that time, it was a serious deviation and mistake to be wary of idealism and not pay attention to the important role of "image" in aesthetic creation and appreciation. The "second thing" that Zhu Guangqian said is actually "the image in my mind". He attaches importance to the role of aesthetic consciousness in "establishing people's heart" Now that I think about it, it is indeed a very reasonable insight, which embodies his scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts and his fearless and selfless scholar character.

The Book of Changes first created "images" and paid full attention to the role of images created by human beings in "expressing meaning by words". This is an amazing and wise creation.