The Book of Changes in Indian Upanishads

The Book of Changes is known as "the head of the group classics and the source of the avenue" and is recognized as the source of Chinese civilization. Its creative process is "the more sacred people are, the three ancient worlds are". Fuxi started gossip, King Wen deduced sixty-four hexagrams, and Confucius commented on ten wings. One-sided view holds that the Book of Changes is a book of divination. In fact, it covers everything: yin and yang, five elements, astronomy, calendar, military, geography, medical divination, images and numbers, and many other fields. As the saying goes, "Different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions", which gave birth to the idea of a hundred schools of thought contending and laid the cornerstone of Chinese civilization.

As one of the four ancient civilizations, India has also left a colorful page in the history of human civilization. The Vedas is a masterpiece of ancient India. It was handed down by word of mouth in ancient times and was compiled into a book during the Vedic period, so it was named "Veda", which means "knowledge". The assembly span is about BC 1500-BC 1000. Vedas are very long. In order to facilitate people's understanding and acceptance, it is divided into four parts: Rigveda, Ramaveda, Yeroveda and Avina Veda, which are collectively called "this episode". The main styles are hymns, prayers and spells, so they are shrouded in strong religious colors. In the process of inheritance, the four volumes of Vedas have been continuously annotated and explained by Taisha in previous dynasties, and further formed three kinds of classics: Brahma Book, Forest Book and Upanishads.

Rigveda is a hymn to God. Of the four Vedas, Rigveda is the most primitive one. This is a poem praising nature and also a hymn to the gods. This is the oldest poem in the world, consisting of 10 17 poems, with 10580 hymns divided into ten volumes.

? Samoan Veda is actually a hymn, consisting of 1549 hymns and divided into two volumes.

? The Veda at Night is also a hymn purely for sacrifice. It is a mixture of verse and prose, which also contains knowledge of life and health.

? Adaveda is a prayer poem, which is different from the first three. In ancient India, the first three Vedas were considered as a trinity, which was later added.

? The contents of Vedas are mostly recorded in poems, which strictly abide by the rules of poetic structure and meter, involving natural science, social science, material and spiritual aspects, from medical care and agriculture to the concept of time of higher and lower planets, from yoga and meditation skills to the precautions of laymen, and vegetarian food. From the detailed explanation of government organizational structure to the guidance of temple architectural decoration. It provides abundant information for studying the process of human civilization, but it occupies an important position in ancient Indian literature and has a far-reaching influence on Indian society. It is revered as a holy book in India, which has lasted for thousands of years.

? There are many supplementary books in the Vedas, including scientific works on phonetics, grammar, etymology, rhythm, astronomy, medicine, music, dance, military and architecture. Upanishads are the last part of the Vedas and the oldest philosophical classics in India. Speculative works elaborated by prose or poetry are the foundation of Indian philosophy and the source of inspiration for many religious schools that have emerged in the past few centuries. There are many Upanishads circulating in the world. A book named Free Upanishads lists 108 Upanishads. In fact, there are more than 200 kinds of Upanishads under the name "Upanishads". However, most of them came into being very late, which has nothing to do with the Vedas in this episode, nor is it a strict Upanishads. It is generally believed that only thirteen Upanishads belong to the Vedic era. The thirteen Upanishads are roughly divided into three groups according to the publication time.

The first group: Guang Lin Upanishads, Singer Upanishads, Teddy Ries Upanishads, Adoye Upanishads and Dokiki Upanishads. These five Upanishads are all essays, which were produced between the 7th-8th century BC and the 5th-6th century BC, that is, during the Buddha's period (566-46 BC).

The second group: Who Upanishads, Gato Upanishads, Free Upanishads, White Mule Upanishads and Shaved Upanishads. These five Upanishads are mainly poetic, which were produced between the 5th and 6th centuries BC and 1 century BC.

The third group: Questioning Upanishads, Frog Upanishads and Maitreya Upanishads.

? The pioneer of China's translation of Upanishads was Mr. Xu Fancheng. He has lived in India since 1945. In 1950s, he devoted himself to the translation of Upanishads, and has translated 50 kinds. After returning to China in 1979, he submitted the translated version of Fifty Upanishads to China Social Sciences Publishing House, which was published in 1984.

The Upanishads are complicated in content, and the core content is to explore the origin of the world and the essence of human beings. The two most important concepts in the book are Brahma and I. All beings are born out of Brahma, Brahma is everywhere, everywhere. All the evolution of Brahma is maintained by the energy of the supreme Brahma. When a person firmly knows that everything in this universe is Brahma, then he knows that everything is Brahma and nothing else. Like countless waves rolling in the ocean, the ocean is always the same; The infinite universe emerges from the infinite Brahma and dissolves in it. Upanishads use various wonderful metaphors to explain that Brahma is everything, that is, the highest form of existence. Brahma is the universe, I am from the universe, Brahma is me, and I am Brahma. "Unity of Brahma and Me" has become the dominant idea in Upanishads, which is similar to China's philosophy of "Unity of Heaven and Man". So is Brahma really the beginning of creation? Where do we come from? Why are we alive? Where will we end up? Science does not and will never give an internally consistent theory of the creation of the universe. Perhaps for human reasons, the origin of the universe will always be unknown. ?