Who has information about five dynasties and ten countries, including politics, culture, military affairs, humanities and geography? Please enjoy it for me. Thank you!

The title of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 ~ 960 [1-2]) comes from the New History of the Five Dynasties, which is a comparison between the Five Dynasties (907 ~ 960 [1][3]) and the Ten Kingdoms (89 1 ~ 979 [6579]. The Five Dynasties refer to the five regimes in the Central Plains that changed in turn after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin usurped the Zhou Dynasty and established the Northern Song Dynasty, ending the Five Dynasties. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, there were many separatist forces outside the Central Plains. Among them, ten separatist forces, namely, Houshu, Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan) and Northern Han, were collectively called "Ten Countries" by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the remaining regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan were unified one after another and basically unified.

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960 [1-2]) is a period in the history of China, which ended in the Tang Dynasty.

Distribution map of separatist forces in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Hou Liang period)

Wu started until the establishment of the Song Dynasty; It can also be defined as the remaining political power of the ten countries until the Song Dynasty unified. This period includes five dynasties (907-960 [1-3]) and ten kingdoms (89 1-979 [1][3]) and other separatist regimes. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are essentially the continuation of the separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty and the politics in the late Tang Dynasty. After the Huang Chao Uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime in the buffer regions became more serious, and some powerful buffer regions became kings one after another, which was actually a highly autonomous kingdom. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, various regions became independent. Among them, the powerful regime in North China controlled the Central Plains to form five dynasties, some of which were established by the Shatuo people. Although these five successive central plains regimes were powerful, they were unable to control the whole country, and they were just a court of buffer region type. [4] In other separatist regions, some were independent emperors, and some were regarded as governors of the Five Dynasties (except Jin, Qi and Wu in the Hou Liang period). Among them, ten regimes, which lasted for a long time and were called kings or emperors, were collectively called ten countries by the historians of the New Five Dynasties and later generations. During this period, the local power factions often rebelled and seized positions, which made the war protracted and the rulers emphasized military power. The civil strife in China also brought the opportunity for the Khitan State to invade the south, and the Liao State was established. [5] The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period is an important period in the history of China. During this period, the Southern Army (later Xixia) and the Jingshui Division (Jiaotoe) gradually became independent, and the Jingshui Division (later Viet Nam) was permanently separated from China.

The five dynasties were Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Friday in turn, which were called "Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou" in history. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty and established Hou Liang, which was the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. In 923 AD, Li, the son of Li Keyong, the king of Jin who occupied Taiyuan, destroyed the back beams and established the later Tang Dynasty. The five emperors after the late Tang Dynasty were all descendants and subordinates of Li Keyong. After expansion and rectification, Mingzong in the later Tang Dynasty became strong in national strength. However, after the civil strife, Shi Jingtang led the Khitan army to attack and destroy, and the latter was established. [4][6] Soon, the relationship between Qi and Jin deteriorated, and the Khitan army went south to destroy the late Jin Dynasty and established the Liao Dynasty. At the same time, Liu Zhiyuan established the later Han Dynasty in Taiyuan and recovered the Central Plains. After Guo Wei usurped the post-Han Dynasty and established the post-Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong painstakingly managed it, which made the hope of unifying the whole country in the post-Zhou Dynasty dim, but Chai Rong died unfortunately when he was in the northern expedition to sixteen states. The following Zhou Dynasty was usurped by Zhao Kuangyin, which established the Northern Song Dynasty and ended the Five Dynasties. [3][7]

In terms of ten countries, Wu was the strongest in the early days of Jiangnan, and then Li Jue usurped the throne and established the Southern Tang Dynasty, followed by Wu Yueguo and Min Guo. Huguang was occupied by Jingnan, Nanchu and Nanhan. Southern Tang Dynasty had the strongest national power, and Fujian and Chu were attacked and destroyed one after another. However, because of the repeated use of troops, the national strength declined and was finally defeated by the following week. There are pre-Shu and post-Shu in Shu, and the country is rich and strong, second only to the Southern Tang Dynasty. However, it indulged in happiness and eventually died in the Central Plains. Northern Han Dynasty is the only one of the ten northern countries founded by Liu Chong, the younger brother of Liu Zhiyuan, the emperor of the later Han Dynasty. After Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty (known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history), he and his brother Song Taizong swept the pack, finally conquered the Northern Han Dynasty in 979, unified the Central Plains and ended the Ten Kingdoms. [ 1][3][5]

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms generally continued the political system of the late Tang Dynasty, but many officials were "envoys".

Distribution map of separatist forces in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (late Han Dynasty)

Among them, five generations changed a lot, and official positions were not often abandoned. There are mainly three provinces and six departments in charge of administration, three departments in charge of finance and the Privy Council in charge of military affairs. This system was inherited by the Song Dynasty. Although the ten countries submitted to the Five Dynasties, their political structure was roughly the same as that of the Five Dynasties. [8] Because local time was out of control, they often betrayed the central authorities, so the imperial court strengthened the imperial military to suppress local forces. In order to resist the phenomenon of military intervention in politics since the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty adopted the policy of strengthening cadres and weakening branches. [9] In terms of diplomacy, when Hu and Han merged in the Tang Dynasty, foreigners moved around China one after another. After the Tang Dynasty perished and entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, some foreign nationalities appeared, such as the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty and the later Han Dynasty when Shatuo established the Five Dynasties. Khitan first established the Khitan State, and the Liao Dynasty was established after the Jin Dynasty. There are other Tangut people. All these had a far-reaching impact on the international situation in the Song Dynasty. [ 10]

Due to civil strife, foreign invasion and natural disasters in the north, the ten southern countries are superior to the five northern countries in population, economy, culture and science and technology. This is also the moment when South China's economy once again surpassed North China, and this situation has never been reversed since then. [1 1] In order to expand the economy, the ten countries attach importance to the construction of water conservancy and cash crops, and develop trade, tea and textiles. Qiantang River Shitang was also built during this period. Due to the economic collapse in Guanzhong, Kaifeng, the hub of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties, was the base of the Five Dynasties. The capital factor and the collapse of sixteen states had an impact on the military and economy of the Song Dynasty. [1 1] In terms of culture, this period is a crucial period for the development of Ci, and Zen has also entered its heyday. Nine Classics was printed by block printing in the Five Dynasties, and many Confucian classics were preserved. In painting, both North and South have their own uniqueness. [ 12]

Politics:

The political system of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms generally followed the system of the Tang Dynasty, but there were many changes in each dynasty, and official positions were often abolished and the system was chaotic. The imperial court has three provinces and six departments in charge of administration, three departments in charge of finance, and the Privy Council in charge of military affairs. Due to the constant wars in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the power of the Privy Council is often greater than that of the three provinces, so the prime minister often leads the Tang Dynasty. There were many famous ministers in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. According to the records of the Five Dynasties Conference, there were as many as 30 kinds of envoys, such as worshipping politics, proclaiming emblems, flying dragons, Hanlin and Wu Fang. Although some of the ten countries surrendered to the Five Dynasties, they were still independent in system and their political structure was equivalent to that of the Five Dynasties. Since most of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms started from our time, the aides who supported them often served in the new imperial court, while the old people in the former dynasty gave them vacant posts such as the Third Division, the Three Mansions or the Taiwan Province Provincial Officials. Being a soldier was meritorious, and in order to bypass them, he was rewarded with an official title. These conditions became the source of redundancy and trouble in the late Northern Song Dynasty.

stone

After the middle Tang Dynasty, eunuchs were autocratic, and two corps commanders and two Tang envoys of Shence Army were called "four big noble", who often seized relative power and bullied the emperor. On the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen slaughtered eunuchs and began to use courtiers as Tang envoys. Liang Chu changed to worship the government, and the old name was restored in the later Tang Dynasty. In the future, except for the short-term abandonment in the later Jin Dynasty, they were all set up along the dynasty. Tang envoys are generally served by the emperor's closest courtiers, mostly military commanders. The emperor often discussed military affairs with them, and sometimes the Privy Council directly ordered the appointment and removal of the buffer region. At that time, although Pingzhang was the prime minister, the power of the Tang envoy was above that of the prime minister (the prime minister sometimes served as the Tang envoy). Because of frequent wars, military secrets have become the main function of the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, Zhongshu and Tommy held hands in the early Five Dynasties. At that time, other regimes generally had an official position in the Tang Dynasty or its equivalent. [5][8][63]

Thirty or forty

In the early Tang Dynasty, finance was mainly managed by four departments under the Ministry of Finance, namely treasurer, treasurer and treasurer. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Salt and Iron were in charge of taxation, revenue and expenditure, salt and iron monopoly, and material transfer, which were often handled by non-Ministry officials in the names of judges, governors or envoys respectively.

When Tang Zhaozong was in office, the official name of the Third Secretary began to appear when the Prime Minister Cui Yin also led the Third Secretary. In the later Tang dynasty, an envoy was appointed to take charge of the three departments, and the minister was appointed to examine the three departments. Finally, full-time ambassadors and deputy ambassadors are formally established to be responsible for the central finance. Local finance is also under the command of the third division. After the dynasties, the financial management system of the three divisions in the early Northern Song Dynasty also followed the five dynasties. [5][8]

law

The criminal law in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period basically followed the format and compilation of the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty, but due to the newly promulgated laws and regulations in previous dynasties, the compilation added benefits, which made the rules repetitive and contradictory. In the fourth year of Xiande (AD 957), Sejong ordered the minister to sort it out. The laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty are difficult to understand and the annotations are complicated, so they were deleted and compiled into 21 volumes of the Criminal System of the Zhou Dynasty. The book Criminal Code of the Song Dynasty compiled in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty was slightly added or deleted.

military affairs

On the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen slaughtered eunuchs and disbanded the Shence Army led by eunuchs. Later, in our time, Zhu Wen proclaimed himself Xuanwu Army, that is, Xuanwu Town soldiers were the imperial army, and all the troops in Beijing were under his command. In the later Tang Dynasty, it was changed into a bodyguard and pro-army, and the "Ma bu" or horse stance just look was placed under the command, which was the bodyguard department. The following week, the division before the temple was added, and there was also the commander of the "ma bu" or horse stance just look. Later, they were all viceroy before the temple, ranking above the viceroy, while the bodyguard division was divided into two viceroy, Ma Jun and Bu Jun, but not two viceroy. [64]

During the Five Dynasties, the imperial army was often expanded, and the military attache system was varied and varied. The nearest army to Hou Liang's Taizu is the Pavilion, which is well-equipped and extremely brave. The Jin army in Taiyuan is very afraid. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Xuanwu Army was expanded into the imperial army, and the elite of the imperial army was taken to set up guards and pro-troops. In the capital, there are left and right dragon and tiger armies, left and right feather armies, left and right armies and left and right dragon and Xiang armies, all of which are led by the prince, but their names change from time to time. The imperial army in the late Tang Dynasty was formerly Hedong Army, and Li Keyong established Yier Army with many adopted sons as the backbone, which was its most elite army. [65] The main force of the campaign was the Wei artillery force, which was incorporated into 9 15, and played an important role in destroying the beam. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Left and Right Army and the Sheng Army were established in the capital. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Ming Zong established a bodyguard pro-army as the imperial army, with the soldiers who revolted in his capital as the backbone, also known as the accompanying army. Among them, Shi Jingtang also served as a bodyguard, pro-army, and deputy envoy of the Sixth Army. Later Jin also set up troops in Beijing to protect the saints. Its headquarters troops came from Shi Jingtang's insurgents in Hedong, and its subordinate Liu Zhiyuan also served as the commander of the bodyguard "ma bu" or horse stance just look. The military system of the later Han dynasty followed the latter Jin dynasty and changed little. In the last week, Longjie left and right armies and Hu Jie left and right armies were established in the capital. In the post-Zhou Shizong period, the military system was reformed, the election system was practiced, the central imperial army was streamlined, and strong men were supplemented. Deploy senior officers in front of the temple, land and water, and patrol in front of the temple to form an imperial army of "front-of-the-temple class". Among them, Zhao Kuangyin, who later held this post, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao after Zhou Shizong's death and usurped the founding throne of the Song Dynasty. [8] What followed was strict military discipline, and Zhang Zhaoyuan, the minister of the Ministry of War, was ordered to formulate a new military law. Finally, the power of the buffer zone is restricted, such as prohibiting the construction of military equipment and interfering in civil affairs. [9]

Due to frequent wars, the burden of military service is heavy. At that time, in order to prevent soldiers from escaping, the soldiers' faces were tattooed with military numbers so that they could be identified and chased by deserters everywhere. In addition, men and women were recruited from all over the country to engage in transportation, and countless people and animals died on the way. When Emperor Taizu of Houliang attacked the king in Qingzhou, he even buried the peasants, cattle and donkeys who had gathered together to attack the heaped-up mountains. Liu Rengong recruited men over 15 and under 70 to join the army in Youyan with his own shop, and * * * got 200,000 people. It is stipulated in the Northern Han Dynasty that all men over the age of 17 should be recruited as soldiers. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, everyone was forced to join the army except the old and the weak. At the beginning of Qian Dynasty, the people of Wu and Yue took "Ding Min" as a soldier. Maxie, Hunan transferred all Ding Zhuang from Langzhou to be a country soldier. In the late period of Fujian, the people were sent to serve as soldiers, and their military service was unrestrained. In addition to military service, there are all kinds of civil construction work. After the Tang Dynasty, Zhuang Zong built a camp in the midsummer, which was "popular every day". Jingnan repaired Jiangling Waiguo and drove more than 10 thousand soldiers and civilians to serve. The main building in Fujian is the temple palace, which is full of prosperity. Severe hard labor makes it difficult to recover the social economy in the north, which was seriously damaged by the war, and also greatly hinders the process of economic development in the south. [8][ 1 1]

6 economy

Main entry:? Currency of five dynasties and ten countries

In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the Anshi Rebellion, the separatist regime in the buffer region and the Huang Chao Rebellion, the north suffered from war, the population moved south and the countryside was deserted. In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the five dynasties overlapped frequently, the war in the north never went out, the economy in the north was relatively backward, and the population continued to decrease greatly. It didn't recover until the late Zhou Dynasty, but its economic strength was not as good as that of the south. On the other hand, the south is relatively stable, constantly absorbing refugees from the north, bringing a lot of labor and advanced farming weaving technology to the south, and accelerating the economic development of the south. [66] During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, due to the large number of countries in the south, the king got rid of the economic burden of the north, attached importance to the development of production, and developed several economic regions centered on big cities. Shu is a developed area in agriculture, industry and commerce, with dense warehouses. Jiangnan and Huaihe River basins attach importance to agriculture, mulberry, tea, water conservancy and commercial trade, among which the trade between wuyue, Fujian and Nanhan is the most prosperous. Huguang made a profit by selling tea, transporting tea to the Yellow River and exchanging clothes and war horses. These areas exchange needed commodities with each other, and trade with North China and foreign countries, and the business is very prosperous. Therefore, the South has completely replaced the North as the economic center of China. [ 1 1][66]

agriculture

From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the economy of the Central Plains was affected by long-term wars and natural disasters.

Zhu Yuanzhang and Bao Tong [67]

Yes, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Guanzhong are all war-torn areas. For example, when the Jin emperor came out after 943 AD, there were early disasters in spring and summer, floods in autumn and winter, and locusts grew up, and all bamboo and wood leaves in the territory were eaten up by locusts; Coupled with the Yellow River water artificially decided by the military, Bianhe and Hubei provinces were flooded, and the production in the north was greatly damaged. On the other hand, since the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, Jiangnan, Huguang and Bashu areas, which have relatively stable economies, have been developing and prospering, becoming the places where people in the Central Plains fled. In addition, South China is divided into several countries, and all countries must operate carefully in order to enhance their economic strength, which makes the economic strength of the ten countries far superior to that of the Five Dynasties. [ 1 1]

Although the Five Dynasties were devastated by war, many monarchs boosted the economy. After Mao proclaimed himself emperor, he attached great importance to agriculture and appointed Zhang as Henan Yin to resume production in Henan. In 908 AD, the states were ordered to exterminate locusts to benefit farmers and mulberry. [5] During the reign of Ming Zong in the late Tang Dynasty, he advocated frugality, built water conservancy projects and cared about the sufferings of the people, so that the people could breathe. In the late Zhou Dynasty, in order to alleviate the pressure on farmers, Guo Wei, the great ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, directly distributed the farmland of Bingtun to tenants in 952 AD to raise taxes. Abolish the policy of "renting cattle" of Zhu Wen, the ancestor of Hou Liang, and exempt farmers from the burden of renting and saving cattle after death. [1 1][68] In the late Zhou Dynasty, the land equalization system was established and taxes were levied according to the land actually occupied. This is different from the old system in the early Sui and Tang Dynasties, but it is consistent with the widespread implementation of tax production after the two tax laws. [5]

The ten countries in the south advocate economic development, attach importance to building water conservancy projects and prevent floods. For example, wuyue, Shangnong and Sang in Nantang; Fujian and Nanhan promote overseas trade; Pre-Shu and post-Shu can also develop farming silk weaving, which can develop the economy of the south. Bashu area was very rich in the Tang Dynasty and was called the land of abundance. After the war, under the management of Wang Jian, Meng Zhixiang and Meng Chang, the politics was relatively stable. They also pay attention to building water conservancy projects, extensively cultivating land, and reclaiming land in Baozhong area, thus making agricultural production more developed. In the post-Shu period, "food is the most important thing for the people" and "rice is the capital of San Qian", and rice is as cheap as three pence a barrel. Guangdong and Guangxi also touched many people. In the past 50 years, there is nothing south of Nanling, which has gradually enriched the treasures of Nanhan. [ 1 1]

The Huaihe River, Jiangnan Lake and Taihu Lake, where Wu, Nantang and wuyue were located, were very prosperous during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and were important grain towns in the Tang Dynasty. [69] After the change of Pang Xun and the chaos of Huang Chao, it gradually recovered. The local court supported the large-scale reclamation of wasteland and the construction of waterways. Wu and Nantang dredged and practiced lakes in Danyang, dredged Jiangyan Lake in Jurong, built Baitang in Chuzhou and Anfengtang in Shouzhou, and irrigated thousands of hectares or more. Qian Liu, the king of Wu Yueguo, built a Qiantang River stone pond in Qiantang River to prevent the tide from invading, [70] dredged the West Lake, Taihu Lake and Jianhu Lake, [7 1] raised people to reclaim wasteland, and was exempted from land tax, making Hangzhou a rich city in the south of the Yangtze River. However, in the late Tang Dynasty, Fujian's economic strength was not strong. After Wang Chao and Wang owned Fujian, they suggested that people plant mulberry trees and build dikes around Chehu Lake in Lianjiang County, which could irrigate more than 40,000 hectares of land. Farmers in the Southern Tang Dynasty and wuyue also built a kind of polder field, that is, enclosing fields. In case of drought, open the gate to divert water.

Bao Tong of the Southern Tang Dynasty [67]

Irrigation and waterlogging will close the sluice and turn the low-lying waterlogged land into fertile land. [1 1] And the vast land began to prosper from the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. After the founding of Chu State in Hunan Province, Ma Yin has continuously increased the grain output in the central and western Hunan. When Hunan was occupied by Zhou Xingfeng, the people "managed to produce crops, and in four or five years, the granary became rich." All these make the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River become a surplus grain area with "unique advantages and the south of the Yangtze River occupies the 19th place". In the Song Dynasty, there was even a saying that "Su Chang (or lake) was ripe and the world was full". [66]

In addition to food crops, cash crops such as tea, silk and cotton are also very prosperous in the south, and have entered the stage of specialization. At that time, tea was not only planted in mountainous areas, but also built on flat land and hilly system. According to Four Seasons, tea gardens in the south of the Yangtze River were developed at that time. During the Five Dynasties, Ma Yin in Chu was very prosperous in tea, mulberry planting, sericulture and cotton, which promoted the development of commercial trade in Chu. Fujian develops tea as an economic product and rewards maritime trade, which greatly improves the local economy. [66]

culture

Historical science

Historiography has made important achievements. The Book of Old Tang Dynasty is the most important book in this period.

Wuyue in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the throne of Qian Wang [74]

Historical works. In the Tang Dynasty, the national history of the former dynasty compiled by Jason Wu and Shu Wei was relatively complete. However, due to the Anshi Rebellion and the battle of the buffer region, many historical records were lost, especially the records of 60 years after Wuzong failed to survive. This makes Tang Shi's revision very difficult. During the Five Dynasties, the work of collecting historical materials of the Tang Dynasty was emphasized for the first time. At the end of the Liang dynasty, the emperor issued a letter to collect family biographies and public and private seals of the Tang dynasty; In the late Tang Dynasty, Mingzong sent messengers from Sanchuan to Chengdu to search for the Book of the Tang Dynasty, and clearly protected the inscriptions in the Tang Dynasty, which made important and timely preparations for the compilation of the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty. [3] From the sixth year of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty (AD 94 1 year) to the second year of Kaiyun (AD 945), Liu Shao, Zhang Zhaoyuan and others wrote the Book of the Tang Dynasty in 220 volumes (all 200 volumes today), which was later called the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty. Although it has always been thought that Old Tang Shu has many shortcomings, mainly due to the insufficient processing of original materials, Tang Xianzong used to copy more national history and historical records, and Tang Muzong later compiled more essays and biographies, but it also preserved a large number of original materials of the Tang Dynasty, which attracted the attention of later historians. In addition, the anecdote of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty was recorded in the Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao, the tribute system in Tang Dynasty was detailed by Wang, the story of China and Korea was recorded by Wei Chi, the story of the ruling and opposition parties in the late Tang Dynasty was recorded by Liu Chongyuan, and the story of the Northern Dream was recorded by Sun Guangxian in the Tang and Five Dynasties. These works in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period all have different degrees of historical value. [63]

poetic sentiment

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is an important development period of Ci. There are many poets in Western Shu and Southern Tang Dynasty with high level, thus becoming two centers: Wei Zhuang and Ouyang Jiong in Western Shu, whose works were later included in Huajijian by Zhao Chongzuo and others; In the Southern Tang Dynasty, there were works by Feng Yansi, Li Jing, Li Yu and Li Jing, the later masters, which were collected and carved into the two main characters of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Yu was the most important poet in this period. Five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty mostly describe the enjoyable life of the ruling class, with vulgar themes, narrow boundaries and soft style. The works of Huajian School are the representatives of this style. The same is true of Li Yu's early works. However, the poems he wrote after his subjugation and capture, either bemoaning his life experience or nostalgic, are vivid in image, vivid in language, and express his sadness, which broke through the convention of writing exclusively about love affairs and love between men and women since the late Tang Dynasty, and made innovations in content and artistic conception, opening up a new field for the development of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. [63]

draw

Famous painters in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period include Guan Tong and Dong of the Southern Tang Dynasty.

Five generations. Gu "Han Xizai Night Banquet" [75]

Origin: Ju Ran, Xu Xi, Huang Quan and others are in Houshu. Hao Jing is good at drawing mountains and rivers, while Guan Tong developed from Hao Jing and is good at drawing the direction of Guanhe River. They are also called "Jing He Guan", which is one of the main schools of northern landscape painting in the Five Dynasties. Dong Yuan and Ju Ran are good at depicting Jiangnan scenery with thick ink or light ink. They are also known as "Dong Heju", and they are one of the main schools of southern landscape painting in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Quan is good at painting rare birds and exotic flowers in the palace and waterfowl pavilions in rivers and lakes. They are also called "Huang and Xu". At that time, there was a proverb "Huang Fu is crazy about Xu" to describe the different styles of their works. In addition, Gu's "Han Xizai's Night Banquet" is also an artistic treasure handed down from generation to generation. [63]

8 technology

Due to wars and natural disasters, the scientific and technological development of the five dynasties and ten countries was not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty, while the scientific and technological development of the ten countries in the south was more prosperous than that of the five dynasties in the north. But generally speaking, there is still room for development in porcelain carving, agricultural water conservancy and firearms. [73][76]

astronomy

Due to the separatist regime of the buffer region, the imperial calendar could not spread throughout the country. In order to have almanac, people have adopted folk almanac. Among them, Fu Tian Li compiled by Cao Shi in Tang Dynasty spread in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty for hundreds of years. Fu takes five years of Qing dynasty as the epoch, rain as the head and ten thousand as the denominator of astronomical data, which greatly reduces the calculation workload. Because it is not an official almanac, it is called a small almanac. [73]

Medical science

In medicine, the official medical officer appeared in the Five Dynasties, and the post of Hanlin medical officer was added in the late Tang and Qing Dynasties. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the Imperial Medical Service was changed to the Imperial Medical Service, and Hanlin Medical Officer College was established. Han Baosheng of Houshu is an herbalist. He carefully examines drugs, understands their characteristics, and works miracles in application. With the support of Meng Changjun, the late emperor of Shu, based on the newly revised Tang Herbal Medicine, he re-edited Shu Dao Guang Ying Gong Herbal Medicine, which was called Shu Herbal Medicine in history, and was later lost. [73][76]

Woodblock printing

Engraving printing At the end of the Tang Dynasty, engraving printing in West Shu was relatively developed, and the printed materials were mainly divination books and calligraphy books. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Nine Classics began to be engraved. In the third year of Changxing (AD 932), Ming Zong ordered imperial academy to collate and copy the Nine Classics on the basis of Xijing Stone Classics, and hired sculptors to print and sell them. This project took twenty years, and it was not carved until June, the third year of Guangxu in the later Zhou Dynasty (AD 953). Since then, the block-printed Nine Classics has been widely circulated. Later, Shu was also specially printed, which led to the "revival of Shu literature." In the later Han Dynasty, unpublished "Four Classics" such as Zhou Li were printed. Carving "Nine Classics" promotes the popularization of Confucian classics and is conducive to the spread of culture. [63]

Agricultural water conservancy

In agriculture and water conservancy, the Five Dynasties also made great progress. Han E is generally regarded as a person of the late Tang and Five Dynasties. He referred to the agricultural books before the Tang Dynasty, such as Qi Shu, and compiled The Collection of Four Seasons, which is another important agricultural book after Qi Shu. The book adopts the form of "monthly order", with agriculture as the main body, and arranges what farmers should do every month. In addition, many contemporary agricultural techniques were recorded, including the cultivation techniques of tea trees, cotton, mushrooms and yam, and the first artificial beekeeping. Tea studies in the Tang Dynasty were still popular in the Five Dynasties, among which the former Shu Mao Wenxi wrote Tea Spectrum and so on. [73] Due to the increase of river disasters in the Five Dynasties, the scale and frequency of river regulation have increased compared with the previous generation. In addition, the ten southern countries have made great efforts to develop their economies, and some coastal dikes or rivers have also been actively built. In the Five Dynasties, the Far Embankment appeared. Zaoshu River embankment was built in the late Tang Dynasty in 924 AD, and was successfully restored by Fu the following year. The Five Dynasties also used "broom workers" to protect dikes, plugs and dikes. It is mainly to bind firewood, bamboo, soft grass and so on into broom bundles with earth and stone, and then connect them, which has good water impact resistance. Finally, it matured in the Song Dynasty and was widely used. In the Five Dynasties, Wu Yueguo in the south of the Yangtze River and Nantang rebuilt the river course, and the lake water was diverted for economic transportation, and the Tangpu polder system in the Tang Dynasty was continuously developed, and the Qiantang River Shitang was also built to prevent the tide from invading. [73][76]

9 nationalities

In the mid-8th century, it began to dominate the Uighur khanate in Mobei, which made great contributions to the Tang Dynasty in calming down the Anshi rebellion and recovering the two capitals (Chang 'an and Luoyang) and eastern Hebei to Dunhuang. At the beginning of the 9th century, it was forced to move westward in three branches. Taking Gaochang (Turpan) as the center, Uighur broke Tubo, which was called Hexi Uighur and Ganzhou Uighur in history, and the Northern Dynasty was restored. In 788 AD, Uighur was renamed as Uighur. In the Erhun River basin, three branches were forced to move westward, and three branches moved westward to connect the western regions. After the Five Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, Ying and Ping (now the Daling River basin and the lower reaches of Luanhe River) were occupied. A Hexi corridor centered on Ganzhou (Zhangye) in the south has greatly destroyed Tubo. Historically, Hexi Uighur and Ganzhou Uighur not only unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but also were merged by Xixia at the beginning of 1 1 century. One moved west to the east of Xinjiang, with Gaochang (Turpan) as the center, which was called Xichuan Uighur in history; One moved to western Xinjiang and Central Asia. One moved to western Xinjiang and Central Asia and established the Black Khan Dynasty from the middle of the 10 century to the 12 century. In 850 AD, Zhang Yichao, a native of Shazhou, returned eleven states, including Gua and Sha, to the Tang Dynasty. [60]

The situation in the northeast has also undergone new changes. Qidan and Xi became more and more powerful after they broke away from the control of the Tang Dynasty. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/0 century, the Khitan Abaoji unified the ministries and established a powerful Khitan empire. In the late Jin Dynasty, sixteen states of Youyun were ceded to Qidan, and the land of Yaozhou in the Tang Dynasty, which is now Beijing, Hebei and northern Shanxi, was seized. At the end of the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains Dynasty and Qidan were bounded by Baigou River in Hebei and the Great Wall in Shanxi. [ 10][60]

The west is the rise of Tubo. Tubo was born and lived in the Yarlung Zangbo River area in Tibet today. At the end of the 6th century, Tu Guhun and Su Pi were the three major forces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the second half of the 7th century, Tubo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and ruled Mobei. Around 840 AD, it competed with the Tang Dynasty for 4 towns in Anxi. In the second half of the 8th century, Tubo entered its heyday. [ 10][60]

Nanzhao was founded in the southwest. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province, the Wuman was the main body, and the Baiman and other ethnic groups merged for a long time to form six tribes. During the Tianbao period, Nanzhao rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and attached to Tubo, which was called "six imperial edicts" in history, and imperial edicts meant king. Dream Club is located in the south of Liu Zhao, also known as Nanzhao. Tang Gaozong supported the unification of Nanzhao with six imperial edicts when he established Yaozhou viceroy. In the 1980s, Tubo forces extended to Erhai area. In order to contain the Tubo forces, the Tang Dynasty supported Nanzhao to unify the six imperial edicts. In 902, it was usurped by Zheng and established a long-term prosperous country. Nanzhao is dead. Later, Zhao Tian Xingguo (928 ~ 929) and Yang Yiguoning (929 ~ 937) established Dali Kingdom. In 937, the regime fell into Duan Bai's hands and Dali was established. [60]

From the Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the northern part of Vietnam has been directly under the Central Plains Dynasty for more than a thousand years, and it became independent from the Central Plains Dynasty in the middle of the 10 century. It was not until the early Ming Dynasty that the Chief Secretary was once placed in his position, which lasted only 20 years.