Fortune Telling Collection - Free divination - Mahjong friends quarreled a few words. Who will be responsible for the death two days after returning home?
Mahjong friends quarreled a few words. Who will be responsible for the death two days after returning home?
As he said in the book: "But there have been several technical changes from Sina instrument to compass, which occurred in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang Dynasty." His conclusion is not supported by much material. But this conclusion is generally correct. Mr. Pan Jixing, like Mr. Needham, put the words "tadpole, frog, frog" in Cui Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times, a garter st and a abstruse fish. As a transition from spoon to needle. He said: "The combination of the magnetic needle in the air and the azimuth disk was used in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which really played a guiding role, thus realizing the transformation from spoon to needle as Mr. Needham said." In the same book, Mr. Pan Jixing also made a judgment on the appearance of the water compass. He said: "There is evidence that the maker of the Kanyu compass in the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century A.D. has taken this decisive step." On the same page, he once again stressed: "The Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties began to improve Sina's technology, but by the end of the Tang Dynasty, Sina had completed its transformation into a compass. People in the Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed these scientific and technological achievements and carried them forward. This should be the context of historical development. " The development of compass is further expounded. On the basis of Mr. Needham's research, Pan Jixing absorbed some views of Mr. Wang Zhenduo and redefined the time and process of the invention of the compass. Although there are still some shortcomings, on the whole, this is a progress in the history of science and technology. There are also some scholars who either make amazing conclusions without new materials or lack of materials, and make new conclusions based on a certain material, but in general, they fail to convince everyone and have little influence. "And the origin of the compass was in the Tang Dynasty. Whether this assertion is correct or not, it is impossible to draw such an assertion only from this material. [4]
The third view
In the collection of Chengdu folk collectors, a jade (stone) vessel with great academic research value was found. It consists of seven jade (stone) boards, with figures on the front and ancient Chinese characters on the back. Especially in the middle of the fourth jade (stone) board, there is a circular pattern with something similar to half "earth" on it. The top (North Pole) of this "Earth" is a small hole with a diameter of 4 cm. A jade (stone) compass is inserted in the hole, and there are four ancient words "East", "South", "West" and "North" on the circular pattern. According to the analysis of the professional knowledge of existing disciplines, these four ancient Chinese characters are the same as the azimuth characters "East", "South", "West" and "North" in the compass we use in geological mapping today, but the other three characters "South", "West" and "North" are different from those in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It is very important to find the compass on the jade (stone) in Sanxingdui, and the view that the compass first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period will be completely overthrown. The discovery of the compass on Sanxingdui jade (stone) pushed the discovery history of China compass to Fuxi era. The compass found by Sanxingdui is jade (stone) and can't turn. This is symbolic. [5]
Early formal editing
In China's azimuth culture, it has gone through three stages, namely, astronomical positioning, making Sina by magnetic method, and finally evolving from Sina to compass, followed by the continuous progress of azimuth determination technology. [4]
compass
Sina is the earliest magnetic conductor. Known as "Sina",
Figure1-Sina model (repaired by Wang Zhenduo)
Figure1-Sina model (repaired by Wang Zhenduo)
It began in the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year) and ended in the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907 AD). Because Sina's ancient meaning has been constantly evolving, it has forged an indissoluble bond with a series of ancient inventions. [ 1]
The earliest document that recorded Sina was Guiguzi, which wrote: "Zheng people take jade and will take Sina's car because they are not confused." As can be seen from the records in Guiguzi, in order to avoid getting lost, Zheng people must take Sina with them to "get jade".
In the mention of Sina, Chong Wang's account number is the most important. He clearly pointed out: "Sina's shovel, thrown to the ground, is its guide." "Spoon" means spoon. Sina should be a magnetic director with this "guide". However, the "land" here refers to the "ruins" in the ancient mechanical disk. The mechanical disk was invented in Qin and Han dynasties and used for games or divination. There are 24 directions around the site, and the symbol of the Big Dipper is engraved in the center. According to these records, Wang Zhenduo, a famous modern historian of science and technology and expert in cultural relics reproduction in China, successfully restored Sina in the Han Dynasty (as shown in figure 1).
Figure 1 Sina model (restored by Wang Zhenduo) The spoon-shaped Sina has not yet been unearthed.
Figure 2- Han Dynasty Stone Relief in the Libao Museum in Zurich
Figure 2- Han Dynasty Stone Relief in the Libao Museum in Zurich
However, there are pictures similar to Sina's spoon-shaped images on the stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty (as shown in Figure 2), which shows that Wang Chong's records should be credible. In this stone statue, we can see that the main body of the picture is the magician and acrobat who are performing, and the people above are the aristocratic audience. There is a long-handled spoon suspected of Sina on the small square in the upper right corner (see the small illustration outside the picture), and a person is kneeling to observe.
Fig. 2 Stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty in Ritterburg Museum in Zurich (this picture is quoted from Joseph Needham's History of Science and Technology in China, Physics Volume). Judging from the remaining materials, SiNa, which uses magnets to point to polarity, is the earliest form of magnetic director. [6]
The appearance of magnetic orientation instrument makes people change from passive orientation of observing celestial bodies to active orientation using geomagnetism. The earliest magnet orientation device of mankind is Sina made of natural bar magnets, which was further developed in the Han Dynasty at the end of the Warring States period (the first three centuries). The appearance of Sinan instrument is of great historical significance, because it is a new guiding device based on the magnetic principle completely different from the astronomical orientation principle. It can work day and night in any weather conditions, quickly point out the direction, and is easy to operate and carry. [4]
Initially, "SiNa" refers to the surface pole of shadow measurement. For example, "Everything is done wrong" said, "So, Wang Li is the first in Sina, and we are racing against time." "Sooner or later" means just east and west, and it is extended to determine the direction of east, west, north and south. Lisina originated from Jong Li in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and Li Mingji in Warring States Period. They are both going to set up a watch to measure the shadow of the sun. [ 1]
Magnetic spoon
The magnetic spoon is a spoon-shaped guide made of natural magnets. When it was discovered, it was shaped like the Big Dipper and named "Sina". At least four records can be inferred as magnetic spoons: Guiguzi, Lun Heng, Xuanlan Fu and Gone with the Wind Fu. Gui Guzi was quoted in the Book of Rites of the Song Dynasty as saying: "When a Zheng man takes jade, he will carry Sina, because he is not confused." Gui Gu Zi Mou Pian was written at the latest in the Western Han Dynasty, probably in the pre-Qin period. The legend that "Zheng people take jade, they must recite Sina" implies the connection between magnetic spoon and jade industry. The difficult-to-machine magnetic spoon should be a masterpiece of jade workers.
Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said, "On Shi Heng's English Articles": "SiNa's spoon is an introduction when it is thrown on the ground." The word "land" in the sentence is generally interpreted as "site" or the word "pool" may be misspelled. The spoon-shaped Sina, if placed "on the spot" (or in a container filled with a proper amount of liquid (such as mercury), will automatically point its spoon handle to the south.
Since then, Xiao Yi, Emperor of the Liang Yuan Dynasty, wrote Xuanlan Fu: "Look at the occupation of Lingwu and the separation of Sina." Tang Zhaowei's Gone with the Wind said: "Drinking is different from the North (Beidou); If you play well, the school Sina feels ok. " Introduce the function and shape of SiNa again.
Although the physical object of the magnetic spoon has not been found so far, at least two cultural relics are related to it. First, the Rietberg Museum in Zurich, Switzerland has a stone of the Eastern Han Dynasty dating from 1 14 A.D., and there is a man in the upper right corner observing something that may be a "Sina spoon". The second piece is an ancient jade "Sinan Pei" recorded in the first volume of Na Zhiliang's Jade Interpretation. This piece of jade "is not more than one inch long, one end is cut into a small spoon, the other end is cut into a round dish with a cross in the middle." The production date of Sinan Pei is unknown, which is supposed to belong to the Tang Dynasty.
In addition to the watches and magnetic spoons mentioned above, Sina also has nicknames for South Locomotive, Ship Guide and Time Leak. The South Locomotive mentioned by Ge Hong, a native of A Jin, in Miscellanies of Xijing is a semi-automatic mechanical device. Li Shuzhi in the Song Dynasty recorded: "There was a guide ship in the Jin Dynasty." Ren Fang in the Southern Dynasties sang in the poem "Wind and Climbing Jingyang Mountain": "Running whales and spitting waves, Sina is light and agile." Sina in the poem refers to the guiding boat in the imperial garden pool, but how to sail the guiding boat is still a mystery. Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, chanted "Chicken" as a poem: "When the sky meets the pavilion, the martial arts leaks Sina." It means that at midnight, the poet just heard the sound of Sina time. [ 1]
The invention of magnetic needle
The invention of compass should be the result of gradual improvement over a long period of time, and the forms in different periods should appear in different forms. In the Tang Dynasty, the activities of scholars of geomancy were quite active, and they began to emphasize the choice of direction, so it became a top priority to find a more convenient pointing device than a magnetic spoon. So the iron pointer and floating magnetic needle in the shape of iron guide fish or tadpole came into being.
Qiu Yanhan, a geomancer in Shaanxi Province who lived in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (7 13-74 1), was praised by later geomancers as the earliest founder of the three needles (straight needle, sewing needle and middle needle) in geomantic theory. Zhu Quan, Ning Xianwang of Yahao Science and Technology in the Ming Dynasty, said in his Secret Book of Magical Machines: "The method of acupuncture has never been handed down from ancient times." It is Zhang (about 730- about 8 10), a Taoist priest in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province in the Tang Dynasty. His Taoist name is Xuanzhenzi, and he wrote twelve volumes of Xuanzhenzi, with three volumes left. From this remnant, I know that he is quite good at physics, but I can't find any records directly related to compass or needling. But this symbol can't help but remind people that tadpoles are called "mysterious needles" in Jin Cuibao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times. Its text says: "Squid, tadpole, mysterious needle, abstruse fish, round, with a big tail, feet are born when the tail falls." In the 10th century, there was a similar record in Ma Su's Notes on China in Ancient and Modern Times. This record seems to link the invention and application of the magnetic needle with the compass fish in shape and performance.
The method of making guide fish can be found in The General Theory of Jason Wu compiled by Ceng Gongliang and others in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the fifteenth year of the first volume of Jason Wu, it was said: "Cut it with thin iron leaves, which are two inches long and five points wide, and the head and tail are like fish. Burn to red in charcoal fire. Take the iron pot and the fish in the iron pot as the initial fire, and dip the pot with the tail right. If there is no tail, stop and collect it with a concentrator. " This method is to magnetize the iron sheet by using the geomagnetic field. It is known that the fish-shaped iron sheet is slightly inclined downward, which is beneficial to magnetization. In fact, the influence of the so-called magnetic dip angle in modern science has been discovered. When in use, the compass fish floats on the water, which conforms to the principle of water floating magnetic needle.
The manufacturing method of floating magnetic needle was first seen in Meng Qian Bi Tan written by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty. The article said: "Fang Jia can use a magnet to confront each other, so it can be guided." This method of magnetizing steel needles, which was summarized by experts in practice, was published internationally by Shen Kuo, which effectively promoted the application and popularization of magnetic needles in geomantic omen, navigation and other fields. Compass has entered the stage of practical magnetic needle, and the research of device method has been put on the agenda. Shen Kuo comprehensively studied and compared the advantages and disadvantages of "Shui Piao" method, "finger claw" method, "bowl lip" method and "thread hanging" method, and thought that "thread hanging" method was the best. "The method is to take a single cocoon in a new cocoon, make wax with mustard seeds and put it on the waist of the needle. If you hang it in a windless place, the needle will always be a guide. " Small magnets suspended in modern magnetometers also adopt this similar method. The precision of magnetic needle finger is not the same as that of Siena and compass, so the invention of magnetic needle soon led to the discovery of magnetic declination.
Guan's geography refers to the eighth place in Meng's interpretation of the five dynasties' troubled times, saying: the magnetic needle "is light, which means the gas that will eventually breathe, and the ground is in the middle and sideways." Compared with the Xuanyuan era, it is still among the stars. " The author thinks that the magnetic declination in Xuanyuan Huangdi era is still the direction of "the sky", but at that time, "the needle pointed to the ridge to separate yin and yang, and the lattice was biased to explore the gold teeth of trespassing". The deflection angle changes from south to east to 15.
Due to the mystery of geomantic theory, China's geomantic works in Tang and Song Dynasties influenced each other in spreading, adding and deleting. It is not easy to sort out the invention and discovery dates of magnetic needle, magnetic declination and compass from many early works of Kan Yu. However, in the first year (104 1), the book General Ihara, an encyclopedia of photo tombs compiled by Yang, the supervisor of the Northern Song Dynasty, said: "The choice of guests should be based on the four. When taking the afternoon needle, it should be in the right place, in the middle and in the grid, straight and straight. " There is a clear record of the "Bingwu Needle", that is, the magnetic needle that Shen Kuo later said in Volume 24 of Meng Qian Bi Tan is "often slightly east, but not completely south". In the west, it was not until the13rd century that the magnetic needle went south. When Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1429, the phenomenon of magnetic declination was officially detected. [ 1]
China discovered the porcelain bowl of the Yuan Dynasty float compass. 1959, two white glazed brown flower bowls were unearthed in the Yuan Dynasty tomb of Ganjingzi in Lushun, Liaoning Province. Two concentric circles are drawn at the bottom of the bowl, and three points are drawn side by side in the circle, and the middle is connected. At first glance, this figure looks like an irregular "king", so it is called "king-shaped bowl". There is a "needle" at the foot of the outer bottom ring of the bowl. According to the research of Mr. Wang Zhenduo, a historian of science and technology, this kind of bowl is the needle bowl used to indicate the direction when sailing. It is used in this way: the magnetic needle floats on the surface of the needle bowl, and the "Wang" sign at the bottom of the bowl helps to indicate the direction. First, align the narrow slot in the word "Wang" with the center line of the hull. If the hull turns, the magnetic needle will form an angle with the thin line, thus showing the angle of course transfer. Similar bowls were also found in the Yuan Dynasty cellar in Zhao Lin Village, Dantu, Jiangsu Province, and the Yuan Dynasty shipwreck in Zhanghe Ancient Road, Cixian County, Hebei Province. [7]
The invention of compass and its spread to the west
After the advent of the magnetic needle, it was used for navigation and navigation. In order to make it easy to use and read, the discovery of magnetic declination put forward higher requirements for the use skills of compass. Fang Jia first created a new generation of compass through the cooperation of magnetic needle and dial. But on some occasions, the floating magnetic needle in the bowl is still in use, so Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan (Volume 24) says that "water floats and shakes more". Jiangsu, Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong have unearthed special needle bowls for scale-free compasses in the Yuan Dynasty. When the ship is still using floating needles and needle bowls, the Kanyu compass runs far ahead.
Archaeological data show that,
Zhang Yong and the drought compass
Zhang Yong and the drought compass
Around the end of the Tang Dynasty, scholars of geomancy chose the 24-direction representation for the mausoleum. Hepu presided over the construction of Huizhou city in the southern Tang Dynasty, and the geomantic omen was also expressed by twenty-four ways. He Pu's Essentials of Spiritual City, Principles of Regulating Qi and Zhangzheng Tactics said, "The land is in four directions, and the road and map of Kun have been set. Therefore, the positive meridian is the address, and the interior is the reality of the earth. " The sky is divided into twelve points, which is the second. Therefore, taking Renzi Bingwu as the sky plate, living outside should be the sky. There is an almost identical passage in the book Li Qi in Nine Days Xuan Nv Qingnang Haijiao Classic, the author's time is unknown, and they should come from the same source.
Compasses were called "snails" and "snails" in ancient times. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the article "Meridian Needle" in the Record of Yin Hua (about AD 1200) said: "The ground snail may have a meridian needle, or sew a needle with the child at noon." Zeng Sanpin was born in Fuxian River (now West Qingjiang River in Jiangxi Province). Linchuan, Jiangxi Province, not far from Xiajiang River, unearthed the world's earliest Kanyu drought compass model in 1985, which can be mutually confirmed with the records in Yinhua Record. 1985 In May, two porcelain maids with the inked calligraphy "Zhang" at the bottom were unearthed in Zhu Jinan's tomb in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province (buried in 1 198). Mr. Feng Shui is Zhang's servant, with a compass in his left hand. It is worth noting that the magnetic needle of a compass is essentially different from that of a water compass. The middle of the compass is enlarged into a diamond, and there is an obvious round hole in the center of the diamond, which clearly shows that this is a dry compass supported by a shaft.
China's magnetic needle and compass spread to the west by land and water successively, which had a great influence on the progress of human civilization. In the past, historians thought that the water compass with a magnetic needle in the water, like the compass, was invented by China, but the dry compass was invented in Europe and was introduced to China by Japanese ships in the16th century. Now Linchuan Compass proves that the invention right of drought compass also belongs to China. [ 1]
Initial shape
Magnets refer to the polarity and the initial shape of the magnetic guide.
With regard to the understanding and application of magnet attracting iron, it is said that the magnet door in Qin Gong can prevent assassins with iron blades from entering. There are many records about the phenomenon that magnets attract iron, such as Spring and Autumn Annals written by Lu in the Warring States Period, Huainanzi in the Western Han Dynasty and Lun Heng written by Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These authors all mentioned the phenomenon that magnets attract iron, and objects such as tortoise shells and amber can attract some light and small objects. Wang Chong pointed out that these phenomena were caused by "induction" (a viewpoint of action at a distance), but he didn't seem to know the difference between induction and magnetic induction. The compass is made of natural magnets. To invent a compass, it is necessary to study the finger polarity of magnets. [6]
Description of magnetization technology and magnetic bias phenomenon
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the breakthrough of magnetization technology accelerated the popularization of magnetic pointer and led to the new evolution of pointer shape.
Ceng Gongliang mentioned a new type of magnetic flux guide-"compass fish" in Wu Yao. At the same time, it can be seen that the key to making compass fish is the magnetization of iron. Ceng Gongliang's account is: cut with thin iron leaves, two inches long and five minutes wide, with sharp points like fish. Put them on a charcoal fire and burn them red. The fish in the iron pot will be served first, and the tail will be right. Dip them in the basin and stop if there is no tail tip. (Volume 15) In fact, Ceng Gongliang magnetized the fish-shaped iron sheet by using the geomagnetic field, which was a breakthrough in the search for new magnetization technology in history. But because it should be placed on the water, the iron sheet should be as thin as possible. This is also an important hint.
Compass fish is very weak in magnetism. As a "natural" defect, the round fish head also limits its pointing accuracy. Although this simple magnetization technology makes it much easier to make guide fish, its shape is similar to that of spoon-shaped Sina.
Similarly, Shen Kuo, who was contemporary with Ceng Gongliang, also recorded the practical magnetization technology in Meng Qian's Notes. He wrote: "Fang household magnet grinding needle can guide, but it is often slightly east, not completely south." (Volume 24) This model is simple and popular, and the magnetization effect is quite good. In particular, it produced another breakthrough, improving the shape of the pointer. Using needle points can greatly improve its pointing accuracy. In this way, Sina has evolved into a compass, and this compass is easier to popularize. Undoubtedly, this is the most important improvement of the appearance of the magnetoguide.
Because the pointing accuracy of the pointer is improved, people soon notice that the direction it points to is sometimes not due south, which is the phenomenon of magnetic deviation-"However, it is often slightly east, not completely south".
In fact, the existence of compass and magnetic declination was recorded in Tsukihara General Record written by Yang Zaiyuan (104 1) earlier than Shen Kuo. He wrote: "There is no difference in thinking, you should take the C-noon needle. In its right place, it is in the middle, it is right. " (Volume 1) The "needle" mentioned here is a magnetic needle, while the "C-noon needle" refers to the combination of C-position and noon position in 24 directions when the magnetic needle is at rest, that is, about 7. 5 。 This is consistent with Shen Kuo's Slightly East, but Yang's statement is earlier and the description is more accurate.
Kou, who was later than Shen Kuo, also mentioned in his book Materia Medica: "Magnets? The grinding needle front can guide you, but it is often eastward, not completely southward. The method is to take a strand from the new needle and decorate the waist with half a mustard seed and wax. If it hangs in a windless place, the needle will always be guided. However, it is often biased towards C. Covering C is a fire and gold is controlled by it, so if so, the physical feeling is the same. " (Volume V) This passage talks about the magnetization of the compass, the discovery of magnetic deviation and the erection of the compass, and briefly explains the reason why the magnetic needle points with the theory of five elements. Here, Kou uses "Shui Piao", which is somewhat different from Shen Kuo. This also shows that people at this time are still exploring modeling and have been making different attempts. As early as the late Tang Dynasty, Guan's geography referred to Meng. In this document, we can read: the mother of magnets, the iron of needles. The essence of mother and child is based on feeling and communication; Awkward nature, so complicated, so finished. Light body and small diameter, the reference will come to an end. When needed? . From this passage, we can see that the magnetic declination recorded by it is about 15 from south to east. This shows that the discovery of geomagnetic deviation may be earlier than the Song Dynasty. In another early document, geomagnetic deviation was mentioned in Nine Days Xuan Nv Qingnang Haijiao Jing written in the second half of 10 century.
Wang Fake (founder of Fujian Kanyu School), who was about the same time as Shen Kuo, also mentioned the magnetic declination. In one of Wang Wei's poems, he wrote: "The needle shows the light between the virtual danger and the south three times." The previous sentence here clearly refers to the north-south direction of the celestial coordinates, but by observing the geomagnetic compass, we will find that the scope of the "Zhang" of the Southern Star is so wide that the two magnetic deviations and the three "South" directions due south of the celestial coordinates are included. Therefore, the specific value of his magnetic declination cannot be completely determined, but the record of his magnetic declination shows that Feng Shui masters attach importance to the study of magnetic declination. Wang is just a famous geomantic master, and his main works were written between 1030- 1050.
In Song Dynasty, Zeng Sanyi mentioned in 1 189 that there must be a certain area on the earth's surface where the magnetic declination is zero. Zeng Sanyi's point of view is very insightful. In fact, there is indeed a zero magnetic declination line. Even so, he just made a valuable guess. /kloc-in the 6th century, the Ming people found that the magnetic declination was different in different places. There was no clear record until18th century, and the magnetic declination also changed with time. [6]
Compass installation method and compass
How to erect the compass, Shen Kuo compared four different erection methods:
The water floats more and more. Finger claws and bowl lips can be used for it. It runs very fast, but it is strong, slippery and easy to drop. It is best not to hang up. The method is to take a single cocoon from a new cocoon, use mustard seed as wax and put it on the waist of the needle. If you hang it in a windless place, the needle will always be a guide. This is Shen Kuo's famous "Four Laws". Shen Kuo held a negative attitude towards the first three methods, although "water floating" was a method tried by Ceng Gongliang. The usage recorded in Wu Yao is to "put the fish flat on the water and make it float". So the fish-shaped iron sheet may be slightly concave in the middle, which makes the iron fish float on the water like a boat. Zong Yi also proposed the method of erection. He pointed out: "It is also a kind of guidance to use a needle to pass through the center of the lamp and float on the water." [6]
Shen Kuo tried four ways to install the compass.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the erection of compass made new progress. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen described two kinds of compasses, namely, fish guide and turtle guide, in Shi Lin Guang Ji (written between1100-1250). They can be regarded as the pioneers of "water needle (water compass)" and "drought needle (drought compass)". Water Compass (also called Floating Needle Compass) is a guide fish developed from Jing Zong Yao by Wu to Guangji. Because the latter is woodcut, it can naturally float on the water, and it seems that it is not afraid of the water shaking. It has developed into a relatively mature structure. Since then, water needles have become popular. After further improvement, it is more practical to put magnetic needles on a small piece of wood instead of fish carved on wood. Naturally, the shape of the "guide fish" disappears. The "Guide Turtle" recorded in "Stone Forest Guang Ji" is the pioneer of drought compass in later generations. Because it is supported by bamboo nails, it has low friction and flexible rotation, so it is also welcomed by people. Later, people developed it into a fulcrum support type, which became a simple and easy-to-use dry compass. 1985 In May, a figurine named "Zhang" was unearthed from Zhu Jinan's tomb in Wenquan Township, Linchuan County, Jiangxi Province, with a height of 22. 2em, take the compass. This compass-like magnetic structure is different from the water floating needle in the Song Dynasty, and there is an obvious round hole in the center of the diamond needle, which shows that the structure of pivot support is adopted. This tomb was built in the 4th year of Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 198). It can be seen that the drought compass was developed into a fulcrum supporting type in China shortly after its appearance. [6]
label
The drought compass was later introduced to Europe through Arabia and developed in Europe. Europeans have further improved this drought compass, which is very convenient to use. Although this improvement did not increase or even "improve" the knowledge of magnetism, it had a positive impact on navigation. In other words, in the process of developing navigation, the value of magnetic technology is highlighted. Judging from the knowledge of magnetic attraction and polarity, in the early stage of the development of magnetic technology, magnetic technology is valuable for production development and navigation and geomantic activities, and the improvement of magnetic technology is developed around this demand. With the development of magnetic technology, people have accumulated some magnetic knowledge. This accumulation process is slow, of course, because seemingly simple magnetic knowledge is related to the understanding of the earth's (spherical) magnetic field. This makes the problem have some complexity, and it takes time and some genius to crack this complexity; At the same time, we also look forward to high-level accurate experiments.
In these precise experiments, two methods of magnetization technology are very important. In the development of these magnetization technologies, the scientific principles on which the ancients were based were either unknown or inconsistent with modern scientific principles. Therefore, the ancients groped for progress in the dark and developed in the understanding of experience. Among these inventions, the invention of the "needle" shape improves the pointing accuracy and can find the magnetic declination. The shape of the needle is undoubtedly of great significance, which promotes the understanding of magnetism and is conducive to the accumulation of magnetic knowledge. Generally speaking, it is very important to constantly improve the shape of the magnetic needle during its evolution. Just like after the invention of the automobile, the appearance of the automobile has changed constantly, even greatly, but it has also evolved gradually. The exchange of magnetic pointers also includes the exchange of magnetic knowledge, which promotes the accumulation and development of "magnetic" knowledge. It didn't blossom until modern times. [6]
Compass westward editor
China's magnetic needle and compass spread to the west by land and water successively, which had a great influence on the progress of human civilization. Historians believe that the water compass with a magnetic needle floating in the water comes down in one continuous line with the compass, which was invented by China. 1985 The dry compass held by the figurine "Zhang" unearthed from Zhu Jinan's tomb in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Southern Song Dynasty proves that the invention right of the dry compass also belongs to China. [ 1]
Although GPS is widely used in navigation, positioning, speed measurement and orientation, its accuracy is greatly reduced or even unusable because its signals are often blocked by terrain and objects. Especially in urban areas with high-rise buildings and forest areas with dense vegetation, the effectiveness of GPS signals is only 60%. Moreover, at rest, GPS can't give course information. In order to make up for this deficiency, the method of integrated navigation and positioning can be adopted. Electronic compass is designed to meet this demand of users. It can effectively compensate the GPS signal, ensure that the navigation and positioning information 100% is effective, and it can work normally even if the GPS signal is out of lock, so as to achieve "missing the star without losing direction".
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