Introduction to chess

Chess, also known as European Chess or Chess, is a strategic board game played by two people and one of the most popular games in the world. Millions of people all over the world play chess or games through correspondence at home, in clubs and on the Internet. The chessboard is square and consists of 32 dark squares and 32 bright squares alternately. 2014 65438+1October 25th, world chess champion Carlson and Microsoft founder Bill? Gates planned a chess game. It's only been 79 seconds, Bill? Gates lost the whole duel.

Basic introduction

Chess In all board games, chess (English: Chess) is an ideal game that integrates strategy, tactics and pure technology. Compared with backgammon, winning or losing depends on a roll of dice, which is certainly not up to you. Compared with international checkers, the size of chess pieces controls the outcome of technology. Compared with chess in ideological content, scientific nature and depth, only Japanese military chess, China Go and China Chess can be compared with it.

Chess is almost a game that combines art, science, knowledge and inspiration. Analysis game is a logical experiment. In the battle of attacking the king and in the operation of strategic issues, a creative inspiration is needed. However, chess is more than just testing word intelligence like crossword puzzles. The chess game makes both sides fall into a bloodless battle, which is a fierce and sharp contest between their thoughts and will, and a tenacious contest of physical strength.

Game type

Chess is a zero sum game.

Zero-sum game, also known as game theory or zero-sum game, originated from game theory. It means that in a game, players lose and win, and one side wins just as the other side loses, and the total score of the game is always zero.

As early as more than 2000 years ago, this zero-sum game was widely used in the competition and confrontation with winners and losers. ? Rules of zero-sum game? More and more people pay attention to it, because human society and? Zero sum game? A similar situation.

With what? Zero sum? Correspondingly, 2 1 century is also commonly used? Win-win? Concept. ? Win-win? What is the basic theory? Egoism? No? Hurt people? Through negotiation and cooperation, we can achieve a satisfactory result.

Related meaning

The four major chess games in the world (Weiqi, China Chess, Chess and General Chess) are all related to the political system of the country. The political system reflected by chess is the feudal society in the west. Compared with the other three kinds of chess, chess is more political:

First of all, the social class reflected is obvious, and the names of chess pieces are linked to social class. For example: bishops, knights, etc.

Secondly, the most powerful chess piece is the queen, which highlights the status and role of the queen in the western feudal society (because of political marriage, the queen represents the support of the third-party joint forces, and there is no queen in China chess).

Historical origin

Chessboard and Chess According to the existing historical records, the development history of chess has been nearly 2000 years. There have been many different opinions about its origin, such as China, Indian, Ceylon, Persia, Arab countries and so on. At present, most chess historians in the world believe that chess first appeared in India. /kloc-in the 8th century, W. Jones pointed out that ancient India was the cradle of chess. In the 2nd ~ 4th century AD, there was a species in India called? Chatulanga? Chaturanga's chess game, which contains four kinds of chess pieces, namely, cars, horses, elephants and soldiers, symbolizes the military system of ancient India. In the Indian narrative epic Mahabharata, which was circulated at that time, there was a poem "The soldiers of the four armies have been lined up". ? Fourth army? It means that the army is divided into four arms: car, elephant, horse and soldier. But as the predecessor of chess? Chess? It was done by rolling dice at that time. The purpose of the game is not to kill the king of the opponent, but to eat all the pieces of the opponent. In Sanskrit? Chatulanga? Naming? Chess? It was introduced into Persia from India in the 6th century. Due to phonetic errors, the ancient Persians put? Chatulanga? Misread as? Chatterranger？ (Chatting).? Chatterranger？ Renamed by Arabs? Chastelain? (shatranj), the future? Chastelain? Widely spread in Central Asia and Arab countries. Around the 10 century, many famous chess players appeared in Arab countries. In the world famous work "Arabian Nights", the caliph Horuna was mentioned. One of Rashid's court poets is a famous chess player. In August19, several chess player competitions were held in Baghdad.

/kloc-After 0/0 century, chess spread to all parts of Europe through Central Asia and Arabia, first Italy, then Spain and France. 165438+At the end of the 20th century, it spread all over Europe. In the literature at that time, chess was listed as knight education? Seven arts? One. ? Seven arts? Riding, swimming, archery, fencing, hunting, poetry and chess. The French heroic epic Song of Roland also talks about this point. In the 15 and 16 centuries, chess finally became the current style and chess system. The earliest extant chess score was published in 1497.

There have been many changes in the way of playing chess. Earlier, Wang walked like this, but it was said that he could be eaten. The privilege of king car translocation began in the first half of16th century and was invented by Europeans. Many wonderful changes have taken place in the queen's name, gender and power. In Sartre's time, what did the chess piece "Queen" mean? Lawyer? 、? Minister? Or? General? . Later, the French changed the shape of the queen's son a little and became the woman she is now. In the past, the queen was not the strongest chess piece, so she had to walk sideways 1 grid, much like a chess taxi in China. Empresses of both sides can only walk diagonally on squares of different colors, so they can't meet. The queen now has such a powerful power, probably after the middle of15th century. In the past, soldiers could only advance 1 grid, and so did 1 time. It was not until the beginning of16th century that the strength of soldiers was improved to the present. When a soldier reaches the eighth square, he can only be promoted to be the queen of the past, not to be any other chess piece. Only the way horses and chariots walk has not changed. As for the chessboard, there were no black and white squares before13rd century.

After the Han Dynasty (65438+the second half of the 20th century), China and India began formal exchanges, and after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, cultural exchanges became more frequent. China's chess and chess are similar in origin and may have influenced each other in the past development history. Up to now, these two kinds of chess play the same way as horses (except that chess and horses are not limited by bouncing legs), and the basic rules are similar. Modern chess is exactly the same; Bronze chess pieces of Northern Song Dynasty unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan Province. Scholar? The pattern is a woman in military uniform, the same sex as the queen in chess.

Origin research

origin

Chess has the following opinions on the origin of chess: chess originated in ancient India, and the earliest records in the literature seen so far were written in Persian during the Sassanian Dynasty. It is said that a Hindu master saw the king's conceit and vanity and decided to teach him a lesson. He recommended a game to the king that was unknown at that time. The king is surrounded by a group of sycophantic ministers all day, bored, and needs to play games to relieve his depressed mood.

The king soon became interested in this novel game. When he was happy, he asked the master what reward he needed in return for his loyalty. The master said: Please put 1 wheat in the first grid, 2 in the second grid, 4 in the third grid and 8 in the fourth grid? In other words, the number of grains put into the back grid in each order must be a multiple of the number of grains in the previous grid until the 64th grid in the last grid is full, so I am very satisfied. ? All right! ? The king smiled and generously agreed to the humble request of his master.

However, according to historical legend, when the wheat was ripe, the king found that according to the agreement with the owner, the wheat in India was not even half as many squares as the chessboard. The amount of food requested by the owner is actually astronomical, equivalent to more than 258.7 billion tons of wheat.

Many people who study chess think that chess originated in India. This originated from William in England? Jones 1790 published in Asian Studies? Indian chess? A penny. Most western scholars agree with him. Because the world culture at that time was British culture.

There is an interesting story about the emergence of chess. It is said that before 2000, India had a very cruel king. Do whatever you want. The king has a trusted minister who wants to accept it? A king cannot exist without his subjects? Reason to persuade the king, but dare not publicly put forward their own opinions. He came up with a suggestion: on a wooden chessboard, two armies were formed with bone blocks to fight; There are leaders in all aspects? The king, together with the four arms of chariots, horses, elephants and soldiers, forms an overall lineup, and the king is the most important chess piece. As soon as the king died, the battle was over. Wang is also a weak link and can only rely on his comrades? That is, other more powerful protection fragments, which must jointly defend the king throughout the battle. A chess piece weaker than the king counts as a soldier. On the one hand, it spread westward to Persia, Arabia and Europe, and after changes, it formed modern chess; On the other hand, it spread eastward to Myanmar, Southeast Asia and China.

It was not until the 1970s that the situation changed. Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British scholar, clearly pointed out in China's History of Science and Culture that chess is the creation of China people. He made a detailed analysis of ancient games in China? He said that the relationship between Liu Bo and astronomy, imaging and mathematics. Only in China, the prevalence of Yin-Yang theory promoted the embryonic form of chess, invented divination with astronomical nature, and then developed into a game with military significance. ? Later, Soviet scholars published articles in succession, refuting the Indian origin theory. 1972 Yugoslav historian Bijifu's monograph Chess? The symbol of the universe concludes that chess first appeared in China in 569, and then spread gradually.

Dr. Cherevko, a researcher at the Far East Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, published an article in the 1984+0 issue of Soviet Chess. According to his research, chess originated from the idea of the Book of Changes: sixty squares, corresponding to eight trigrams, and black and white corresponding to yin and yang.

So far, no refutation articles by experts and scholars have been seen. You can assume that Dr. Cherevko? Chess originated from the Book of Changes? It seems that it has gained a firm foothold in the world.

In chess, at least in 5,000 BC, there appeared an eight-by-eight line diagram in China (painted pottery unearthed from Yuanyangchi site in Yongchang, Gansu). It can be concluded that it existed before 10 century BC? Liu Bo? This kind of ancient chess. In the 5th century BC, Liubo Reform? Cancel the show? . Confucius (55 BC1? He was still alive 476 years ago. No players? In this sentence, the game refers to Liu Bo and Go. According to historical records, it was invented by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century (late Southern and Northern Dynasties)? Like a play? (AD 569) and the underground was discovered in the Tang Dynasty? Bai Bao chess? Basically the same: 8? Eight sets (64 squares), cubes and chess pieces are placed on the grid, which is the pattern of modern chess.

At the latest in the late 6th century and early 7th century, Xiangxi entered India (not excluding earlier? Liu Bo, cancel the performance? And then what? Like an elephant show? The possibility of entering India), formed? Chatulanz? , formed the Middle East? Chastelain? . Chatulanz and Chastelain translated into Chinese? Four-color chess? (or? Chess? )。 The physical basis of archaeology is that four-color chess did not appear in India until the 8th century. About the earliest? Four-color chess? Written record is the 9th century Kashmir epic Ratnachal. ? Chastelain? Later evolved into? Persian chess? And introduced to Europe. It was molded into modern chess at the end of 15.

? Indian origin theory? Made by the British and finally denied by the British? Indian origin theory? . In the Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 edition, the origin of chess is also said to be India or China, and the origin of India is emphatically introduced. As soon as I came up, there was already such a sentence:? Although some of the earliest forms of chess were discovered in ancient China? . It is not easy for British scholars to change their views.

Now people discuss the origin of chess and draw various conclusions through legend, hypothesis, archaeology and logic. Hypothesis points out the direction for archaeological argumentation, and legends supplement the lack of archaeological logic. After all, the chess generation is too old. Just like the oldest history, it takes a very long process to reproduce the truth. But in general, there are two points about the origin: 1. Chess originated in Asia and was later introduced to Europe. The original rule is to roll the dice to decide who will play chess.

There is another saying about the origin of chess that it was invented by Arabs. Because the chess that people are familiar with now was developed in Persia. In chess? The word chariot comes from Persian.

* * * knowledge

In addition, experts and scholars seem to have reached a * * * understanding on the origin logic: First, chess is an artifact. It's essentially a model. Second, chess is the materialization of human thought and consciousness. It is essentially a simulation. Third, modern chess is the result of the continuous evolution of ancient chess. Fourth, the influence of evolution comes from all aspects (including the influence of all kinds of chess). Fifth, the way of evolution is gradual mutation. Sixth, evolution and continuity exist. Seven, the study of the origin should start with the three elements of chess structure? Chessboard, chess pieces, chess rules? Let's begin. Eighth, chessboard, chess pieces and chess rules play different roles in the origin, evolution and stereotypes of chess. Ninth, chessboards, chess pieces and chess rules must not appear at the same time. Tenth, no? The original inventor? . This can be explained as follows: In the real world, time is irreversible. Therefore, time can create history, and time can also destroy history. From this logic, we will never find it? The original inventor? . Have to settle for? The product of society, the crystallization of wisdom. ? Actually, in many ways, chess is more like a movie.

dependent event

/kloc-In the mid-9th century, chess began to become an official competition. 1924 was listed as an official Olympic event and was established in the same year? Chess Federation? . Major world competitions sponsored or entrusted by the member associations of the Chess Federation include: Chess Olympic Games, World Team Championships, Men's and Women's Individual World Championships, College Students' World Team Championships, Junior World Championships, and Chess Team Competitions on all continents. As for all kinds of cups, invitational tournaments, masters, grandmasters and so on. , it is countless.

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