Introduction of Qin terracotta warriors and horses

Qin Shihuang was the first emperor to unify China. His tomb is 30 kilometers east of Xi. 1February, 974, when local farmers were digging a well on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum at 1.5 km, they accidentally discovered the Terracotta Warriors and Horses with the same size as real horses. Since then, an underground army array buried for more than 2,000 years has been excavated and built into a museum. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang, which consists of Pit 1, Pit 2, Pit 3 and Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit. There are 8,000 terracotta figures and terracotta warriors on display, arranged in array, with spectacular momentum. Figurines are divided into general figurines, armor figurines and archer figurines. Tens of thousands of actual combat weapons were unearthed in the pit, and Qin Shihuang's large painted bronze chariots and horses were exhibited in the museum. Known as the "eighth wonder of the world", the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses show the past glory of ancient Chang 'an, and it is also a portrayal of why Chang 'an became the starting point of the Silk Road.

Terracotta warriors and horses are large in scale. The total area of the three excavated pits is 19 120 square meters, which is equivalent to the size of two football fields. There are nearly 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses in the pits. Among the three service pits, the first pit is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west and a width of 62m from north to south, with a total area of 14260m2. There are also the most terracotta warriors and horses in the pit. * * * About 6000. Above the No.1 pit, a huge arched hall has now been built.

Terracotta warriors and horses are not only large in scale, but also diverse and distinctive in personality.

General figurines are burly, wearing gold crowns, armor, holding swords, and standing at the front of the team with their heads held high, as if commanding officers and men to March behind them. You can see at a glance that he is a senior general with many battles and great responsibilities.

The warrior figurines are about 1.8 meters high and well-proportioned. They are dressed in battle robes and armor, and their feet are wearing war boots with their front ends upturned. Most of their hair is pulled into a bun that leans to the right. Some of them hold bronze swords, some hold swords and some hold shields. Everyone's eyes are bright, their lips are closed and their expressions are grim, as if a big war is coming.

1in the spring of 974, local farmers dug up the fragments of the heads of pottery figurines from more than 2 meters underground when drilling wells, and there was a lot of discussion at one time. This accidental discovery has attracted great attention from the archaeological department, and since then it has uncovered a cultural treasure house that has been dusty for more than 2,000 years. After the first and third pits were found, the second pit was found at 1976. No.1 pit 1979 was partially excavated and opened; Pit No.3 1989 is excavated in an all-round way; The excavation of No.2 pit began in March, 1994, and the audience can watch the excavation process.

Terracotta warriors and horses pits sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. There are more than 8000 terracotta figures and horses in the three pits. Since the opening of the No.1 pit, the Terracotta Warriors Museum has received nearly 30 million domestic and foreign tourists, and the heads of dozens of countries have visited it in person, all of which are full of praise. Former French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac 1979 visited here and praised the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty as the eighth wonder in the world, arguing that you can't really go to Egypt without looking at the pyramids. You can't really go to China without seeing the Terracotta Warriors.

The No.1 pit is rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south, an average depth of 5m and an area of 14260m2. The underground tunnel is a civil structure, with five inclined doorways on the east and west sides and two side doors on the north and south sides. The doorway was blocked with stumps, and the pit was covered with shed wood, reed mats and mud. There is a rammed earth wall every 3 meters in the pit. Terracotta warriors and horses are displayed in the space between walls, and the bottom is paved with blue bricks. There are more than 6,000 terracotta figures and horses in pit 1, which look like real people and horses, so more than 1000 pieces were dug out. Inside the pit is a rectangular army array composed of infantry figurines and cavalry figurines. At the eastern end, there are three rows of infantry figurines facing east, with 70 pieces in each row, accounting for 2 10, which is the pioneer of the army array. Followed by cavalry and Xu chariots, * * * before and after 38 columns, each road length 180 meters, chariots and infantry alternately arranged, is the main body of the army. There is a column on the left and right sides of the military array, facing the north and south horizontal teams respectively. Each team has more than 180 soldiers, which is the flank guard of the military array. There are three horizontal lines at the western end, two facing east and one facing west, which are the defenders of the army array. The whole army array is closely laid out and looks ready to go. Warriors have different bronze weapons, including knives, spears, swords and halberds in melee, as well as crossbows and arrows as shooting weapons. Among them, the arrow is 97 cm long and has eight edges. Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin with a dagger, and the king of Qin cut the assassin with this sword. Although it has been eroded for more than 2000 years, this sword still maintains its strong and sharp characteristics.

In order to protect cultural relics and facilitate visits. There is an arched exhibition hall in pit 1, with a total area of 1.6 million square meters. The lighting is good, and the audience can see the majestic posture of the Terracotta Warriors in the pit from the reviewing stand.

Pit No.2 is located in the northeast of Pit No.1 and the east of Pit No.3. It is square, 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array in the three pits. Pit 2 has an exhibition hall of 1.7 million square meters, which is the largest and most well-preserved exhibition hall of modern sites in China. Yuan, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First of all, in order to better protect cultural relics, and secondly, it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground. The advantage of this is that tourists can not only visit the local features of the second pit, but also see the excavation work of the second pit with their own eyes. "

According to preliminary calculation, there are more than 300 pottery figurines 1300, more than 80 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in pit 2, among which general figurines, pommel horse figurines and bow-shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four inclined doors at the east and west ends of the second pit, and two inclined doors at the north. The statue pit is located in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units.

The first unit is located at the eastern end of the figurine pit, with 60 vertical crossbow figurines in the surrounding corridor, and the array center is composed of 160 crossbow figurines east of Badao Road. The crossbowman adopts the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and takes turns shooting when standing and kneeling to avoid the danger of slow tension.

The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). 8 times per column, * * * 8 columns. There are four horse-sized terracotta warriors and horses in front of the car. Behind each car, there are three soldiers and figures. In the middle is the charioteer Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right sides of the car, armed with long-handled weapons.

The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariot, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines, and is divided into three columns. In front of each horse stood a small statue of a knight, holding the reins in one hand and the bow in the other. In addition to the three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride.

The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 108 knight figures and 180 pottery pommel horse figures arranged in 1 1 row to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, 1 and 3 are listed as 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a knight figurine in Hufu, holding the horse in his right hand and holding a bow in his left hand.

The No.3 pit is located at the western end of No.1 pit 25 meters, with an area of about 520 square meters and a concave shape. There is a chariot in front of the door, in which there are 68 warriors. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it was not built.

There are no terracotta figures in the fourth pit, only backfill soil.

Judging from the layout and formation of the two pits, the formation of the two pits is complex and the arms are complete, which is the backbone of the confrontation. In Sun Tzu's art of war, this grouping method is called "large array with small array, large camp with small camp, even falling with hooks, bending around". "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "People who ride a war can be divided into three parts, one on the right, one on the left, one who is easy to ride many cars, one who rides many risks and one who is wide." Only the organic combination of the three can win every battle. The second pit is the theoretical map of this ancient strategist.

Judging from the carved years of weapons unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was built before and after Qin Shihuang unified China. Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the world with his skills of "breaking clouds with a sword" and "rough driving ahead of others" Terracotta warriors and horses reflect the momentum of the Qin dynasty and make Mazhuang stronger. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai succeeded to the throne and continued to overhaul Epang Palace and Chidao. The tax corvee was heavier than before, which led to the peasant uprising. In this form, the third pit was cut off in the middle, and the fourth pit was hastily filled before the Terracotta Warriors were put in. Traces of fire were found in the excavation, which may be related to the burning of Epang Palace by the King of Chu.

Entering the hall of the museum, I saw thousands of life-size warriors lined up neatly at a depth of 5 meters underground, all in bronze, with a height of 1.8 to 1.97 meters. They are magnificent and daunting. There are 32 pottery horses as big as real horses. Ma Tao is a group of four horses, dragging wooden chariots.

Terracotta Warriors and Horses are arranged in three rows facing east, with 70 warrior figures in each row, ***2 10, which seems to be the vanguard of the army array. Followed by infantry and chariots, a total of 38 columns, each column is about 180 meters long, which seems to be the main body of the army array. On the left and right sides, there is a horizontal team facing the north and south. Each team has about 180 soldiers, which seems to be the two wings of the army. There is a column of warriors facing west at the western end, which seems to be the guardian of the army array. Some warriors and friends wear battle robes, others wear armor, and the bronze weapons in their hands are all real objects. Well-organized, team purge. Dozens of war horses hissed with their heads held high, ready to go. The whole army is ready to go.

The majestic military array represents Qin Shihuang's military achievements and dignity in order to accomplish the great cause of reunifying China.

The art history of these terracotta warriors and horses is very valuable. The creation of terracotta warriors and horses is based on real life, and its artistic techniques are delicate and vivid. The costumes and expressions of the Terracotta Warriors are different. There are many kinds of hairstyles, different gestures and different facial expressions. From their costumes, expressions and gestures, we can tell whether they are officers or soldiers, infantry or cavalry. There are veterans with beards who have fought many battles and young people who have just stepped into the battlefield. Ordinary figurines, as high as 1.96 meters, stand upright and concentrate on thinking, showing a firm and powerful appearance. The figure of a soldier, with his head slightly raised and his eyes looking straight ahead, looks high-spirited and childish. The soldier is wearing a shovel, holding a long handle and pressing the car with his left hand, which shows that he is a defensive soldier.

In a word, pottery figurines have distinct personality and strong characteristics of the times. These poems about horses and horses are a treasure house of sculpture art, adding luster to the splendid ancient culture of the Chinese nation and adding a glorious page to the history of world art.

Bronze weapons unearthed from Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit include swords, spears, halberds, machetes and a large number of crossbows and arrows. According to the test data, these Cu-Sn alloy weapons have been chrome-plated. Although they have been buried in the soil for more than 2,000 years, their blades are still sharp and shiny, which shows that they already had high metallurgical technology at that time, which is a miracle in the world metallurgical history.

After seeing the Terracotta Warriors, people can't help asking: What is the purpose of building the Terracotta Warriors pit? There are four kinds of sayings: "the guards guarding the capital", "the symbol of Qin Shihuang's eastern patrol guard", "buried figurines" and "erecting a monument to commend the meritorious service". According to the archaeological excavation of Qin Mausoleum, the overall layout of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is to simulate the map of Miyagi before his death. The three pits are located on the north side of Dongmen Avenue in Lingwai City, and seem to be guards stationed outside the city to guard the capital.

In the secret place of the Qin Terracotta Warriors, many characters are engraved or printed. According to some experts' research, some are the names of potters, some are from the central official pottery workshops, and some are from local pottery workshops. Some words need to be cracked. Qin terracotta warriors and horses are made separately, and then installed and bonded, usually after the bonded statues are formed, and then baked indoors. The original terracotta warriors and horses were colored. Because of the erosion of years, what we see now is only gray tile color.

The overall style of samurai figurines is vigorous, bodybuilding and washing. If carefully observed, there are differences in face, hairstyle, posture and verve, from which we can see that Qin Bing comes from different regions, different nationalities and different personalities. Ma Tao pricked up his ears, some opened his mouth and screamed, others stood still with their mouths shut. These are full of touching artistic charm. In the past, many people thought that the ancient sculptures in China were formed with the introduction of Buddhism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The discovery of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses denied this view, and strongly confirmed the maturity of China's sculptures in the Qin Dynasty, which played a connecting role in the history of China sculpture.

Judging from the unearthed weapons, the composition is mainly copper, and it also contains rare metals such as tin and lead. The hardness is HR 106 degrees, and the surface is chrome plated, which reflects that the metallurgical technology of Qin dynasty in China has reached a considerable height, far exceeding that of foreign countries at the same time.

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Dynasty provided abundant information for studying the military, culture and economy of the Qin Dynasty. Its excavation is known as "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". 1987 12. UNESCO has listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (including the Terracotta Warriors Pit) in the World Cultural Heritage List. It is understood that with the support of the central and local governments, it is planned to invest 1. 1.00 billion yuan for the second phase expansion project of the Terracotta Warriors Museum.

Excavation of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang

Yuan: This one has no beard. Look at this. This one bowed its head.

Moderator: This is it, yes, this is the whole pit.

Yuan: Only he has no beard. This is the only one in the pit without a beard.

Moderator: Really, it's right here.

Yuan: Just it, just it, the one who bowed his head.

Compere: Do you know the reason?

Yuan: I'm not sure about this. Maybe the person who did it forgot his beard. Some people say it's a woman, but it's obviously not a woman, because there were no female soldiers in the Qin Dynasty. It was made by the same person, namely Xianyang Jing. There is a small one next to this one. The small one is this one. This man's name is Gong Guang, and this man has achieved something.

Commentary: There are more than 6,000 terracotta figures with different shapes in the exhibition hall of Terracotta Warriors and Horses No.1 pit. Some pottery figurines are engraved with the names of the original makers. At present, at least 87 craftsmen have been found to be involved in the manufacture of Terracotta Warriors. Regardless of whether the craftsman's name is engraved on his body, Yuan Lao can accurately tell who their maker is.

Moderator: Look at a craftsman whose name is not engraved. I'm particularly surprised that you can tell who did it. How is this judged?

Yuan: It is different from one's practice. Just as we look at some painters now, we can see at a glance which master made a certain painting. The same is true of pottery figurines. Touch it for a long time and you can see who made this figurine and who made that figurine.

Moderator: That is to say, I have developed the ability to distinguish like calligraphy and painting.

Yuan: I'm just used to it. I am familiar with it. I once found a Gong C who made 45 yuan.

Compere: Aren't all these 45 pieces engraved with names?

Miss Yuan: Not all of them have been engraved with names, but the shapes and styles are the same. To sum up, that's it.

Moderator: The style is the same. Can this judgment be described in words?

Yuan Zhong Yi: For example, the pottery figurines made in Gong Bing are generally very big and have the same power as the iron tower. The hair is realistic, but it is a little too stylized, which is different from the pottery figurines made by others. Some people make pottery figurines with wavy hair, while others seem to make them with a handful of mud, and then pull them out with their fingers at once. He can't. He scraped it out with a hairpin tool. His style is a little different from others.

Moderator: I think you seem to have deep feelings for so many terracotta warriors and horses?

Yuan: I am very familiar with it. It seems that as soon as I close my eyes, I know which pottery figurines are in which position, which pottery figurines are in which position and what kind.

Moderator: What kind of feelings do you have with them?

Yuan: I feel very cordial. It seems that a company commander is as familiar as his soldiers. I once wrote a doggerel: "I have been infatuated for more than 20 years and have been friends with the figurines", which is very kind.

Commentary: Yuan first saw the Terracotta Warriors in 1974. Shaanxi farmers living near the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor dug up the heads of the Terracotta Warriors while digging wells. Yuan, 42, was appointed as the leader of the archaeological excavation team, leading several archaeologists to continue excavation around the drilling area. More and more clay figurines have been found in the soil, and Yuan can conclude that this should be an ancient tomb pit. But he didn't realize that the excavation work in the first few decades was only the tip of an iceberg of a huge archaeological discovery.

Yuan: When our archaeological team excavated it, we didn't realize that it was so important. When we came, the leader told us that when we got there, we would soon finish digging and write a report.

Moderator: Is it an ordinary archaeological discovery?

Yuan: Make an ordinary archaeological discovery. After arriving, who knew that the pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses was so big? No.1 pit was discovered1more than 4,000 square meters.

Moderator: I can't find the edge.

Yuan: I found 6000 clay figurines and horses in it. This thing has also found many burial pits in the past. Grave pits are generally relatively small, with such a large scale and such a large number that I have never seen them before.

Moderator: Did you realize at that time that this might be one?

Yuan: I was very happy and excited. Later, we found the No.2 pit and No.3 pit nearby. Among these three terracotta warriors and horses, about 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses were found, which was like a huge underground army and was immediately shocked.

Commentary: In front of Yuan and the archaeologists, it turned out to be a huge underground army. There is no record of the existence of the doll pit in the history books, and no legend reveals clues. Whose army are they? Guanzhong Plain is the imperial valley from Qin and Han Dynasties to Tang Dynasty. On the horizon to the west of Terracotta Warriors Pit, you can see a huge mound, which is the tomb of Qin Shihuang, the founder of the Qin Empire. Could such a spectacular tomb be Qin Shihuang's? Archaeologists found a large number of bronze weapons from the soil, and the words "Temple Worker" were engraved on this spear. According to historical records, temple workers were the state institutions established by Qin Shihuang to take charge of weapons production. On this horse, the word on the right is "Made in neighboring Lv Buwei for five years". Lv Buwei was the prime minister of Qin Shihuang, and one of his duties was to be responsible for the weapons production of Qin State. It is undeniable that this life-size array of terracotta warriors and horses was buried with Qin Shihuang. To Yuan's surprise, he found that before 1974, people in all previous dynasties had gone deep into the pit of terracotta warriors and horses for at least 30 times, and even seen pottery figurines, but they all passed by this important archaeological discovery in the end.

Yuan: Because there are many tombs in the figurine pits, there are also tombs now. The earliest tombs are those in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Let me give you an example. There was a tomb in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The one in the second pit, the couple buried the tomb together, dug down and just found a group of pottery horses. Tao Ma was broken and put into the grave. Because the Terracotta Warriors pit is a brick ground, two coffins were placed on the brick ground. Did you get a look at him? On another occasion, there was a big pit in the northwest corner of No.2 pit. The pit is very big, with dozens of square meters. In the process of cleaning up the silt, we found a copper coin, which was in the early years of the Republic of China. In other words, in the early years of the Republic of China, farmers dug dozens of square meters there, revealing dozens of large pottery figurines. Then it rained and was slowly covered with mud. How many people did you say saw it?

Commentary: For 2,000 years, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses kept sending people the message of their existence, and finally walked out of the dark and quiet palace in the 1970s. The shock brought by Terracotta Warriors and Horses to the world cannot be described in words, but touching these life-size sculptures, Yuan was shocked by the style of an emperor. Why did Qin Shihuang use such a large-scale pottery figurine to be buried with him? And what kind of person is this emperor who built China's first empire?

Commentary: When the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Yuan Faxian were unearthed, they were obviously severely damaged. 1974, what is presented to archaeologists is a collapsed body. In this huge pit, there are decapitated heads and broken arms everywhere. Who has such a great hatred for these terracotta warriors and horses and destroyed them here? According to Records of the Historian, Xiang Yu burned down the palace buildings in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang after he entered the customs. If this record is true, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit will probably be destroyed by Xiang Yu's army.

However, after two thousand years, it is extremely difficult to repair the Terracotta Warriors. It takes an average of one month to several months for archaeologists to excavate and repair a terracotta warrior. Up to now, many terracotta warriors and horses still stand in the pit due to the loss of fragments. Moreover, these precious cultural relics buried underground for more than 2000 years are suddenly exposed to the air, which is very easy to change. How to protect their original appearance has become the biggest problem faced by Yuanhe archaeologists.

Yuan: Some residual colors on pottery figurines are easy to change, because the colors are special. First spread a layer of raw lacquer and coat it on the raw lacquer layer. This kind of raw lacquer has been buried underground for more than 2000 years, and it has aged itself. Aging, like pottery itself, forms two skins.

Moderator: If it is opened, it won't stick.

Yuan: Two skins were formed. You suddenly open it and expose it to the air, and the water disappears immediately. When it disappears, it slowly tilts upward, and then it falls off.

Moderator: How long does it take to tilt up?

Yuan: We did some experiments in the process of tilting, which usually takes five minutes. Five to six minutes, so soon.

Moderator: Then what should we do?

Yuan: We should take immediate measures to peel off a small piece and reinforce it immediately.

Moderator: How can we strengthen it?

Yuan: Use adhesive. Formed two skins, no affinity. Stick it on first, and then fix it with chemical solvent outside.

Compere: All this should be done in 5 minutes.

Yuan: This small piece won't do.

Moderator: You have to dig and reinforce.

Yuan: Here's the thing. In addition, a certain amount of water should be guaranteed when digging out. If you keep a certain humidity and pursue a higher content, the edge will be slower. So keep spraying water.

Commentary: When the No.1 pit was excavated, a blue-gray clay figurine was unearthed. Sometimes they have some red or purple residue on their bodies. Why? According to historical records, when the Qin Mausoleum project was about to be completed, Guangwu and Chen Sheng fought until they were 0/0 km away from the Qin Mausoleum/KLOC. Hundreds of thousands of people had to give up the cemetery project and go to the front to fight. Are all terracotta warriors and horses unfinished projects, because they were hastily buried underground before they could be painted all over? In the process of excavating the No.2 pit, Yuanhe archaeological team made an unexpected discovery. Six beautifully painted pottery figurines were buried in the soil. At this time, some people began to question that the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang were painted when they were unearthed, but later, due to improper protection, the color was completely lost and became blue-gray now.

Yuan: This statement is not accurate. Because I dig terracotta warriors. Decades. There used to be a propaganda report that the terracotta warriors and horses were colorful and then slowly fell off. This is not the case. It should be exactly said that the terracotta warriors and horses are painted.

Compere: Are they all painted?

Yuan: I used to draw them all. I drew them when I first made them. Before the excavation, it had fallen off, because this place was close to Mount Li. After the flood, the pit was filled with water. In the process of cleaning, we found a soaking line, traces of blisters, water depth 1 m2.

Moderator: More than half of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses.

Yuan: Besides, some terracotta warriors and horses fell down and were soaked in water. Of course, the color of big blisters falls off easily. It was a ... then a big fire, especially the No.1 pit burned badly.

Commentary: Various signs in the Terracotta Warriors pit indicate that there was a fire robbery here. Some people speculate that it was Xiang Yu's troops, while others say that the workers who repaired the cemetery set fire because of hatred.

Yuan: After soaking in water and burning in a big fire, the color will of course lose, and it is impossible to preserve it.

Moderator: Actually, it was dropped when it was dug out.

Yuan: residual color. Relatively speaking, because the No.2 pit was partially burned, the color protection was relatively more, but not complete. Generally speaking, it is better preserved than the first pit, because the color of the first pit has basically fallen off, and the color of the six pottery figurines we found in the second pit has basically been preserved.

Moderator: Have we kept it after technical treatment?

Yuan: It's all preserved now.

Moderator: That is to say, the paint falls off, which is actually not caused by our excavation.

Yuan: This is not a problem.

Commentary: The excavation of Terracotta Warriors and Horses has been going on slowly but smoothly. So far, many terracotta warriors and horses have not been unearthed in the pit, and it will take at least several decades to complete these excavations. Mr. Yuan, who witnessed the excavation of all the terracotta warriors and horses, undoubtedly became the most familiar person with the terracotta warriors and horses, and he was also honored as the "father of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses". (CCTV International)

The large-scale exhibition of national treasures of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang exhibited bronze weapons such as swords, spears and crossbows unearthed in the pits of Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Surprisingly, these weapons have been buried underground for more than 2,000 years, and when unearthed, they are as bright as new, without any rust, which has aroused the amazement and curiosity of many visitors. According to Wen Peng, the exhibition department of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, the China Nonferrous Metals Research Institute and the Academy of Geological Sciences found that the bronze sword unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors Pit had a dense chromium oxide layer with a thickness of 10 to 15 micron. In addition, the metallurgical history writing team of Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel analyzed the bronze arrows unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit with electron probe and X-ray fluorescence, and found that there was also a dense layer on its surface. Wen Peng said: "This shows that the bronze weapons in the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses were treated with chromate and dichromate consciously in the production process, so that a light gray or dark gray protective layer was formed on the surface of the weapon, which increased the anti-corrosion and anti-rust ability of the weapon, thus making the weapon as bright as new and extremely sharp. Chromium salt oxidation technology is an advanced scientific process. There are two methods of chromium plating in the world: electronic chromium plating and chemical chromium plating. Electronic chromium plating is produced with the development of modern industrial civilization. Only in Germany 1937 and the United States 1950 did Germany apply for an international patent. Chemical chromium plating technology was created by working people in China more than 2000 years ago, which is a miracle in metallurgical history.