What is the difference between the "god-based culture" of Yin Shang and the "people-based culture" of Western Zhou Dynasty?

According to documents, after Dayu died, his son Qi succeeded to the throne. Legend has it that Yu married a woman who lived in the earth and rocks, and she didn't enter the house for three times. In order to climb a mountain, Yu turned into a black bear, but was seen by his visiting wife. The woman in Tushan was surprised and afraid, regardless of her pregnancy, turned and ran, fled to Sansong Mountain, and turned into a boulder. Yu followed him and shouted "Give back my son", so he gave birth to a son named Qi. Initiate, open. This boulder is still called the "Seven Eyes Stone". Qi established the Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in the history of China, and China entered the era of slavery. It began in 1300 BC. * * * spread14th generation17th king until Jie was destroyed by Shang. A total of more than 430 years. However, the history of Xia Dynasty is basically a short written record until now, which has not been fully confirmed by archaeology. The central area of Xia Dynasty was concentrated in the northwest of Henan Province and the south of Shanxi Province, and its capital moved frequently. According to legend, Du Yuyang City (now Dengfeng City, Henan Province) moved to Yangzhai (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province) and then moved to Anyi (now Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province). The follow-up activity area is roughly in this area. The social structure of Xia Dynasty recorded in the literature is as follows:

First, social productive forces have been greatly improved and agricultural production has developed significantly. Dayu's water control is actually a huge land improvement project, which undoubtedly has a great impetus to agricultural production. It is also said that bronze weapons were used to cast Jiuding, which shows that bronzes have appeared in the Xia Dynasty.

Second, private property appeared in the Xia Dynasty, when people were "goods for themselves", and there was a phenomenon of treating people as slaves and turning prisoners of war into slaves, which showed that the slavery system had been formed in the Xia Dynasty.

Third, the Xia Dynasty established a relatively complete system of state rule, including: (1) the hereditary system of the throne, which is often said to be "home to the world"; (2) the state official system, that is, the establishment of official positions and the formation of bureaucratic groups; (3) administrative division system, that is, the whole territory is divided into "Kyushu", and each state has local officials, which is called "Jiumu".

Although the civilization of the Xia Dynasty has not been confirmed, the existence of the Xia Dynasty is beyond doubt, because such a dynasty that has experienced more than 400 years cannot be fabricated. After the founding of New China, many archaeological investigations and excavations were carried out in the central area of Xia Dynasty. From 65438 to 0959, archaeologists excavated an important cultural site in Erlitou, yanshi city, Henan Province, and found a square palace site on the third cultural level, surrounded by houses, caves, wells and kiln sites. Among the unearthed artifacts, there are a few bronzes and jades, and their ages are consistent with the Xia Dynasty recorded in the literature. It may be one of the capitals of the Xia Dynasty. Experts infer that Erlitou culture is probably the Xia culture recorded in the literature.

First, the spiritual standard culture of Yin Shang.

Shang Dynasty is the earliest recorded dynasty in China. With the help of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, people can learn more about the history of Shang Dynasty.

Shang tribe was originally a tribe engaged in animal husbandry production in Bohai Bay area of Shandong Peninsula. The first ruler of Shang Dynasty was Shang Tang, whose ancestor was Qi, who ruled the world with Zuo Shun and was sealed in Shang Dynasty (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). Shang Tang took Yi Yin as the prime minister, and Yi Yin is said to be the chef, who explained the truth of governing the country to Shang Tang. With the help of Yi Yin, Shang Tang developed vigorously, and finally replaced Xia Jie to win the world, with its capital in Bo (yanshi city, Henan, Bozhou, Anhui), and * * * spread to 30 kings. The country rose and fell five times and moved its capital six times. When Pan Geng (the tenth king of Shang Dynasty) was in power, he moved his capital to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province), so the Shang Dynasty was called Yin Shang in history. According to archaeological research, the Shang Dynasty crossed the Yangtze River in the south, reached western Liaoning in the north and Shaanxi in the west, and its land area greatly exceeded that of the Xia Dynasty.

Yin Shang culture is very developed, and the characters that record the social situation of Shang Dynasty, mainly Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, have more than 5,000 words. These words carved on tortoise shell bones are all records of divination of the Shang royal family, so they are also called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Its content is extremely rich, reflecting all aspects of business society. The classic books written and preserved by Ren Zhen, who is in charge of divination and annotation, are the earliest documents in China.

The calendar of Shang Dynasty is also very progressive, and there are records about astronomical phenomena in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In addition, the bronze wares of Shang Dynasty and the ancient capital buildings show that the commercial culture of Yin Shang has also developed considerably.

The cultural concept of Shang dynasty is embodied in "respecting gods and worshiping witches", which shows a strong cultural characteristic of god-oriented. This God-based culture is the product of human ignorance. For example, state affairs are decided by wizards' divination, and large-scale sacrificial activities are often held to show respect for ghosts and gods. Many animals were used for sacrifice. In ancient times, the living were used for sacrifice. God-oriented culture gradually began to transition to people-oriented culture, and its opportunity was the great social change in Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

Second, the cultural reform of Zhou people

The Zhou tribe originally lived in the Weihe River Basin. Zhou's ancestor was Hou Ji, an agricultural official. The Book of Songs (Gangwon) describes the birth of Hou Ji and teaches people to sow grains. After several migrations, the Zhou people lived under Qishan, and later sought wisdom from King Jichang of Zhou Wen, and fought on all sides to unify some tribes. After Zhou Wuwang and Ji Fa succeeded to the throne, they joined forces with eight hundred vassals in Jin Meng, Henan Province, to find a way to destroy the business. From 1 1 century BC to 256 BC, the Zhou Dynasty survived for about 800 years, and * * * passed down 37 kings in 30 generations. The dividing line between Shang and Zhou Dynasties is 65438 BC+0046 BC.

The TV series The List of Gods reflects the process of Zhou Wang's destruction of businessmen.

After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, a series of cultural reforms were carried out. (In what aspects did the cultural reform in the Zhou Dynasty show? What is the main content)

(1) established the patriarchal clan system. In order to effectively control the conquered vast areas, the Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed the children and heroes of Ji surname, and the descendants of Yin Shang (a cultural tradition of rejuvenating the country and destroying the country without successors) to establish political power in various places. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, 7 1 vassals were enfeoffed by a certain * * *, among which 53 were named Ji. In addition, it is stipulated that Zhou's throne and vassal title shall be inherited by the eldest son.

(2) Established the ritual system. It is a complete set of laws and regulations of the Zhou Dynasty formulated by the Duke of Zhou. These laws and regulations are mainly found in Zhou Li. The content of Zhou Li is rich and colorful, and the most important thing is to establish the etiquette principle of monarch and minister.

First, "pro", implementing the principle of blood clan, emphasizing the relationship between father and son and maintaining clan,

The second is "respect", which implements the hierarchical principle of political relations and distinguishes the ranks of monarch and minister.

Its purpose is "don't be noble and cheap, the order has advantages and disadvantages." Reflect the differences between monarch and subjects, father and son, brother and husband and wife.

The form of Zhou rites is "Li", that is, various rituals and ceremonies. According to the provisions of the "Zhou Li", nobles at all levels should follow the etiquette ceremonies that are in line with their rank and status, such as offering sacrifices, using soldiers, hiring at the court, weddings and funerals (auspicious, fierce, military, guest, fine five rituals). For example, different nobles have to take several horse-drawn cars, and there are strict rules about which band to use when offering sacrifices.

The etiquette system of Zhou Dynasty was not only the confluence of laws and regulations, but also the norms of various behaviors of people at all levels in political, economic, social and family life at that time. By the ruling class of later generations, especially the later generations. Confucianism is inherited and carried forward, which makes it regulate China people's life behavior, psychological model and right and wrong concept with great power. China's traditional "ritual culture" or "ritual culture" was founded in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In essence, all kinds of code systems promoted by Zhou people are permeated with a strong ethical spirit, the essence of which is that "emperors, ministers, great doctors, scholars and Shu Ren will become a moral group." They put forward some important ideas, such as "fate is impermanent, only virtue is the supplement", "Heaven matches virtue" and "respecting virtue to protect people", which are the most fundamental sources of the ideological tendency of ruling by virtue, humanism, sense of hardship and even "harmony between man and nature" in China traditional culture.

Three. Cultural achievements of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: (insert content, needless to say)

First of all, in astronomy, calendar and medicine.

According to legend, there was a calendar in the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, and today's lunar calendar is also called "Summer Calendar", which originated in the Xia Dynasty. By the Shang Dynasty, the calendar was gradually complete. A year is divided into 12 months, 30 days for big month, 29 days for small month and one month for leap year. There are also farming arrangements in the calendar of Shang Dynasty, telling people when to sow and when to harvest. Ancient books in Xia Dynasty recorded the earliest solar eclipse in China.

In medicine, Shang Dynasty works recorded 16 diseases. By the Zhou dynasty, there were already branches of medicine, such as internal medicine, surgery, nutrition and health care, veterinary medicine and so on. The records of dental caries in the works of Shang Dynasty are the oldest records of dental diseases in the world. Yi Yin, a famous minister of Shang Dynasty, was also a famous doctor. He invented decoction and pioneered the method of treating diseases with decoction. Surgeons in Shang Dynasty had used scalpels and other instruments. In a Shang Dynasty tomb in Gaocheng City, Hebei Province, a lacquer box containing a sickle-shaped tool was found, which experts believe is a scalpel for cutting carrion, tumor or bleeding.

Second, bronze art.

Bronzes in Shang and Zhou dynasties have images of various animals and monsters, which are beautiful and lifelike. The Four Sheep Fang Zun in Shang Dynasty is famous for its magnificent modeling and superb craftsmanship. Jade articles in Shang Dynasty also had a high artistic level. A pair of jade statues unearthed from the tomb of a good woman in Anyang are vivid, lively and lovely. The bronze ritual vessels of the Zhou Dynasty are the most valuable, such as the Simuwu Dafang Ding of the Shang Dynasty.

Third, music and dance.

During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, music and dance were attached great importance. Legend has it that Shao written by Shun was very popular in Xia Dynasty. It is a kind of music that can be sung and accompanied by dance. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius was always immersed in the aftertaste of wonderful music when he heard Shao Le's I Don't Know the Meat Taste in March in Qi State. There were different kinds of musical instruments in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, such as percussion instruments, chimes, chimes and drums. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were complete sets of musical instruments. Music includes Daxia, a large-scale song and dance that shows Dayu's water control, and Dawu, which shows Wu Wang's attack.

Fourthly, in terms of writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and the inscriptions on bronze in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are a revolution in the cultural history of China.