Please briefly describe the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

(770-476 BC)

From 770 BC (the first year) when the royal family moved eastward to Luoyi, to 476 BC (the forty-fourth year of the week), this period of history is roughly equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Annals revised by Confucius (722 BC-4865438 BC +0 years), so it is called the Spring and Autumn Period.

The decline of the royal family and the hegemony of great powers

First, the decline of the royal family

The week that appeared on the historical stage in the Spring and Autumn Period is not the same as that in the Western Zhou Dynasty. His political and economic status plummeted and he became the nominal "master of * * *" in the world.

The decline of the royal family has many reasons.

The first is the decline of the royal family's economic status. After the Zhou royal family moved eastward, the Guanzhong area was occupied by dogs, Rong and other ethnic minorities, and the Zhou royal family lost the vast and rich land in the Guanzhong area, the old capital. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the territory and population controlled by the royal family became less and less, and its economic strength was far less than that of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The decline of economic status is an important reason for the decline of the royal family.

Secondly, the continuous growth of vassal States is also an important reason for the weakness of the royal family. Some vassal States have vast territory, large population and strong economic strength. With the improvement of the economic status of the vassal States, they began to defy the Zhou royal family politically. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the relationship between Zhou Tianzi and some princes was actually reversed. He needed the help of governors economically and sought their protection politically. The emperor could not mobilize the princes, and even appeared in front of them. Some vassal States not only did not obey the Zhou Emperor politically, but also did not pay tribute to the royal family economically, and even became enemies of the Zhou Emperor. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, the status of Zhou royal family plummeted and became a small country.

Second, great powers strive for hegemony.

There were many countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there were dozens of historical records. 14 is more important in these Wang Zizhong. Historical Records Chronicle of Twelve Governors records the lineages of Lu, Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Cao, Zheng and Yan 12 countries, and the other two countries are wuyue. These countries were active in the historical stage of the Spring and Autumn Period. In order to compete for land and population and plunder property, they launched a war of hegemony among themselves.

The main reasons for the emergence of great power hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period are as follows: First, Zhou lost control of the world, which was the premise of the emergence of great power hegemony. Second, the unbalanced political and economic development of the vassal States led to the hegemony of the law of the jungle. Third, Rong Diyiman and other ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains, which provided opportunities for great powers to compete for hegemony.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi, Jin, Chu and Qin were the main hegemonic countries, and Song had a brief hegemony. Wuyue's hegemony was at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was confined to the southeast corner, which had little influence on the Central Plains.

The famous overlord in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period was called the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period". There are two opinions about the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period: one refers to Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang; Another way of saying it refers to Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, the tea king of Five Blessingg and Gou Jian, the king of Yue.

After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, Jin and Chu fought fiercely for hegemony, and almost all the vassal States in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins were involved in the war, which was not peaceful. In particular, the vassal States located in the Central Plains suffered more from war, and small countries were generally war-weary. In addition, Jin and Chu are evenly matched, and no one can annex anyone. In addition, due to the complexity of domestic political struggle, both sides want a temporary truce. In this context, the "Bing Bing" movement aimed at stopping the war appeared.

The platoon movement was initiated by Song State, which was often in a state of war, twice. The first time was in 579 BC, initiated by Huayuan, a doctor in the Song Dynasty, but it failed because Chu tore up the Covenant. The second time was in 546 BC, initiated by Dr. Xu Xiang of Song State. This meeting confirmed that Jin and Chu are allies. Except Qi and Qin, other small countries should appear in front of Jin and Chu at the same time and pay tribute at the same time. The second military meeting was successful at the expense of the interests of small countries and the hegemony of Jin Chuping. Since then, there has been no major war between Jin Chu for decades, and the hegemony war in the Yellow River Basin has come to an end, and history has entered the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the war for hegemony launched by great powers inevitably brought all kinds of tragedies, disasters and pains to the society, but it also produced objective effects conducive to historical progress, accelerated the pace of unifying China, accelerated the replacement process of the old and new systems, and promoted the great integration of the nation.

The development of social productive forces and the emergence of feudal relations of production I. The development of social productive forces

The Spring and Autumn Period is a period of great social change in the ancient history of China. The trend and characteristics of social change are the gradual disappearance of slavery and the emergence of feudalism. The material factor contributing to this social change is the development of social productive forces.

An important symbol of the development of social productive forces in the Spring and Autumn Period is the use of iron. Literature and archaeological data show that artificial smelting and casting of iron were widely used in many countries at that time. The use of ironware was of epoch-making significance in ancient China. Just as the appearance of bronzes marked the birth of slave society in China, the use of iron will herald the arrival of feudal society in China.

Another sign of the development of social productive forces in the Spring and Autumn Period is the appearance of Niu Geng. About the situation in Niu Geng at that time, mainly in the literature.

Second, the emergence of feudal relations of production.

Since the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, the well-field system has been shaken and land circulation has appeared. After entering the Spring and Autumn Period, the well field system was further destroyed and began to disintegrate.

Land annexation is an important factor leading to the collapse of well field system. During the Spring and Autumn Period, land annexation can be divided into four types: first, vassal annexation of government offices; Second, the princes merged with each other; Third, the ministers of vassal States merged with public offices; Fourth, the mutual annexation of princes and ministers. The general trend of land merger is the following offenses, which leads to the continuous downward movement of land ownership and the gradual concentration of land in the hands of the emerging landlord class. As a result of land annexation, the mining system implemented since the Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed, and the economic base of China slave society gradually disintegrated, replaced by feudal land ownership.

Another sign of the collapse of the Jing Tian system in the Spring and Autumn Period was the sale of land.

With the collapse of the well-field system and the emergence of private ownership of land, class relations have changed accordingly, and feudal dependency relations have emerged and developed, and two emerging classes, farmers and landlords, have emerged. During the Spring and Autumn Period, most individual farmers were transformed from slaves and civilians, and some nobles became yeomen. Some of the landlord class was transformed from slave owners and nobles, some were military landlords who received land rewards, and some were raised by civilians or even "me".

With the change of land ownership and the emergence of feudal production relations, the ruling classes in various countries have carried out some reforms in the tax system in order to maintain and increase the income from exploitation to adapt to the changes in social situation. In 685 BC, Qi Huangong of Qi appointed Guan Zhong to carry out the reform. One of the important contents of the reform is that "the land declines with it" (the land is in harmony with the land), that is, taxes are levied according to the quality of the land to increase the national income. Before 645 BC, the state of Jin "plowed the fields", which abolished the system of regular land distribution under the well field system, fixed the right of individuals to own land, and promoted the transformation of state-owned land into private land. In 594 BC, the State of Lu promulgated the decree of "initial tax mu", which taxed all public and private land by mu, thus eliminating the difference between public land and private land. Chu, Zheng, Qin and other countries have carried out similar tax reform. The tax reform accelerated the disintegration of slavery and the formation of feudalism.

The power struggle of the emerging landlord class in the third quarter

The feudal relations of production bred by slave society developed obviously at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. With the change of economic status, the emerging landlord class, which was descended from the slave owners, or rose from the lower class, or started from the military, urgently demanded political power, and they launched a fierce struggle to seize power from the slave owners and nobles. Among them, Shandong and Qi Jin are the most typical.

I and III Huan's Struggle with the Office

In "Lu", the representatives of the emerging forces are Zhu, Shu and Shi, all of whom are descendants of Zhu.

It's called "Three Rings". In 609 BC, Duke Wen of Lu died, and there was a power struggle to kill local officials. The Third Ring Road took the opportunity to build its own city and develop its own power. In 562 BC, "As a member of the three armed forces, there is one in three divisions" (Zuo Zhuan's Ten Years of "xianggong"), which was called "three divisions" in history. Since then, all three schools have managed the army and carried out reforms in their respective fields, with Ji Sun being the strongest. In 537 BC, the three families readjusted the land distribution and "divided the government into four parts". Ji Sun's family got two points, and his uncle and grandson got one point each. The three clans all implemented taxation methods in their respective jurisdictions, which were opposed by the old forces headed by Lu Jun. The three clans jointly fought back, defeated Lu and won the Lu regime.

Second, Tian

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi was the representative in the struggle between the old and new forces in various countries.

In the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, civil strife broke out in the State of Chen, and Chen Gongzi Wan (also known as Tian Shi) fled to the State of Qi and was named Gong Zheng. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, Tian's power gradually became stronger. He used the means of giving favors to compete with the public for the people and won the support of the people. As a representative of the emerging landlord group, Tian had a long and fierce struggle with the slave owners' aristocratic group headed by the monarch. There were three major armed conflicts in 532 BC, 489 BC and 48 BC1year. In 476 BC, Tian won and took control of the state power of Qi. In 39 1 year BC, Tian He abolished Qi Kanggong and became a monarch on his own. In 386 BC, Tian He was listed as a vassal and still used the title of Qi State, thus completing the process of Tian Dai Qi.

Third, the three families are divided into gold.

In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Jin clans declined. By the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin had six clans with different surnames: Zhao, Han, Wei, Zhi, Fan and BOC. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the six countries of the Qing Dynasty merged with each other through war. Zhao, Han, Wei and Zhi Dou jointly destroyed Fan and Bank of China, and then Han, Zhao and Wei jointly destroyed Zhi Dou, making the State of Jin under the control of three clans. In 403 BC, "King Zhou Weilie made Han, Zhao and Wei princes". In 376 BC, Jin and Zhao destroyed Jin, divided their land into three parts and moved to his home. Jin would never sacrifice him. "("Historical Records Jin Family ") Han, Zhao and Wei divided Jin and established three feudal countries.

Warring States Period

(475 BC to 2265438 BC)

From 475 BC to 22 BC1year, it was called the Warring States Period in history. After the merger war in the Spring and Autumn Period, in the Warring States Period, seven great powers, namely Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, were formed, and they were also called "Seven Heroes". The general orientation of the country is: Chu in the south, Zhao in the north, Yan in the northeast, Qin in the west, Qi in the east and Han and Wei in the middle. In addition to the "Seven Heroes", there were more than a dozen countries in the early Warring States period, and the Zhou royal family still existed.

Section 1 Political reform movements in various countries and the formation of feudal centralized politics

After entering the Warring States, in order to consolidate political power and enhance national strength, various vassal states carried out political, economic and military system reforms to varying degrees, which is known as the political reform movement. After the political reform movement, the feudal system was gradually established.

First, the reform of Wei

In the early years of the Warring States, Wei Wenhou appointed Li Kui as prime minister to carry out political reform. This was the earliest political reform movement in the Warring States period. The contents of Li Kui's political reform mainly include the following points: abolishing the "master of the world" system of slavery and appointing people on their merits; Implement "according to one's ability" and encourage the development of agricultural production; With the implementation of the "Ping Law", the state will adjust food prices and stabilize the small-scale peasant economy; Formulate the "legal classics" and establish a feudal legal system.

Due to the political reform, Wei's economy developed rapidly and the feudal regime was consolidated, becoming the most powerful country in the early Warring States period.

Second, the Wuqi Reform of Chu State

In 382 BC, King Molun of Chu appointed Wu Qi as Lingyin and presided over the political reform in an attempt to revitalize the State of Chu. The main contents of Wuqi's political reform are: abolishing aristocratic privilege, "receiving titles after three generations" and "making nobles go to empty places"; Laying off redundant staff, streamlining unimportant officials and saving funds for training the army; Rectify official management and put forward strict requirements for officials.

The reform of Wuqi dealt a heavy blow to the old nobles of Chu, accelerated the process of feudalism of Chu, and made Chu's national strength rapidly powerful.

After the death of the king of Chu, Wuqi was shot by the old aristocrats, and the political reform failed.

Third, Shang Yang's political reform in Qin State.

With the support and reuse, Shang Yang presided over the reform of Qin twice in 359 BC and 350 BC. The main contents of the reform are as follows: (1) Abolish the slave well-field system by decree, and "abandon the well-field system and open buildings so that people can buy and sell"; Reward military service and establish a military service system; Emphasize agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving; The county system is widely implemented throughout the country; Establish a sitting system; Unified measurement.

Shang Yang came to power in the State of Qin in 19. With the support of Qin Xiaogong, his new law was thoroughly implemented, which made Qin prosperous and strong soon. However, Shang Yang's political reform violated the interests of the old nobles. After Qin Xiaogong's death, Shang Yang was split and died. Although Shang Yang was executed because of personal grievances of the old nobles, his reform measures were still carried out.

In the political reform movement in the Warring States period, Shang Yang's political reform was the most extensive, thorough and successful. The success of Shang Yang's political reform made Qin, a relatively backward country, the most advanced power in the Warring States Period, and laid the foundation for the later unification of the six countries.

Four. Reforms in other countries

Except Wei, Chu and Qin, other countries have also carried out reforms to varying degrees: Zhao Guo has the reform of Zhao Liehou; South Korea has Han Zhaohou's reforms; There were political reforms in the Qi State, and there were also political reforms in the Yan State.

The political reform movement in the Warring States period was actually a feudal movement. All countries have implemented the political and economic systems of cracking down on slave owners and nobles, protecting the feudal landlord class, abolishing slavery and consolidating and developing the feudal political and economic system to varying degrees, thus establishing the feudal system. After the political reform movement, social economy and culture became increasingly prosperous, and a new situation of vigorous development appeared in the history of China.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the formation of feudal centralized politics

The formation of feudal centralized politics in the Warring States period was mainly manifested in the implementation of the county system and the establishment of the feudal bureaucratic system.

The feudal centralized system is embodied in local organizations, which is the county system. The county system originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and has been widely implemented in various countries since the Warring States Period. The establishment of the county system strengthened the monarch-centered centralization of authority, which was a major reform of the ancient local administrative institutions in China.

Bureaucracy is an important part of feudal centralized politics. After the political reform movement, feudal bureaucracies were generally established in various countries. At this time, the establishment of feudal bureaucracy is mainly manifested in the following points: first, the official is divided into civil and military. Under the monarch, there are two generals, civil and military, who perform their respective duties, which disperses the power of ministers and is conducive to the concentration of power in the hands of the monarch; The second is the salary system. The salaries of officials at all levels were changed to fields, grain and currency, so that the monarch could use his interests to control officials at all levels; The third is "counting" system. That is to say, by reporting the budgets at the beginning of the year and the completion at the end of the year, as a means of testing officials, the rewards and punishments for local and lower-level officials are decided; The fourth is the symbol and seal system. Monarchs generally use symbols and seals as evidence to dispatch troops, send envoys, appoint and remove officials, and convey decrees. To control the army and the lieutenant.

At that time, there were five ways to choose officials in various countries: first, ministers recommended them to the monarch; The second is to recommend yourself by writing letters and lobbying; Third, select according to military merits; The fourth is to select from the officials of the attendants; Fifth, the central and local governors have the right to select and appoint lower-level officials within a certain scope.

The rapid development of feudal economy in the second quarter

During the Warring States period, feudal relations of production replaced slavery relations of production. Most of the direct producers were liberated from the shackles of slaves, and their labor interest and enthusiasm for production were improved, which promoted the prosperity of the social economy.

I. Agricultural development

The development of agricultural production during the Warring States period is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

The widespread use of iron farm tools. Archaeologists have found a large number of iron farm tools during the Warring States period all over the country. Judging from the types of these farm tools, iron tools have been used in the main processes of agricultural production such as tillage, intertillage, weeding and harvesting.

Build water conservancy projects. The rulers of all countries regard the development of water conservancy as one of the important measures to enrich the country. Typical examples are: when Wei Wenhou was appointed as the magistrate of Yexian County, he sent Ximen Bao to control Zhangshui; Qin was built in Guanzhong area; The most famous is Dujiangyan built by Li Bing and his son.

The progress of agricultural technology. The progress of agricultural production technology is mainly manifested in four aspects: deep tillage, soil differentiation and fertilization, attention to farming time and appropriate density. In Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, agricultural monographs summarizing agricultural production experience appeared, such as Going to Agriculture, Man and Land, Distinguishing Soil, Examining Time, Book of Rites and Moon Order.

The improvement of agricultural output. The use of iron farm tools, the development of irrigation and the improvement of agricultural production technology have generally increased the output per unit area.

Second, the development of handicrafts.

The handicraft industry in the Warring States period developed further than before, with more types of industries, expanded production scale and advanced technology. In addition to official handicrafts in various countries, folk handicrafts have also made new progress.

Iron smelting was an important handicraft industry at that time. Judging from the discovered iron smelting sites and relics, it is quite large in scale, with many types and quantities of products and good quality. Most of the ironware found in the north is agricultural tools and handicraft production tools, while most of the ironware found in the south is weapons.

The copper casting industry is still developing. Archaeologists have found bronzes of this period in most provinces and regions of China, with a wide variety and high level of craftsmanship. There have been processes such as welding, gold plating and gold and silver inlay.

Lacquerware in the south is rich, which is common in archaeological discoveries. It is beautifully made, with beautiful patterns and diverse varieties.

Third, the prosperity of business.

The prosperity of commerce in the Warring States period was mainly manifested in three aspects: the activity of businessmen, the wide circulation of metal money and the development of cities.

Businessmen in the Warring States period were very active. Businessmen at that time can be roughly divided into two categories: one is "who have been on the train?" Quot Ordinary businessmen and small enterprises "sell their husbands and women"; The other is dajia, a wealthy businessman with abundant capital and certain political status, such as Bai Gui and Lv Buwei. In addition, some rich people who started by boiling salt and smelting iron also run enterprises.

Metal money was widely circulated during the Warring States period. At that time, there were mainly two kinds of metal money, one was copper coin and the other was gold coin. There are four main shapes of copper coins: those shaped like knives are called knife coins, which circulate in Qi, Yan, Zhao and other countries; Shaped like a shovel, it is called cloth coin, which circulates in North Korea, Zhao and Wei. Round round holes or square holes are called money, which is circulated in Qin State, Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty. Shell-shaped coins, also known as ant-nose money, circulate in Chu State. Gold coins are mainly circulated in Chu State, and are called Yingcheng, which is a weighing currency.

The development of the city is another symbol of commercial prosperity in the Warring States period. Due to the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, the formation of authoritarian centralization promoted the concentration of politics, economy and culture, which led to the rapid development of cities. At that time, Linzi of Qi State, Ying of Chu State, Handan of Zhao State and Xia Yan of Yan State were all typical capitals.

The annexation wars of various countries and the unification of Qin.

The frequent and fierce wars between the "Seven Chivalrous Men" in the Warring States period belonged to the feudal merger war, and the development trend was gradually transformed into the feudal unification war, thus forming the historical characteristics from feudal separatist regime to feudal unification.

The feudal annexation war in the Warring States period can be roughly divided into the following four stages:

First, Wei dominated the Central Plains.

In the early Warring States period, after the political reform in Li Kui, Wei became the most powerful country. Attack Zhongshan in the west, attack Zhongshan in the north, attack the Qi army in the east, and control Huaisi in the south.

The Battle of Guiling in Wei Qi and the Battle of Maling were the fiasco that Wei had never suffered, and also the turning point of Wei's rise and fall. After the Battle of Maling, Qi, Qin and Zhao attacked Wei on three sides, which led to its rapid decline.

Second, Qin confronted Qi.

After the decline of Wei, Qin and Qi confronted each other. The two countries fought against each other and isolated the enemy. However, Wei, Zhao, South Korea and other domestic ministries were also divided into two factions, namely, the anti-Qin faction and the anti-Qin faction, thus launching the activities of uniting Lian Heng.

Strategically speaking, integration means "uniting the weak to attack the strong" and is a strategy to prevent the merger of powerful countries; Lian Heng means "one thing is strong and one thing is weak", which is a strategy for powerful countries to force weak countries to help them merge. At first, the alliance can form an alliance with Qin Jun and Qin at the same time; Lian Heng can connect Qin and Qi. Later, it was gradually fixed as an alliance, which meant that the six countries in Kanto joined forces to resist Qiang Qin, and Lian Heng was the six-nation alliance that Qin broke up. Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan were famous activists at that time.

During this period, Le Yi of Yan State cut Qi, which almost destroyed Qi State, and the national situation never recovered. In this way, the confrontation between Qin and Qi was broken.

Third, during the Qin-Zhao War.

The State of Qin adopted Fan Sui's suggestion and adopted the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", that is, making friends far away and attacking three Jin dynasties near.

From 262 BC to 260 BC, an increasingly large-scale sword fight broke out between Qin and Zhao. Complain Wild? More than 10,000 troops were killed by General Qin in vain. From then on, Zhao was unable to fight Qin.

Fourth, Qin unified the six countries.

It is an inevitable trend of historical development since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to end the separatist regime of princes and realize the unification of feudal countries. This is mainly manifested in the following points:

(1) The rapid development of the feudal economy during the Warring States period strengthened the economic ties between regions and provided the necessary economic foundation for the formation of a unified situation.

(2) After the long-term ethnic integration in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there are more and more * * * features among ethnic groups, forming a fairly solid ethnic isomorphism-Huaxia nationality, which laid the foundation for the establishment of a unified multi-ethnic country.

(3) reunification is the aspiration of the people, and people of all countries demand reunification.

(4) After a long-term war of hegemony and annexation by great powers, the balance of great powers changed, and Qin gradually became the central force of reunification.

It is no accident that Qin completed the great cause of reunification. Since Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Dynasty, social reform has been more thorough, politics, economy and military have become more advanced, and national strength has become increasingly strong, while the six countries in Kanto have declined one by one. After Qin Wangzheng succeeded to the throne, with the strength of Qin State and his own talent, he had the conditions to unify the world.

From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin wiped out Korea, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi in1year, completed the great cause of reunification, ended the feudal regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized feudal country in China's history, which had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of China's history.

Section IV Western Zhou Dynasty, Gentiana macrophylla and Warring States Culture

The Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period witnessed the vigorous development of China's ancient culture, and made outstanding achievements in cultural classics, ideology, culture and science and technology.

First, cultural classics

The Five Classics, namely, Poetry, Calligraphy, Book of Changes, Rites and Spring and Autumn Period, are the oldest extant documents in China.

Poetry, also known as The Book of Songs, is the earliest collection of poems in China, with 305 existing poems, which are composed of three parts: style, elegance and ode. According to textual research, its creation time was at the earliest in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty and at the latest in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. After five or six hundred years of accumulation, this book has been processed and polished by collectors. This poem is very rich in content.

Book, also called Classic Book or History Book, is the earliest collection of works in China. The book is divided into four parts: Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu. It mainly describes some important political events in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, such as important wars, class relations, political systems and policies, which have high historical value. The book has been lost for a long time, and there are differences between the existing version and the ancient version, and there are both authenticity problems.

The Book of Changes, also known as the Book of Changes or the Book of Changes, is the earliest divination book in China. The content includes two parts: Jing and Zhuan, which may appear in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and be written in the Warring States or Qin and Han Dynasties. The discussion of nature and social changes in the book is full of simple dialectical views.

The Book of Rites, also known as Yili, Shili or Lijing, is a compilation of some etiquette systems in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with 17 articles, which is said to have been made by Duke Zhou or revised by Confucius. According to textual research, the book may have been written before and during the Warring States Period.

Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Spring and Autumn Annals, is the earliest chronological historical work in China. Focusing on Lu Shi, it briefly records the historical events from Lu Yinnian to the fourteenth year (722 BC-48 BC1year) for 242 years. Legend has it that it was compiled into a book by Confucius.

Three biographies are three books explaining the Spring and Autumn Annals, namely Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan. Legend has it that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The old title of Biography of Yang Gong was written by Gao in the Warring States Period, and the old title of Biography of Gu Liang was written by Gu Liangchi in the Warring States Period. All three are important materials for studying the history of pre-Qin and ideological and cultural history, among which Zuo Zhuan is particularly prominent.

Second, a hundred schools of thought contend.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of great social change from slavery to feudalism, and the struggle between old and new classes, classes and strata is complex and fierce. Scholars and thinkers representing all classes, social strata and political forces all explain or put forward opinions on the universe, society and everything according to the interests and requirements of their own classes, strata or groups, thus appearing in the ideological field? Quot a hundred schools of thought contend. " The factions involved in the debate are called "a hundred schools of thought contend" in history. The main schools of thought in the philosophers are Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, Ming, Yin and Yang, Military, Vertical and Horizontal, Agriculture, Miscellaneous and so on. The first four schools had the greatest influence in the ideological field at that time.

Confucius and Confucian scholar Confucius (55 BC1-479), named Zhong Ni, was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucian school. He made outstanding contributions in sorting out ancient documents and spreading ancient culture, and his main thoughts and remarks remained in The Analects. He spent most of his life engaged in educational activities, initiated the trend of running schools in private schools, broke the past situation of "learning to be excellent and becoming an official", and accumulated many teaching methods and experiences worth learning from later generations. The representative figures of Confucianism are Mencius and Xunzi. Mencius (390- 305) was born in Zou (now Zou County, Shandong Province). He is the author of Mencius, which mainly develops Confucius' theory and takes righteousness as the theoretical core. Xunzi (3 13- 238 BC), a native of Zhao, wrote Xunzi, which strongly criticized the old theories of Mencius and others.

Laozi and Laozi Taoist priest, whose real name is Li Ming's son Yong, are both Chu people and founders of Taoism at almost the same time as Confucius. Laozi has a book, Tao Te Ching, which was written in the Warring States period and is the representative of his thoughts. The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period was Zhuang Zhou (about 369- 286 BC), a Song man who wrote Zhuangzi, and his world outlook was the same as that of Laozi.

Mozi and Mohism Mozi (about 468- 376 BC), a native of Lu, was the founder of Mohism. The book Mozi basically retains his thoughts. Most of Mozi's followers come from working people and live a simple life.

Legalists and Han Fei legalists are schools that reflect the interests of the emerging landlord class. The early legalists were Li Kui, Shang Yang and Shen Buhai, and the later legalists were Han Fei. Han Fei (about 280- 232 BC) was born in North Korea and was a student of Xunzi. He wrote a book "Han Feizi" to clarify his thoughts and viewpoints, and he was a master of pre-Qin legalists.

Third, literature.

The representative works of literature from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period include the Book of Songs in the early stage and the Songs of the South in the later stage. Prose art also developed during this period.

Qu Yuan (about 340 BC-about 278 BC) was a doctor. He is a patriotic poet famous for Chu Ci, and Li Sao is his masterpiece. His poems vividly expressed his love for the motherland and his anger at the decadent aristocratic rule, which made the language art reach a new stage.

Many chapters in Zuo Zhuan, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi are excellent prose works with thorough reasoning and rich vocabulary.

Fourth, science and technology.

Astronomy During the Western Zhou Dynasty, astronomy developed considerably. By the Warring States period, it had the name of Twenty-eight Hostels, which was the earliest astronomical coordinate map in China. The movements of the five planets and the appearance of comets, nova and meteors can be marked on this coordinate map. According to the orientation of the stars, we can accurately calculate the arrival of important seasons in a year. The division and application of twenty-eight nights is a great achievement of ancient astronomy in China. During the Warring States period, many astrologers observed the movement of stars. Gander of Qi has eight volumes of Astrology, and Shi Shen of Wei has eight volumes of Astronomy, which are outstanding representatives in this field. Later generations co-edited his works as Shi Gan Star Classic. The record of stars they measured is the oldest catalogue in the world.

Calendar The calendar of the Western Zhou Dynasty has made progress than before. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there are eight solar terms: summer solstice, winter solstice, vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, beginning of spring, Changchun, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries used three different calendars, namely, Zhou Zheng, Andrew and Xia Zheng. Xia Zheng, also known as the "summer calendar", is more in line with the climate change throughout the year and is most convenient for agricultural production. By the Warring States period, the summer calendar was widely used.

Medicine was in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it was also combined with witchcraft, with a strong superstitious color. In the Spring and Autumn Period, medicine developed further and gradually got rid of witchcraft and became independent. Bian Que was an outstanding folk doctor at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and made great contributions to the development of ancient medicine in China. Huangdi Neijing is a famous medical work in the Warring States Period. It records China's knowledge of human anatomy and the concept of blood circulation 2000 years ago, which is a contribution to world medicine.

Kao Gong Ji is an important work in the history of ancient engineering technology in China. The book records the production techniques of production tools, daily necessities, musical instruments and weapons, as well as the design specifications of buildings such as cities and houses. This paper summarizes the knowledge of craftsmen about mathematics, mechanics and acoustics, and the earliest research records of alloy composition in the world.

There are also records of Mo Jing's achievements in physics, such as the balance of force and force system, the discussion of simple machinery such as lever and inclined plane, pinhole imaging, plane mirror, concave mirror and convex mirror. This is one of the earliest works on geometric optics in the world.