Ask you some names of the warring States period in Japan.

In Lu Yong 12( 1569), the Portuguese missionary Flores wrote to the Jesuits after seeing Nonobunaga Oda (1534 ~ 1582), saying, "The king of this last painting (now Aichi Prefecture) is about 37 years old. He is full of justice and sometimes shows sympathy. He is arrogant, pays great attention to his reputation, often hides his decisions, is good at using tactics, disobeys the law and rarely listens to the suggestions of his subordinates. Others have a strange awe of him. He doesn't drink and looks down on all the princes in Japan. When he talks to the prince, he takes a overlooking attitude, just as he treats his subordinates. " We can see from the portrait of Nomoto Nagata that his face is slender and white, like a noble in Kyoto, and he is a handsome man. But his grumpy temper can be said to be innate. Nobuyuki ODA frequently changed his wet nurse when he was a baby, because he often bit her nipples.

Like fancy clothes

Nobunaga likes novelty, despises traditional etiquette and completely ignores religion and superstition. When his father Shinsuke died, Nobunaga tied a broadsword and a machete with a straw rope. His hair was unkempt and he didn't wear a formal trouser skirt. He went to Ling, grabbed a handful of incense and left casually. Two years before his father died, that is, shortly after Nobuyuki ODA married Nobuyuki his wife, Nobuyuki made an appointment with his father-in-law Saitō Dō san (Tozo Saito, 1494 ~ 1556) to meet him at the Zhengde Temple in Tomita. Saitō Dō san was originally a businessman who sold oil. He became the overlord of Mino (now Gifu County) by virtue of his strategy in the troubled times of Shak Shang, so he was called the poisonous snake of Mino. He and his late master Su Yun (1432 ~ 1486) were both called heroes in troubled times. Before the formal meeting, Saida Sandao heard that his son-in-law was a "loser", so he made a detour to peek at his son-in-law's face. At the sight of nobunaga, Saida was dumbfounded with fear. I saw Nobunaga's hair tied with straw, the sleeves of his bathrobe faded, revealing half of his shoulders, and he was wearing a short skirt made of tiger skin and leopard skin. His length and length are tied with straw ropes, and many bags of gourds and lighter props are hung around his waist. Saitō Dō san sighed and said, "What a loser. However, Nobunaga did not blindly pursue fashion or fancy clothes. He understands the importance of "image war". When he officially met Saitō Dō san, I don't know when he had a bun, brown trousers and a beautiful knife. Saitō Dō san once again didn't expect that he had to sincerely admire Nobunaga's indomitable and otherworldly mind. At that time, Nobunaga's 1000 people also showed his foresight. Among them, 500 people carried long guns that were not used at that time. This is because Nobunaga knew that the future war would change from individual combat to collective combat, so he took the lead in using long guns that were beneficial to collective combat. The other 500 people are the bow and arrow team and the iron cannon team. At that time, the western iron guns (muskets) had just drifted and landed in Japan for about 6 years, and Nobunaga had placed a large number of orders with Youguo Village in Jinjiang (Shiga County). Saitō Dō san was only 16 years old when he met this new military commander, Oda Shin. No wonder Saitō Dō san said to his confidant minister after meeting him, "In the future, my children will lead horses and obey nobunaga. 」

The birth of overlord

Nobutaka Oda is the son of Nobutaka Oda. Astronomy 3( 1534) was born in Nagoya, Nagoya, Xiaoheli (now Aichi Prefecture), and was named Master Yoshi as a teenager. Father Shinsuke was originally a sideline of the Weaver family. In order to fight against the strong enemies of neighboring countries, outstanding information is reused. When Nobuhiko Nobuhiko Nobuhiko died (155 1), he had ruled two-thirds of Zhang Wei's area, but Zhang Wei's ODA clan was not completely subdued, so Nobuhiko Nobuhiko's first task after inheriting his father's footsteps was to integrate the strength of Zhang Wei. This fratricidal war is certainly ruthless. In 1555, Nonomura Oda first attacked Hiroshin Oda, the adopted son of his family Oda Minding, and made him commit suicide by caesarean section. Nobunaga moved into Cheongju, and then he murdered his uncle Nobunaga, who had fought alongside him, just because Nobunaga was too powerful. Finally, this is his biggest obstacle-his brother believes in it. Oda nobuyuki is in contrast with Xintai in all aspects. He is neat and polite, and is praised by everyone as an excellent student, so he is deeply loved by his family and mother. However, nobuyuki rebelled in 1556, and the following year (1557), nobuyuki ordered him to commit suicide by caesarean section. After Nobuyuki's death, Nobuyuki ODA became a veritable Nobuyuki ruler.

Make a surprise attack in a narrow bucket

After becoming the ruler of Zhang Wei, the battle to put Nobuhiko Oda on the Japanese Warring States stage was the Battle of Kogasawara (now Rongmachi, Toyomami City, Aichi Prefecture). In the third year of Lu Yong (1560), Nonobunaga Oda, with a total strength of only three or four thousand people, launched a surprise attack in the narrow room of Dengaku, 2 kilometers away from the narrow room of the gun barrel, and defeated the Imagawa Yoshimoto army, with a total strength of 25,000 people. In the face of an army with a strength difference of nearly ten times, there is no other way than surprise attack. Due to the disparity in strength, among Oda's retainers, some people advocated that it was best to surrender to Imagawa Yoshimoto temporarily, while others advocated that they should be trapped in Qingzhou City and take a defensive war. Nobunaga, however, put all his eggs in one basket. Although this is a gamble, he certainly has some chances of winning. Because today's Sichuan Army is far away from the base area, it is easier to gather information by weaving Tian Jun to be familiar with the local geographical environment. Nobunaga is a military commander who attaches importance to intelligence. According to Jia Jian, Imagawa Yoshimoto sent a spy named Xin Saemon to collect information. Nobunaga decided to get rid of the letter Saemon, so he ordered the clerk to spend a year imitating Saemon's handwriting, and then forged Saemon's secret letter and sent it to Imagawa Yoshimoto. One Yuan thinks that the new left back door really betrayed him, so he cuts off Shinzaemon's head. In other words, Nobunaga not only built his own intelligence network, but also disturbed the enemy's intelligence agencies. When Nobunaga learned that today's Sichuan Army was stationed in a small room in Dengaku, which was difficult to move, he immediately judged that this was the best time to launch a surprise attack. Nobunaga recorded that Nobunaga did not hold a military meeting on May 18, the day before the Battle of Narrow Barrels. After a few words, Nobunaga sent the ministers home to sleep that night. But before dawn on 19, he suddenly decided to send troops. First, he danced a Japanese dance featuring Ping Dunsheng. There is a lyric in the song: "fifty years of life is like a dream compared with the long years between heaven and earth;" Once a living person, were there any immortals? After the dance, he ordered his men to blow horns and prepare armor. Nobunaga Oda dropped two copper coins to predict divination before sending troops. As a result, both of them were one-on-one hit, which was regarded as victory divination and boosted the morale of the army. In fact, Nobunaga tampered with the copper coin, and no matter how he throws it, it must face up. Imagawa Yoshimoto's territory is in Fujun (now Shizuoka Prefecture), which was a very enthusiastic name during the Warring States Period. However, he made the same mistake as a samurai, that is, he liked the elegant life of officials and nobles. At that time, military commanders often wore armor and their hair would fall off, so they simply shaved off the hair around their foreheads. But Imagawa Yoshimoto didn't shave his forehead, but kept long hair like or, burned aloes indoors and painted his teeth with black iron paste. When he went out to war, it was said that he wore light makeup, so he was ridiculed as "rya" by the brave Three Rivers Warriors. After lunch, Imagawa Yoshimoto lay listening to the waiter sing some songs. At this time, the nearby gods and Shang came to wish victory. One yuan looked up at the sky and saw dark clouds gathering. Before long, the sky began to rain cats and dogs. Imagawa Yoshimoto was unprepared. He didn't know Nobunaga's army was climbing the mountain quickly under the cover of heavy rain. The rain stopped, the sky was clear, and a large group of people suddenly rushed down the mountain. Today, when the Sichuan Army has not yet understood the situation, it is already blood shed, and people are in panic. Weaving Tian Jun aimed at the red sedan chair, because their spies had reported that Imagawa Yoshimoto was sitting in the red sedan chair. Suddenly, 42-year-old Imagawa Yoshimoto was beheaded.

Marriage diplomacy

After the narrow barrel war, Oda Nohiko became famous at one fell swoop. In order to advance to Kyoto, he began to use his diplomatic skills. First, he formed an alliance with Tokugawa Ieyasu. During the fighting in the narrow barrel, Tokugawa Ieyasu was still held hostage in Imakawa's house. After Imagawa Yoshimoto's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu immediately returned to his hometown in Sanhe and expressed his willingness to live in harmony with Nobunaga the following year. 1562 (5 years in Lu Yong) In the first month, Nobuyuki Oda's daughter married Tokugawa Ieyasu's son Wu Chidai (later Nobuyuki), and they formed an alliance. Tokugawa Ieyasu's Covenant with Oda Shintai lasted for more than 20 years, until Shintai died, and there was no breach at all. During the Warring States Period, this was a special case, which showed how much Tokugawa Ieyasu revered Oda Nobuyuki! On the other hand, Nobunaga often sends messengers to Takeda Shingen to send precious gifts, so as to avoid wasting national strength against Takeda Shingen, a strong enemy. 1565 (8 years in Lu Yong), Nobunaga married his adopted daughter to Takeda Shenglai. Two years later, Nobunaga proposed to Takeda Shingen that Oda Nobutada (Nobunaga's youngest son) should marry Nobunaga's daughter, and Nobunaga agreed. Nobunaga's intermarriage diplomacy does not stop there. He married the famous beauty sister Oichi (Oichi, 1548~ 1582) and went to Asai Yongzheng (now Shiga Prefecture) by the river. After full preparation, Nobunaga began to conquer his wife's family, Saito's family in MINO. 1567, nobunaga captured the rice-farming and rice-leaf mountain city and exiled Saito Longxing. He moved his residence to Inaba City and renamed the city below Gifu. In the second year, Nobunaga welcomed Ashikaga Yoshiaki, the younger brother of General Ashikaga Yi Hui, to Beijing, made him a general, and built a palace. When Nobunaga entered Kyoto, he asked the army to strictly abide by the law. According to Flores, a missionary, "A soldier held up a woman's skull and wanted to see her face. Nobunaga witnessed this situation and immediately put the soldier to death. At this time, Nobunaga abolished the customs clearance between countries and mastered the commercial center and transportation hub of Kyoto and Osaka, because he realized that these industries and businesses would be more important than the management of neighboring countries. However, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, who became a general by virtue of Nobunaga's strength, wanted to support other military commanders to compete with Nobunaga, and Nobunaga returned to Gifu in a rage. The emperor of the imperial town was worried about this matter and immediately sent messengers to appease Nobunaga. After being comforted by the Emperor, Nobunaga asked Ashikaga Yoshiaki to send a notice to other countries, and he had to obtain Nobunaga's consent. Nobunaga also put forward the condition that "the affairs of the world have been entrusted to Nobunaga, and Nobunaga can wait for its intention". In this power struggle, Nobutaka Oda won a complete victory.

The battle of burning Xishan and whistling

In Osaka and Kyoto, except for the generals, the monks in Hiei Mountain, Honganji in Shishan Mountain, local conspirators and local tyrants, all are recalcitrant opponents, especially the generals and Honganji, who hide their daggers in their hearts and swords in their mouths. This kind of behind-the-scenes force bothered Walking the most, and later Takeda Army joined the anti-weaving field camp. Nobunaga wanted to send troops to attack asakura's family, but he thought Asai, who married him, would stand by. Unexpectedly, Asai attached great importance to the long-term alliance with asakura and insisted on joining hands with asakura to jointly defend Oda's power. Nobunaga was caught in a big encirclement network at this time, and his sister Oichi was also caught in the struggle between her brother and her in-laws, and her pain could be imagined. 1570 (Yuan returned to Yuan), Nobunaga got help from Tokugawa Ieyasu, and defeated the joint forces of Asakura and Asai in Sishikawa, near the river, which was called the Battle of Sishikawa in history. However, this battle did not give asakura and Asai a fatal blow. They fled to Hiei Mountain, a Buddhist holy place. Hiei Mountain has its own territory and an army (monk soldiers), which is quite powerful in Kyoto. The following year, Nobunaga decided to challenge religious authority. He set all the buildings in Yamakaji, killing not only people in the temple, but also innocent people. After the Hiei mountain fire, the arrogance of the anti-trust front became more fierce. However, a great event happened at this time-Takeda Shingen died in April 1573. Although Takeda Shingen ordered the news of his death to be kept secret for three years before his death, Nobunobu Uesugi had learned the news a few days later, and Nobunobu Oda, who was well-informed, must have obtained the information. On the contrary, Ashikaga Yoshiaki didn't know the news until the end of May. On July 3rd, Ashikaga Yoshiaki sent troops to rebel, and was surrounded by Nobunaga on July 8th. He had to hand over his two-year-old child as a hostage. In this way, the Muromachi shogunate perished. 1the battle of nobunaga in may 575 pushed nobunaga to the position of overlord in the warring States period. Takeda cavalry, known as Chang, was completely defeated before weaving Tian Jun's iron gun (musket) team. At that time, the range of iron guns was only 80~90 meters, and it took a long time to load bullets. Between the first bullet and the second bullet, it is often not as fast as the cavalry's attack. In order to make up for this shortcoming, Oda Shintai arranged a three-layer fence, and prepared 3000 iron cannons behind the fence and divided them into three teams to attack in turn. Due to over-reliance on traditional tactics, Takeda Army became cannon fodder. 1576, Nobunaga ordered the construction of a castle in Anzuli, a transportation hub near Kyoto. The highest point of this castle is Tian Shu Pavilion (podium and armory). At that time, the missionary described it this way: "Tianshou is not only the largest castle in Japan, but also more magnificent than our European towers." Tianshou always has seven layers (five outer layers and seven inner layers), and each layer is painted with different colors. Some windows are painted with black raw lacquer, which contrasts with the white walls. Some are red, some are cyan, and the top layer is all painted gold. The stone foundation of Antu City is about 22 meters high, and a 32-meter-high building stands on it. The sixth floor of Tianshou Pavilion presents an octagonal appearance, with white walls and red-painted columns. The top floor is covered with gold foil inside and outside, with particularly heavy tiles, and some tiles are baked with gold foil. Tianshou Pavilion was decorated with paper door screen paintings by the most famous painter at that time, and the top floor was painted with figures related to Confucianism, such as Three Emperors and Five Emperors, Confucius and Ten Scholars. Unfortunately, this Antu city was burned down in the change of Benneng Temple.

The dark side of the heart

From the fall of the Muromachi shogunate (1573) to the death of Nobuo Oda in this temple (1582), in addition to the battle of Changzheng, Nobuo Oda's main victory was 1574 to pacify Long Island in Yi Shi (belief has always been religious). In his last few years, Nobuyuki Oda's occasional compassion disappeared, and his inner cruelty and sadism were completely exposed. Simon Almeida, a Jesuit missionary, wrote in a letter: "When Nobuyuki Oda waved his ministers to leave the hall, it seemed as if the whole world had collapsed, or as if bison suddenly rushed in. No matter how crowded the hall was, everyone retreated in an instant. Some people think that his twisted and hysterical character in his later years is related to the one-sided war. Those who have always believed in religion, regardless of age, weakness, women and children, shouted "There is no Amitabha in the south" and ran forward in the rain of bullets, as if it were an endless nightmare, which was completely different from the war against the generals of the Warring States. 1579 After Araki, a rebel general, got out of trouble, Nobunaga brutally executed men and women who had no resistance. In Japanese History, Flores described: "First, he tied 120 senior women to the cross and stabbed them to death. The second sentence is the brutal slaughter of completely innocent people, which is unprecedented in cruelty. The third execution was even more horrible and inhuman. He locked 5 14 people in four bungalows, of which 180 was a woman. He collected a lot of wood and burned them alive. Men and women cry out in pain and fear. "Oda Nobunaga's strict reward and punishment policy and bad temper finally brought him an unexpected ending. 1582 (Tianzheng 10) At dawn on June 2nd, Akechi Mitsuhide, a subordinate of Oda Noshin, led a mutiny of thirteen thousand guards and took Oda Noshin, who lived in Beno Temple in Kyoto. Nobunaga has only 100 people here, which can be said to be helpless. Knowing that the tide had gone, Nobuyuki Oda committed suicide in his room at the age of 49. Before the end of his life, he put his beloved tea set beside him, put it on the fire, and turned his body and hair into ashes in the flame. Nobunaga's life is like his favorite ballad: "Fifty years of life is like a dream and an illusion compared with the long time between heaven and earth;" Once a living person, were there any immortals? 」

The era of Oda Nobunaga

Europe entered modern times and had a fierce struggle with religious forces. Japanese temples have vast manors, and Oda Shintai confiscated the surplus land after conducting a land survey. If the temple resists, he will confiscate all his manor and give it to his subordinates. It's like Henry VIII of England. His struggle with peasants who have always believed in it can also be compared to the peasant war in Germany. After a bitter war, both of them gradually moved towards a centralized country. In other words, Nobunaga's opponent is not only a military commander in the Warring States period, but also wants to prevent the birth of "Hong Anji's French king and country", "eternal believer and country" and "peasant and country". In the blazing battle, he invented the three-stage attack method, which brought the power of the iron cannon to the extreme. It is also an unprecedented idea for him to build Tianshou Pavilion in Antu City. He is a rationalist and a figure who is in the forefront of the times. 1580, two years before his death, the missionary Ogantino took a globe and explained to him that the earth was round. Nobunaga said on the spot: "Very reasonable! Flores, a missionary, said: "Nobuka gathered national idols and Buddha statues. His purpose was not to worship these idols, but to make them worship him. He thinks he is a god, and there is no God who created everything above him. Nobunaga is also opposed to the past concept of bliss. He emphasizes secular interests and thinks that it is most important to bring wealth, health and longevity to people. On the eve of Honnoji Temple's transition, Nobunaga also plans to revise the calendar. As mentioned earlier, it is the privilege of Emperor China to issue calendars, which means that the emperor is the ruler of time. The Japanese emperor also learned this system, and the calendar was made by Yin and Yang Liao. During the Warring States period, in addition to representing the orthodox Beijing calendar, there were also different calendars in different places. Nobunaga is determined to make his own calendar, which means that he is the real ruler of Japan. He abolished the customs and let all countries pass unimpeded. He also unified the road width according to the importance of the road and planted pine and willow trees as street trees. 1577 In June, Nonobunaga Oda set up "Shimonomachi" (the city around the castle) at the foot of Antu. All business activities in this "Summer Horse Pool" are tax-free, so it is called "L 'Aqui Pool". Since the Middle Ages, there has been a so-called "moral purpose", that is, debt is exempted, and debts are often paid off overnight. Nobunaga stipulates that merchants in the "music market" are not bound by German laws, that is, they must repay the money borrowed from others. Nobunaga's "happy market order" ensures the business behavior of businessmen. Xerox abolished the monopoly and oligopoly business practices since the Middle Ages, and exempted businessmen from taxes. Nobunaga selects people regardless of family background and lineage, and promotes talents entirely by ability. However, Nobunaga's view of human nature has great defects, and he ignores people's emotional and spiritual aspects. Although his strength doctrine can be interpreted as focusing only on strength and ignoring family background, on the other hand, even if he has made achievements in the past, once his ability is low or he makes mistakes, he will be put in the cold. The reasons for Akechi Mitsuhide's defection are different, but in the final analysis, the most direct trigger is that Akechi Mitsuhide is gradually snubbed by Nobuyoshi Oda. After Nobunaga's death, his cause of world unification was successively inherited by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Nobunaga's rationality and strength can be said to be a symbol of the modern world, but Tokugawa Ieyasu brought Japan back to the feudal world. On the other hand, Nobunaga's concern for overseas and positive attitude towards foreign civilization were also cancelled by the policy of locking up the country in the Tokugawa era. From this point of view, nobunaga can be said to have been born three hundred years earlier.