Composition: What inventions were there in the era of the Yellow Emperor?

Some are in the literature, not in archaeology, some are in archaeology and not in literature. Most of its great inventions can be compared with archaeology. However, scholars have different views on the documents recording the era of the Yellow Emperor, some believe, some don't believe, some are dubious, and some believe some of them. It is right to attach importance to the pre-Qin literature, but we can't deny all the new materials and new viewpoints put forward by the later literature. Based on this guiding ideology, I combine ancient historical documents and archaeological materials to introduce the creation and invention of the Yellow Emperor era. The first is the invention and creation of pottery. Pottery was invented in the Shennong era, and the earliest age may be as early as 1 10,000 years ago. Seven or eight thousand years before archaeological discoveries, there were many kinds of pottery in Peiligang culture. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, Wuyuan said, "Xuanyuan made vegetables." In fact, in the era of Emperor Yan, even in Peiligang culture, pottery such as plates appeared. Ancient history research says: "The Yellow Emperor has a kettle", and these two kinds of pottery can be said to be new products. Where there is a cauldron, there must be a pottery tripod. Miaodigou Yangshao culture also has pottery stoves. Yangshao pottery, as well as pottery pots, pots, pots, pots, Tao Pan and pointed bottom bottles. During Yangshao period, pottery production occupied a very important position in people's lives, and even "officials" appeared to manage pottery production. "Fairy Biography" said: "Ning Fengzi is the Yellow Emperor Zheng Tao. Some people lead it, make a fire for it, and smoke in five colors can be produced. For a long time, they taught seals to burn themselves. The five-color smoke produced by firing pottery may reflect the refraction of light when firing painted pottery. The appearance of painted pottery is a major breakthrough in the history of pottery making, which reflects the improvement of pottery firing technology, the emergence of painting art, and the scientific selection and experiment of painted pigments. The second is production and living transportation. In Shiben, it is said that "Yongfu makes mortar", "Yongfu makes pestle", "Swing bow", "Yi makes arrow", "Hang it as thunder", "Hang it as cymbals" and "* * * drum goods to make the ship". According to Song, all this is Huang's creation. Before Yangshao culture, grain processing tools were stone mill and stone mill, and the appearance of Chu Jiu was more progressive than stone mill. Bows and arrows were invented before the Yellow Emperor. It is an improvement to use Yimou as a bow and arrow. Stone arrows, clam arrows and bone arrows are common in Yangshao ruins. Classes, utensils, utensils and utensils are all agricultural tools, mainly made of wood, stone or bone. Stone tools and bone tools used in agricultural production have been found in many places. There are stone plows in Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu culture, which is equivalent to the late Yangshao culture. Wooden plows may have appeared in Yangshao culture, and some sharp-edged stone shovels are considered to be primitive stone plows. " "Yi Jie Chuan" said: "Logging is a boat, logging is a boat" in the Yellow Emperor. Boats certainly existed in Yangshao culture, and wooden paddles used for boating were also found in Liangzhu culture, which is a direct proof of the decay of wooden boats. Boat-shaped pottery was found in Yangshao culture. "Making a boat out of wood" means that the boat at that time was a canoe. Tools not recorded in the literature but found in archaeological discoveries include axes, hoes, shovels, knives, sickles and chisels. The third is spinning linen to make clothes. "Yi Zhuan said:" The Yellow Emperor ... hung down his clothes. Shi Ben said, "Apollo makes clothes" and "Hu Cao makes crowns". Zhong Song said: Apollo and Hu Cao are ministers of the Yellow Emperor. "Chronicle of Bamboo Slips" said: "(The Yellow Emperor) made the coronation suit first." It shows that people in the Yellow Emperor era were not naked, or wore leaves and skins, but crowned, capped and clothed. "Huainan Ziyun on Xun" said: "Apollo's clothes are also tied with his fingers, which is a net." The pattern marks on pottery in Yangshao period were identified as flax by experts, and the warp and weft were about 10 per centimeter. Sparsity is really like a trap. As a mirror, Leizu, the daughter of Xiling family, was once the imperial concubine of the Yellow Emperor. First, she taught people to raise silkworms, and treated them to make clothes. Later, she treated them as silkworm sacrifices. This means that in the era of the Yellow Emperor, silkworms were raised and silk reeling was used to make clothes. In the Central Plains, silkworm cocoons in Yangshao period and silkworm chrysalis made of ceramics were found. Ribbon and silk were found in Liangzhu culture in the late Yangshao period in the south of the Yangtze River. This shows that people in the Yellow Emperor era not only wore linen clothes, but also appeared more advanced silk clothes. The fourth is painting and sculpture. The Book of Poetry says: "Shi Huang paints pictures", and Zhong Song notes: "Shi Huang is also the minister of the Yellow Emperor. The picture shows a painting. " Zhang quoted Yi Tong Guayan as saying, "XuanYuanzi Miaolong is the ancestor of painting." "Painting images" was used to record things in the early days, and then gradually developed into pictures. There was no record of painting before the Yellow Emperor, and no painting was found before Yangshao culture. During the Yangshao period, painted pottery paintings attracted the attention of the whole world, including animals and plants. In the early days, it was concrete, and gradually developed into abstraction until a large number of geometric patterns were drawn. There is no clear record about the sculpture art at that time in the literature, but archaeological discoveries are very rich. Exquisite pottery and decorations should belong to the category of sculpture art. In addition, there are pottery birds, geckos and pottery heads in Yangshao culture, among which the most exquisite is pottery ding. There are animal raccoons, bird raccoons and jade turtles found in Dawenkou culture. There are lifelike goddesses and jade dragons in Hongshan Culture. The jade carvings found in Liangzhu culture are even more wonderful. The fifth is music. "Shiben" said: "The Yellow Emperor called it' Xianchi'." "Historical Records" quoted Zheng as saying: "The joy of the Yellow Emperor was used by Yao Zengxiu. Salty, both are also. It is also applicable if it is late, and it is also applicable to all virtues. "The Emperor Century said:" The Yellow Emperor destroyed Xi's musical instrument, which was twenty-five strings, seven feet and two inches long. "The specific content of Cheng Chi cannot be known, and the instruments of the Yellow Emperor cannot be found in archaeology. There are pottery drums and drums in Yangshao culture, but I don't know what skin they are covered with. Crocodile skin drums were found at the Longshan site in Taosi. " "Shiben" said: "The Yellow Emperor made Ling Lun build a chin". Longshan culture has a stone chin. Although a stone chin with the same shape has not been found in Yangshao culture, many stone tools with holes can be used as percussion instruments. According to historical records, there were Tao Xun in ancient times and Tao Xun in Yangshao culture. In Peiligang culture before Yangshao culture, seven-tone bone flutes dating from seven to eight thousand years ago were found, which is a miracle in the history of music. It can be inferred that the musical level of Yangshao period can be imagined. Sixth, writing, gossip and astronomical calendar. "Poetry" said: "Juyong country, a book written by Cang Xie." Zhong Song pointed out that Cang Xie was the minister of the Yellow Emperor. History books such as The Book of Han Fei Woods Han Fei Zi, Huai Nan Zi Tai and Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi all recognize Cang Xie as the first author. A considerable number of descriptive symbols have been found in Yangshao ruins in Banpo and Jiangzhai, which many scholars consider to be the remains of original characters. Pictographs have been found in Dawenkou culture. "Emperor of this Century" said: "(Fu) wrote eight diagrams, Shennong wrote sixty-four hexagrams, and Huangdi applied for two changes. Zhixia people are famous for Zhouyi because of the Emperor Yandi's connection with mountains, while Yin people returned to Tibet because of the Yellow Emperor's connection with mountains, writing 64 hexagrams and 96 hexagrams. "The Book of Changes is well known, and scholars at home and abroad have formed an upsurge of easy learning. China's Yi-ology includes philosophy of social science and natural science, which represents the highest level of ancient China culture. The gossip of the Yellow Emperor era has been discovered in archaeology. The hexagrams dating back 6000 years have been found at Qingdun site in Hai 'an, Jiangsu Province. In "On Reproductive Worship Culture", Zhao Guohua pushed the source of gossip to the Yangshao culture period in Banpo, Xi, 6000 years ago. Dawenkou culture found that the tortoise shell contains pebbles, which is a tool for divination. Oracle bones were found at the late Yangshao site in Xiawanggang, Xichuan, indicating that divination appeared in the era of the Yellow Emperor. " "Bamboo Chronicle" said: "(The Yellow Emperor) swam on the Luoshui River and saw a big fish. To reward him, he killed five animals. It's raining hard. For seven days and seven nights, the fish flowed in the sea and he got the book. Dragon map goes out of the river, turtle book goes out of Luo, and red seal (green) is given to Xuanyuan. "The" River Map "and" Luo Shu "mentioned here are ancient astronomical calendars, which are closely related to gossip." "Historical Records of the Calendar" said: "The Yellow Emperor's calendar is built, and the five elements are established, and the news is in full swing. Therefore, there is a god officer of heaven and earth named the five senses, and each department has its own order. "Suoyin quoted Shi Ben, saying," The Yellow Emperor made He Zhanri, chang yi occupied the moon, and the stars in the earth were strong, while Ling Lun made it possible to write a coherent composition by combining these six techniques. "The above paragraphs show that the Yellow Emperor attached importance to astronomical observation and set up full-time officials to determine ephemeris. Rong Chengzuo's calendar adjustment represents many scientific and technological achievements. Compared with archaeological discoveries, a five-thousand-year-old Eight Diagrams of the Jade Plate Turtle Book of Dawenkou Culture was found in Lingjiatan, hanshan county, Anhui Province. Astronomical and historical experts believe that this is the earliest calendar in China. A 6400-year-old Yangshao tomb was found in Xishuipo, Puyang City, Henan Province, with a round mouth in the south and a round mouth in the north, reflecting the theory that the sky was covered by a round place 6,000 years ago. The tomb owner buried the dragon and tiger, surrounded by plastic mussels. Astronomers believe that at that time, there were "East Palace" and "West Palace" understandings of celestial bodies, which was also the understanding of the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox in the calendar. The theory of Gai Tian is reflected in both Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu culture, especially Yu Cong in Liangzhu culture. Although the archaeological discovery mentioned above is a leak, it is a powerful proof of the emergence of astronomical calendars in the Yellow Emperor era. Seventh, build a palace. " "Imperial Century" said; Since the Yellow Emperor, I have lived in caves and in the wild. ""Speaking of the Yellow Emperor, in order to build a palace, go up to the next building and wait for the wind and rain. "In fact, before the Yellow Emperor, people were able to build houses. Pei Ligang culture was settled seven or eight thousand years ago, and many shack-like semi-cave houses were found in archaeology. In the middle and late period of Yangshao, that is, the era of the Yellow Emperor, houses built by people were semi-cave, ground, round and square. When building the house, the columns and beams have been erected, the walls are wood and mud walls, and the room is bright and dark. This building mode has laid the foundation of residential buildings with China ethnic style for 5,000 years, and it is the originator of China ethnic architecture. Moreover, a large-scale building with "front hall and back room" was found in Yangshao culture, which was the ancestor of the building with "front court and back bedroom" entering the dynasty era. Especially in the late Yangshao culture in Dadiwan, a large building covering an area of 400 square meters was discovered, which was not only magnificent, but also a "four-family mansion". No one can believe that in Yangshao culture 5000 years ago, there was a palace architectural pattern of class society. What is even more surprising is that the original cement (quite modern cement number 100) and artificial lightweight aggregate were found on the floor of this "four-armor heavy house", which is simply a miracle in the history of architecture. Eight is bronze. Guan Shu mentioned that the Yellow Emperor collected gold (copper) and made bronzes by Chiyou. In addition, it is said that the Yellow Emperor cast a tripod to ascend to the immortal, which is located in Lingbao County today, with the original tripod and the Huangdi Mausoleum. This legend is difficult to obtain evidence in the literature, but it does exist in Yangshao culture. Copper casting remains were found in Hebei and Shaanxi, and bronze and brass dating back 6000 years were found in Anbanpo and Jiangzhai, Lintong. Bronzes were also found in Majiayao culture in Gansu 5000 years ago. It shows that there are indeed bronzes in the archaeological culture of the Yellow Emperor era.