The classic legend of the Egyptian pyramids

The ancient Egyptian pyramid is a square pyramid building, which is one of eight wonders of the world. Yu 1980 was included in the World Heritage List. The following is a legendary story about the pyramids of ancient Egypt that I compiled. Welcome to reading.

According to the legend of the Egyptian pyramids, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, as the ancient Egyptians called it. Mastaba? . Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced mud bricks with square stones picked from the mountains, constantly revised the design scheme of building a mausoleum, and finally built a six-level trapezoidal pyramid? This is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.

In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a triangle on each side, which looks like Chinese characters? Kim. Word, so we call it? Pyramid? . The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.

After King Zuo Sai, the Egyptian Pharaoh followed his example and built a mausoleum for himself before he died. Since then, ancient Egypt has set off a wind to build pyramids. Because the pyramids originated in the ancient kingdom period, and the largest pyramids were built in this period, the ancient kingdom period of Egypt is also called the pyramid age.

Why did the pharaohs of ancient Egypt build the mausoleum into the shape of a pyramid, which is the golden shape in Chinese characters?

It turns out that at the earliest time, the pharaohs in Egypt prepared to use Mastaba as their permanent residence after death. Later, during the second and third dynasties, the Egyptians came up with the idea that the king would become a god and his soul would ascend to heaven after his death. In the later discovery of the pyramid inscription, there are such words:

? Build a ladder for him (Pharaoh) so that he can go up there. .

The pyramid is such a ladder.

At the same time, the pyramid form also expresses the worship of the sun god, because the ancient Egyptian sun god? Huh? This symbol is sunlight. The pyramid symbolizes the sunlight penetrating the blue sky. Because, when you stand on the road to Kize and look west from the perspective of the pyramid ridge, you can see that the pyramid shines on the earth like the sun.

There is such a sentence in the inscription on the pyramid: The sky extends its own light to you so that you can go to heaven, just like pulling your eyes? . Later, the worship of the obelisk by ancient Egyptians also had such significance, because the obelisk also represented the light of the sun.

There are about 80 pyramids scattered on the west bank of the lower Nile. They are the tombs of pharaohs (kings) in ancient Egypt. Egyptians call it. Pirimos? What does this mean? Tall? . Seen from all directions, it is an isosceles triangle with a small top and a large bottom, much like China people? Kim. Word, so people call it figuratively? Pyramid? .

The pyramids in Egypt are tombs built by the kings of ancient Egypt 4500 years ago. Among the nearly 100 pyramids, large and small, that have been discovered in Egypt, the largest and most famous one is the three-generation pyramid of grandparents and grandchildren in the desert of Giza province, southwest of Cairo. They are the Great Pyramid (also known as pyramid of khufu), the Havla Pyramid and the Menkoala Pyramid.

The Great Pyramid was built during the reign of the second king Khufu of the fourth dynasty in Egypt (about 2670 BC). It used to be 146.5 meters high, but now it is 136.5 meters high due to the peeling of the top. Its bottom is square, each side is about 230 meters long and its area is about 80 mu. This tower consists of 2.3 million huge stones, which vary in size and weigh from 1.5 tons to 160 tons. According to research, it took 654.38 million people and 20 years to build the Great Pyramid.

The second largest pyramid is the tomb of khalaf, the fourth Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty in ancient Egypt (about 2575-2465 BC), so it is called the Hafra Pyramid, with a tower height of143.5m.. The world-famous Sphinx is next to the Havla Pyramid. It is said that the transmission surface is a simulated image of khalaf. For a long time, due to the excessive humidity and poor ventilation in the pyramid, cracks appeared in the walls of the tomb. 1992, the Havla Pyramid experienced another earthquake with a magnitude of 5.4, which was partially damaged. At the beginning of 1993, when archaeologists were inspecting the pyramid area in Giza province, they accidentally discovered a large-scale ancient tomb group with more than 160 ancient tombs. The hieroglyphics in the tombs record the situation when the pyramids were built. There are paintings on the tomb wall, which vividly show the situation when the pyramids were built. These ancient tombs have different shapes and materials. Some tombs are pyramid-shaped, some are circular arches, and some are rectangular flat-topped slopes. There are three main materials: adobe, basalt and granite. In order to further study the newly discovered ancient tombs, the Egyptian Ministry of Culture has set up a scientific research team, and the mystery about the pyramid builders will be further revealed. 1In July 1996, Egypt decided to open four pyramids in Dashur, about 35 kilometers south of Cairo.

Two of these four pyramids were built nearly 4,600 years ago for Pharaoh Safro of the fourth dynasty in ancient Egypt. One of them has a unique shape and is called. Arc pyramid? Or? Corner pyramid? Its bottom is square with a side length of 188m and a height of about 98m. It is unique in that there are two slopes on each side. Archaeologists found that when the ancient Egyptians built it, they first built it with an inclination of 54 degrees. After reaching a certain height, they continued to build at an inclination of 43 degrees until completion. So the four sides of the pyramid look curved. Another pyramid built for King Safro was made of red limestone, so it was called? Red pyramid? . 1In August, 1996, when Egyptian archaeologists were cleaning the base of the Menkoala pyramid near the Giza pyramid in the southwest of Cairo, they stumbled upon two rare stone statues of Ramses II, which was the first time to find cultural relics related to Ramses II in the pyramid highlands.

Legend of the Egyptian Pyramid 2 Two newly discovered stone statues are located next to the third largest pyramid, the Menkoala Pyramid. They are carved on the same stone, 3.5 meters high and weighing about 4 tons. One of them reflects the true face of Ramses II, and the other is a collection of Ramses II and Hera? The statue of Uhti is integrated. Ramses II was a famous Pharaoh in ancient Egypt 19 dynasty (about BC 1304-BC 1237).

The pyramids of Giza belong to the cultural relics of the ancient Egyptian kingdom (3200- 2270 BC), while Ramses II lived in the new Egyptian kingdom (1560-100 BC). Archaeologists believe that this important discovery may help people reveal more secrets in the pyramid area.

In recent ten years, a large number of tourists visited the pyramids, which led to the rising humidity and the increase of chemicals in the pyramids, which destroyed the firmness of the pyramids. In order to better protect this precious monument, the Egyptian government announced 1995 as the year of pyramid protection in April.

A huge project

The largest pyramid is the tomb of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu. It was built around 2700 BC. Tower height 146.5m is equivalent to a 40-story skyscraper. The tower foundation is square, each side is 230.6 meters long and covers an area of about 52,900 square meters.

The Great Pyramid consists of about 2.3 million stones of different sizes. The lightest stone is 1.5 tons, with an average weight of about 2.5 tons and a total weight of about 6.848 million tons. If it is loaded by a truck with a load of 7 tons, it needs 978286 vehicles. If these trucks are one after another, with a total length of 6,200 kilometers, they can't be loaded from Hainan Island in the south of China to Mohe River in the north, or from Pamirs in the west to Shanghai in the east. The dikes along the Yangtze River can swing from the upstream to the downstream Wusongkou.

The second largest pyramid, which is only 3 meters lower than the Great Pyramid, is the Harvard Pyramid, with a huge stone carving-the Sphinx. It is said that in 26 10 BC, when Hafra, the third Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty in Egypt, visited his soon-to-be-completed mausoleum, he found an abandoned boulder in the quarry, so he ordered the stonemason to carve a stone statue according to his face.

This stone statue is 22 meters high and 75 meters long. Are you wearing it? Nemes? Crown, forehead? Kubra? Sacred snake relief, more than five meters long beard hanging from the chin. Magnificent and mysterious.

1798, when Napoleon occupied Egypt, he ordered heavy artillery to bombard the Sphinx. As a result, the Sphinx did not move, only a few beards were blown off. Now it is kept in the British Museum. Napoleon had roughly estimated that a stone wall with a height of 3 meters and a thickness of 1 m could be built if the stones of three adjacent pyramids of Khufu Havla Menkov were gathered together.

Where did so many stones come from? According to textual research, general stone materials may be taken from nearby places. 1 15000 pieces of white fine limestone for the outer layer are taken from Mukatam quarry on the east bank of the Nile; The granite inside the tomb was taken from Aswan, 500 miles away.

Quarrying, transporting, going down the river and going ashore require not only a large number of masons, construction workers, transport workers and sailors, but also a considerable number of engineers, construction workers and management personnel. An army with sufficient suppression capacity is also essential. Moreover, they need huge service personnel to eat, wear, live and consume. Of course, this does not include the elderly, women and children who are physically exhausted, nor do they include monks and nobles who get something for nothing.

It is estimated that 50 million people are needed to support such a construction project, but it is generally believed that the total population of the world will not exceed 20 million around 3000 BC.

In addition, as many as 80 pyramids have been discovered. Even if Herodotus said in History, it will take 2400 years to complete one in 30 years. Can Egypt afford such a huge and long-term consumption?

Transport mystery

The most urgent and realistic problem is traffic.

Even if there is enough manpower, it is impossible to transport this 2.5-ton to 160-ton boulder to the construction site.

In the car? With horses? No way! There were no horses and cars in Egypt at that time. Cars and horses were introduced from abroad in16th century BC, that is, after the completion of the Great Pyramid of Khufu 1000.

Some people think that it was transported with a crowbar and a round stick. However, this method needs to consume a lot of wood. At that time, the main trees in Egypt were palm trees, which were far from meeting the needs of transportation in terms of quantity, growth rate and wood hardness, and it was almost impossible to import wood.

Some people think it's a water transport law. 1980, Hawass, inspector general of Giza, Egypt, took a core sample. When he dug to a depth of more than 100 feet, he found a rock wall at least 50 meters deep, which may be a port dug in Egypt during the Fourth Dynasty. Later, some people discovered the waterway connecting the port. However, without pulleys, winches and advanced lifting equipment, it is more difficult to transport such a heavy boulder down the mountain, aboard and ashore than to pry it on land. Besides, there is a drop of at least 50 feet between the water surface and the rock bank! And the pyramids on the west bank of the Nile must be stones on the east bank of the Nile!

Can't it be transported by air except by land and water? This is really a mystery.

An industrial chemist in France studied the pyramids from the chemical and microscopic perspectives. He believes that these stones are not seamless, but a combination of lime, rocks, shells and other substances. Because the adhesive used has strong curing power, it is almost impossible to tell whether it is natural stone or artificial stone. Of course, this can properly solve the problem of transportation difficulties. But as circumstantial evidence, the 2.5 cm long human hair found in the stone is still too little; This outstanding adhesive is not only not recorded in ancient books, but also has not been analyzed by chemists by modern means.

Architectural mystery

It is said that the designer and architect of the Pyramid is the first genius beyond the times in history-Imho Tapp. But, what about his? Genius? Too far beyond the times has aroused our natural surprise and suspicion. It is quite difficult to flatten a huge convex rock into a tower foundation of 52,900 square meters. They completed the survey and construction of the tower foundation without level, power equipment and modern measuring means. The difference of four bases is less than 20 cm, and the error rate is less than one thousandth. The height difference between its southeast corner and its northwest corner is only 1. 27 cm, and the error rate is less than110000. The force potential error between the east-west axis and the north and south uranium is less than 5 arc seconds. They didn't? Ruler? It can only be measured by the arm, which is called wrist ruler (300 wrist ruler is about 155 meters). How can this tower be built so accurately? It's really confusing! In order to ensure the enduring pyramid, designers don't need a piece of wood or an iron nail, because wood is easy to rot and iron is easy to rust, which are real hidden dangers. There is no adhesive between the stones, but they are seamlessly spliced together, and even the thinnest blade can't be inserted.

The legendary story of the Egyptian pyramids, 4, how to build stones layer by layer is a mysterious subject that makes people guess.

Some people say that it is built by using wooden boat-like tools and using the principle of leverage to gradually raise the boulder and build it layer by layer. However, where do the brackets and ropes that can lift several tons, dozens of tons or even hundreds of tons come from?

Some people say that the sand filling method is to fill sand along the tower foundation. The sand fence rises with the tower foundation and serves as a scaffold. After the tower was built, the sand was removed.

Now, let's do a math problem:

The Egyptian pyramid is a square pyramid with a sharp bottom and a height of 146 meters. The tower foundation is square with a side length of 230 meters. What is its volume?

If sand is enclosed to form a slope that can transport stones, and the angle of the slope is 30 degrees or 25 degrees, how many meters will it have at the bottom? Suppose their height is 146 meters, how many cubic meters of sand do they need?

Where did you get so much sand? And the traffic will double after filling first.

Some people say that the method of adding salt is the same as above. After use, it only needs to be dissolved in water and does not need to be removed. However, so much salt is harder to get than sand. In addition, a heavy rain will dissolve the whole salt slope.

Some people think that Nile mud bricks are used to build spiral chutes, which stop rising layer by layer. The result is similar to that of sand slope, but mud brick is more difficult to obtain than sand. There is an entrance 13 meters above the ground to the north of the tower. Since the 9th century, grave robbers, explorers and explorers have followed. However, its internal structure remains a mystery. There are labyrinthine passages and curtain rooms in the tower. The walls are smooth and decorated with relief. The passage has neat steps, which extend to the tomb in one continuous line until it is deep and deep underground. There is another vent in the tomb that leads to the outside of the tower. It is said that the victim's? Soul? You are free to walk out of these holes. Strangely enough, one of these two jet holes is aimed at Draco (Eternal Life) and the other at Orion (Resurrection). Probably where the soul flies. Three such tombs have been found, and archaeologists believe that at least four have not been found. Can the ancients 4,000 years ago complete this exquisite design and conception?

The most surprising thing is that no matter which tomb, there is no trace of lighting with things like torches. Archaeologists used modern instruments to analyze the dust accumulated in 4600 years and found no traces of scraping off the smoke. You know, these instruments can analyze the chemical composition of one millionth of each dust. Then, they carved reliefs, cleaned graves, or moved people with the body of the king, which could never be done in the dark. What means of lighting did they use? We haven't found it yet

Data mystery

The exact equation shown by several numbers puzzles archaeologists, architects, geographers and physicists.

Equation 1 (pyramid) self-weight □l0l5= the weight of the earth.

Equation 2 (Pyramid) Tower height □l0 billion = distance from the earth to the sun (65.438+0.5 billion kilometers)

Equation 3 (pyramid) The square of tower height = the triangular area of the tower surface.

Equation 4 (Pyramid) Bottom circumference, tower height = circle radius

Equation 5 (Pyramid) Foundation circumference x2= Time division of equator

Equation 6 (pyramid) Bottom circumference (tower height □2)= Pi (□=.3.l4l59)

Who can believe that this series of data is just an accidental coincidence?

There is also a longitudinal bisector extending in the center of the bottom, which is the sub-bisector of the earth. This line just divides the earth's continent and ocean into two equal halves. In addition, the bottom of the pyramid is located at the center of gravity of all continents.

In addition, the size of the Great Pyramid is very similar to that of the northern hemisphere of the earth. Therefore, it is inferred that the Egyptians calculated the oblateness of the earth 4000 years ago.

Also, the axis positions of the earth's poles change every day, but after a period of 25,827 years, they will return to their original positions, and the sum of the diagonal lines of the pyramid is exactly the strange number of 25,826.6.

It is known that Pythagoras' law did not appear until 1000 years after the completion of the pyramid. Zu Chongzhi calculated pi to such an accurate degree after 3000 years, but it was not until16th century that it was more accurate in the west. It was 4000 years after the pyramids were built that Columbus discovered them? America? People have a preliminary understanding of the distribution of land and sea in the world; Today, nearly 5000 years after the pyramids were built, we can calculate the weight of the earth and the distance between the earth and the sun # # However, how could the ancients have such an accurate calculation 4500 years ago?