Architectural layout of Nanjing Forbidden City

The whole imperial city area in Ming Dynasty is located in the east of Nanjing City, with the imperial city and Miyagi as the main body, a series of buildings aimed at demonstrating the "sanctity" of imperial power as the content, and the highest central administrative office in China as the core area of Ming Dynasty (only the "Three Laws Department" outside the Taiping Gate), which is also the core of Nanjing City in the early Ming Dynasty.

Nanjing Palace in Ming Dynasty was large in scale and rigorous in layout, and became the owner of Beijing Palace built later. Nanjing Palace in Ming Dynasty consists of two parts: Inner Miyagi and Outer Imperial City, both facing south. Miyagi, also known as Ouchi and Neigong, commonly known as the Forbidden City and Zi Yuan, is the place where the emperor lived, handled state affairs and received Chinese and foreign envoys and members of the royal family. It is located in the innermost part of Nanjing's quadruple wall, surrounded by the Royal River. In the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered that it be built by Liu Ji, who was proficient in geomantic omen theory, and then filled with lakes, with high terrain in the south and low terrain in the north. Miyagi sits facing south, with a slightly rectangular plane. The main body of the palace wall is about 0.95 km long from north to south, 0.75 km wide from east to west and 3.4 km in circumference.

On the wall of Miyagi, there were four gates in the early days. Hongwu "changed it to the Omuchi Wumen Gate in ten years, adding two views." There are three doors in the middle, and things have two doors on the left and right. Therefore, * * * built six doors: the main entrance in the south is the meridian gate, the left and right doors on the left and right sides of the meridian gate, the west gate is the Xihua gate, the east gate is the Donghua gate, and the north gate is the Xuanwu gate. Xuanwu Gate, commonly known as "the gate of the post-slaughter" (now mistakenly called "the gate of the post-slaughter"), takes the Kun hexagram in the Book of Changes: "The terrain is vast, and the gentleman carries things with virtue".

The front of the meridian gate is the place where imperial edicts and letters are delivered, and it is also the place where the emperor punishes the minister "Zhang Ting". It is said that "Zhang Ting" in the era of Zhu Yuanzhang was relatively civilized. The minister who was punished did not take off his clothes and trousers, but had to stay in bed for several months after being punished, and then recovered. Entering from the meridian gate, it is surrounded by palace walls, and crossing the Inner Wulong Bridge is Fengtianmen. There is an East Corner Gate on the left and a West Corner Gate on the right of Fengtian Gate, and there is a pavilion on the door. It is said that when the great-grandson of the emperor was made the crown prince by Zhu Yuanzhang, several of his uncles refused to accept it. The great-grandson of the emperor has been discussing countermeasures with Huang Zicheng of Taichang Temple at the East Gate. After he ascended the throne, Emperor Wendi made Huang Zicheng a bachelor. Before he wanted to cut the military power of the princes, he specially asked Huang, "Do you remember what Dongmen said?" Huang replied, "I dare not forget." Wen Jian's determination to conquer Buddhism triggered the later "Jingnan War". There is Zuoshun Gate to the south of Dongjiaomen, leading to Wenhua Gate, Gongcheng to Wenhua Hall on the left (Prince's Lecture Hall is called "Big Ben Hall", which is suspected to be on the side of Wenhua Hall), or to Donghuamen; There is a right-hand door on the south side of the West Corner Gate, which leads to Wuyingmen to enter Miyagi, and to Wuyingdian on the right (in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy were enshrined in the hall), or to Xihuamen.

In the gate of Miyagi, the wall of Wumen still exists, but the Wufeng Tower on the gate has long been destroyed, leaving only the stone pillar foundation; Donghuamen is basically intact, and Xihuamen has been destroyed. In 2000, the site of Damen was discovered by the relevant units for building houses and digging the foundation on the original site, and the relevant departments have protected the site.

After Fengtianmen, it is the most important three-hall building in the palace. The main body of the three halls, the Fengtian Hall, the glazed tile roof, the double eaves ridge, the carved beams and painted buildings, and the red painted golden carved doors and windows, are what people usually call the "Golden Treasure Hall". It is the place where the emperor held important ceremonies and received congratulations from hundreds of civil and military officials. Zhu Yuanzhang "at the beginning of his business, he made great efforts to govern. In addition to the previous dynasty, there were also the afternoon dynasty and the post-dynasty, which stipulated that 185 major events must be reported to the emperor. "

Fengtian Temple is called Wenlou to the west on the left and Wulou to the east on the right. Behind the Fengtian Hall is the Gaihua Hall, which looks like a pavilion with eaves on all sides, a golden dome and a huge golden ball at the top. There is a center left gate in the east and a center right gate in the west. Every Spring Festival, winter solstice and Zhu Yuanzhang's birthday, Zhu Yuanzhang will first receive visits from cabinet ministers and court deacons here, and then go to Fengtian Hall to receive greetings from hundreds of officials.

Then there is the body hall, which is second only to the Golden King Hall in planning, and it is also a hall with double cornices. The three magnificent buildings, Fengtian, Gai Hua and Shenshen, constitute the main part of Miyagi's "former dynasty".

Behind the "former dynasty", it belongs to the scope of "six palaces" (also known as "harem"). The gate in the middle of the south of the harem is Gan Qing Gate, with a golden lion on the left and right, and the main hall of Gan Qing Palace is in Gan Qing Gate. On the left of the palace is the Sunjing Gate, and on the right is the moonlit night sky. The things in the temple are inclined corridors, with East Warm Pavilion on the left and West Warm Pavilion on the right behind the corridors. Behind Gan Qing Palace is the Provincial Bow Hall, which is a little smaller than Gai Hua Hall. Behind the Provincial Bow Hall is the Kunning Palace where the Queen lives. On the east and west sides of Kunning Palace, there are two halls, namely Rouyi Hall and He Chun Hall. The system of the harem was very strict and was revised five times by Zhu Yuanzhang. Imperial secretaries are not allowed to leave the palace, even letters are not allowed to circulate, and offenders will be killed without forgiveness.

In addition, Miyagi also has a "Fengxian Hall" dedicated to Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestors; Wen Yuan Pavilion, which collects and edits classic books, is located on the east side of Fengtianmen. The "Big Ben Bell Hall" specially built for the "East Palace Prince Reading"; And many magnificent palace buildings. Today, the only remaining relic around the harem is a rockery in the imperial garden in the northwest corner of the harem (some stone carvings and components have been moved to Baima Park outside the Taiping Gate).

Miyagi also has a "zoo" that is not small, but there is no elephant room. Perhaps the elephant is too big and too heavy to let go, so most of the elephants paid tribute by envoys from Southeast Asian countries and southern officials were domesticated outside Jubaomen (now Zhonghua Gate) and Tongji Gate (Nanjing Waiguomen was named "Elephant Taming Gate" and "Elephant Taming Gate"). In the 19th year of Hongwu (1386), an elephant house was set up in the southern suburbs of Nanjing. If necessary, domesticated elephants will be sent to the palace to perform.

The early buildings in Miyagi are relatively simple, which can be seen clearly from the comparison of the stone carvings of Sumitomo Nanjing and Sumitomo Fengyang. 1375 (eighth year of Hongwu) On September 29th, "Imperial Imperial edict to rebuild the palace". Two years later, "it was changed to Ounei Palace, with the same system as before, but with a little gain and a larger scale" (A Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 115). It is said that all the squares and plaques in Nanjing Palace were written by Zhan Xiyuan. In the early days, the bricks of Miyagi City Wall were fired locally by the military in Yingtianfu. Later, when Miyagi was rebuilt, some bricks fired in other places were used. The Imperial City, the nearest wall to protect Miyagi, was built around Miyagi at equal intervals. During the Yongle period, the expansion of the Western Wall of the Imperial City led to the distance from Xihuamen to Xi 'anmen being about twice as long as that from Donghuamen to Dong 'anmen, and the plane was inverted convex. The imperial city, Miyagi and the buildings included are collectively called "palaces".

There are seven gates on the wall of the imperial city: the south gate of the imperial city is Hongwumen, which is located in the north of Zhengyangmen (renamed Guanghuamen in the Republic of China). After entering Hongwumen, it is a thousand-step corridor in the north-south direction, with continuous corridors on both sides, which turn from south to north to east and west to cross street in front of Chengtianmen, forming a curved ruler shape. On the back two sides of Qianqianlang are the offices of the "five departments and six hospitals" central government. Crossing the Waiwulong Bridge is Chengtianmen (equivalent to Tiananmen Square in Beijing).

In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), the Jinshui Bridge in Ouchi was rebuilt. Between the Wumen Gate in the south of Miyagi and the Chengtianmen Gate in the south of Imperial City, five gates and five gates and Chengtianmen Gate Tower were built. On the east and west sides of the palace on both sides of the end gate, the north and south palace walls were built to separate the ancestral temple in the east from the social altar in the west, making the palace safer and becoming the only traffic to Miyagi. On the north-south imperial wall in front of Chengtianmen, there are Chang 'an Left Gate and Chang 'an Right Gate, which connect things of Chang 'an Avenue. Dong 'anmen, Xi 'anmen and Bei 'anmen are in the north of the main city of the imperial city.

Under the imperial wall in the southwest corner of the imperial city, the eunuch's prison is located. Other departments, bureaus, warehouses, houses, factories and other institutions serving the imperial court are located in Miyagi and Imperial City.

On the rivers inside and outside the palace, in addition to the Wulong Bridge inside and outside, there are Qinglong Bridge near the East Chang 'an Gate and Baihu Bridge near the West Chang 'an Gate, which is the so-called "left Qinglong, right Baihu" system commonly used in Feng Shui theory. During his stay in Nanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly emphasized simplicity, but when building temples and temples, this was not the case at all. It's well-intentioned, beautifully constructed and unambiguous. Take sacrificial altars and temples as examples. The main sacrificial altars and temples built and rebuilt by Zhu Yuanzhang successively include: Waqiu, Fang Qiu, Heaven and Earth Altar, Social Altar, Jitan, Social Altar, Imperial Hall and Gongren Hall. There are about 20 temples. Of course, these buildings are gone now, and we can only imagine the appearance and regulation of these buildings scattered inside and outside the Nanjing city wall through the words in historical materials.

The dome (built in 1367) is a place to worship the "heaven". Outside the Zhengyangmen Gate in the southeast of Beijing, the Yang in Zhongshan (today's Tangcun area) is an imitation of Han, which is the second floor of the altar. The first floor is "seven feet wide and eight feet one inch high, everywhere." Due south rank nine, nine feet five inches wide; East, west, north and south are also nine grades, all eight feet and one inch wide. "From the altar surface to the altar base, it is surrounded by autumn glazed bricks and surrounded by glazed railings. On the second floor, the altar surface around it is 20 feet wide and 8 feet 1 inch high. Due south ranks nine, one foot two feet five inches wide; East, west, north and south are all nine levels, all one foot one foot nine inches and five minutes wide. The altar surface and railings are made on the first floor.

Square mound, a place where "land" is sacrificed (abandoned after 1377). "Outside the Taiping Gate, north of Zhongshan, is the altar of 20% (building) ..." Its format is roughly the same as that of the ball. A round hill and a square hill, a sacrifice to heaven and a place of worship mean "the land with a round sky". In the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), Zhu Yuanzhang felt that "heaven and earth are still parents, but parents are different, and human feelings are uneasy". "The old site of Waqiu is an altar, and it is called the altar of heaven and earth, which is also a fate".

The Sheji Altar (first built at 1367) is a place for offering sacrifices to the land gods and the valley gods. "In the southwest of Miyagi, back to the north. The club is five feet wide from east to west and five feet high, ranking fifth out of four positions. The altar is made of five-colored soil with different colors ... ". The early social altar was actually two altars, namely "social altar" and "millet altar", which used one place. It was not until the autumn and August of the tenth year of Hongwu (1377 September 10) that it was "rebuilt on the right side of Wumen, and * * * became an altar".

The ancestral home of Zhu Yuanzhang's family, the ancestral hall (first built at 1367), is located in the southeast of Miyagi, facing the Sheji altar across the imperial road. Each of the four ancestors is a temple, "Emperor Gaozu is in the middle, Taizu is the east head, ancestor is the west head, and Gaozu is the east head, all facing south". Each temple is dedicated to the gods, with two rooms, two sides and three doors. Each gate "has twenty-four halberds, with the capital palace as the outside and the main entrance south, not for fasting ...". The main hall is two corridors and two rooms deep, and the hero deserves it. On the left is the supervisor of the divine palace. "In the eighth year of Hongwu, the ancestral temple was rebuilt. There were two temples and nine wing rooms in front of it, which served as the side of the same room." Today, the ancestral temple has long since disappeared. However, the huge stone pillars left by the ancestral temple site are still there, which has become a garden landscape in a university campus in Nanjing today.

Fengxian Temple (founded in 137 1 year) was caused by Zhu Yuanzhang and Tao Kai, the minister of rites, who talked about their parents' kindness and thought that they could only enjoy the ancestral temple at the age of four every year. In order to "appear before the court and offer sacrifices", Hongwu ordered the construction of Fengxian Temple on the east side of Gan Qing Palace in Miyagi in January, and it was completed in October of the same year. Fengxian Hall faces south, with five doors in the main hall and a depth of two feet and five feet. In front of the hall are five pavilions, one foot, two feet and five inches deep.

In addition to these halls and temples, the most concentrated temple built in Nanjing in the early Ming Dynasty was the sacrificial temple at the foot of the south side of Jiming Mountain. Such as: Emperor Temple, City God Temple, Zhenwu Temple, Bianhu Temple, Jiang Zhonglie Temple, Liu Temple, Cao Temple, Yuan Weiguo Temple, Wu Xian Temple, Guandi Temple, etc. , known as the "Ten Temples". The centralized arrangement of sacrificial temples and sacrificial objects at the foot of Jiming Mountain has gone far beyond the functions of ordinary temples. In addition, there were many temples built in Nanjing during the Hongwu period, such as Longjiang Temple outside Jinchuan Gate, Dinghuai Gate, Wugui Temple outside the gate, and General Xu Temple on Lion Mountain.

These sacrificial temples built by Zhu Yuanzhang reflected the people's recognition of this social culture at that time and provided a place for the officials and people in Beijing to place their spiritual sustenance everywhere. The central yamen are basically on both sides of the front porch of Hongwu Gate in the imperial city. From the south to the north, the front part is the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Household Affairs, the Ministry of Official Affairs and the Zongren House on the east side, and the Taichang Hall, the former army, the former army, the right army, Zuo Jun and the Han army on the west side are basically in accordance with the pattern of "Wen Zuo Wu You". "Preface to the Map of Hongwu Capital" said: "Six Qing people live in the left, and the longitude and latitude are in the text; Five houses are in the west, calm down and use force. " This is the layout.

Behind the Thousand Steps Gallery, there are Dongcheng Military Forces Division, Taiyuan, Zhanshifu and Hanlin Academy on the east side. On the west side, there are Qin (weather station in Jiming Mountain), flag bearer Wei, Royal Guards and General Political Department. Of the six departments of the central government, only the punishments department is not in Hongwumen. The Ministry of Punishment, Duchayuan and Dali Temple, also known as the "Three Laws Division", are located on the west side of Taiping dike outside Taiping Gate in Nanjing today. It is said: "The area north of the gate of Sanfa Temple and the old wall covers Sanfa Temple and Gyeonggi Province." In the 14th year of Zheng De's reign in Ming Dynasty (15 19), "There are many Great Walls today, and pedestrians go straight into Buddhist temples from the Third Law Department" (Volume 10 of Hakka Words). Judging from the great concept built by Zhu Yuanzhang during his stay in Nanjing, although these "great city walls" are not comparable to those of Miyagi, Imperial City, Beijing and Waiguo, the consumption of building materials and migrant workers is indeed considerable.

At that time, the government was fully responsible for the construction of Nanjing, and the Ministry of Industry was its primary task. The unit specifically responsible for Nanjing construction projects is the operation and maintenance office, which is still under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Industry. The institute is located on Tongjimen Street in Nanjing today. After Zhu Yuanzhang moved from the "old house" to the "new palace" in 1368, the former residence of Yuan Yushifu became the seat of Yingtianfu Department. At that time, Nanjing was divided into two parts, which were in charge of Jiangning County and Shangyuan County respectively. Jiangning county government is located in the northwest of Huaiqiao Town, Jubaomen, Beijing, and Shangyuan county government is located in the west of Chengzhong Main Street. A considerable number of other central and local government agencies are all over Nanjing.