Information on successful women in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad

Fu Hao was one of more than 60 wives of Wu Ding, the Shang Dynasty, that is, Mu Xin, the mother of Zu Geng and Zujia. She lived in Wu Ding during the reorganization of Shang Dynasty in the first half of12nd century, and was the earliest female politician and strategist in China. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, Fu Hao presided over various types and names of sacrificial ceremonies and divination activities many times, and used theocracy to serve the rule of Shang Dynasty. In addition, Fu Cha was repeatedly sent by Wu Ding to fight with troops, looking for Turks in the north, attacking foreigners in the southeast, and defeating the Pakistani army in the southwest, which made great contributions to the expansion of the territory of Shang Dynasty. Wu Ding loved her very much, granted her an independent fief, and often prayed to ghosts and gods to bless her health and longevity. However, Fu Hao died before Wu Ding. Wu Ding was so sad that she was buried about 100 meters northwest of Xiaotun Village in Anyang, Henan. The tomb was excavated at 1976 in the northwest of Xiaotun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province, and it is well preserved. Among them, 755 pieces of jade were unearthed, which is the largest and most concentrated tomb in Shang Dynasty. There are also 63 stone tools and 47 gem vessels. There are many kinds of jade carvings in Fu Hao's tomb, which shows the high level of jade production at that time. The portraits in these jade carvings are the most important part, and they are valuable materials for understanding and studying the sculpture art, race, clothing system, class relationship and lifestyle of Shang Dynasty. These sculptures are used for wearing, inlay and decoration, not independent sculptures, but they reflect that the sculpture creation in Shang Dynasty accurately grasped the position and body proportion of the five senses of the head, and could intentionally enlarge the realistic ability of the head in a small scope. Paying attention to hairstyles, crowns and other costumes has shown that the ability to observe and express people's different social status is very valuable. Among them, the figures are expressionless and their eyes are prominent, which is the embodiment of the popular carving and decoration techniques at that time (which is more common in the animal face decoration of many bronzes) and has obvious characteristics of the times.

2. Widow Qing

Basic introduction:

Widow Qing, also known as Ba Widow Qing, is a person who lives for thousands of buddhas. The earliest female entrepreneur in China, the "first sister" in Qin Shihuang's eyes, spent a lot of money to repair the Great Wall and provided a lot of mercury for Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. In his later years, he was taken into the palace and named "Zhen Fu".

Born and died in Sheba County, King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty, he was a famous industrialist and businessman in southern China at that time. According to historical records, the widow of Pakistan is a clean family, and she is good at Dan points from generation to generation and has accumulated countless wealth. After she took charge of the family business, she even became a "thousand servants". She used to rely on financial resources to keep one side safe and help the country build the Great Wall of Wan Li. Even Qin Shihuang attached great importance to her and regarded her as a "virgin". After her death, she was buried in Longzhai Mountain in Qianfozhaigou, her hometown. Subsequently, Qin Shihuang ordered the construction of a "pregnant platform for women" in his burial place to show his recognition. The winner of this honor is rare in the Qin Dynasty. His deeds. Records include historical records, unified records, boxed records, geographical records, geographical records, historical records and county records.

Recommended comment: Ba Widow Qingshi is a symbol of Chongqing's industrial and commercial development level during the period of Ba State and Ba County.

Female entrepreneurs:

When Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, it was not surprising that some super-rich people appeared in Bashu area. One of the most famous is widow Qing. Widow Qing, whose real name is Qing (probably because she is a woman, so she has no surname). Her ancestors opened a cinnabar cave, and all generations have benefited from this cinnabar mine, and their family is well-off. Although Qing is a widow, she can keep her family business, continue mining and defend herself with her wealth, so other tycoons dare not attack. Qin Shihuang praised her behavior and was politely invited to Xianyang by Qin Shihuang. After returning home, she also built a "Huaiqingtai" for her to show her recognition. She can even "defend herself with money" and have private armed forces, which is simply a myth in the Qin Dynasty, which "accepted the soldiers of the world". Strangely, according to Historical Records, this "poor widow" is neither a steel king nor a salt merchant, but she manages cinnabar. The so-called cinnabar is the raw material for smelting mercury, which is also an important raw material for refining "fairy medicine" In addition, it can also be used as pigment and female cosmetics. Sima Qian once thought that the reason why widow Qing "refused to ride with courtesy and became famous all over the world" was "not rich in evil?" The business of rich women and widows has nothing to do with the national economy and people's livelihood, nor with military technology. From today's perspective, she belongs to the management of luxury goods. Sima Qian said that Qing was a widow in the countryside and was famous for her wealth. In fact, this is a complaint, and the sour taste of intellectuals is between the lines.

Although the tomb of Mount Li of Qin Shihuang has not been excavated, experts estimate that there are hundreds of tons of mercury buried in it. It seems that the widow's big client is the owner of the tomb. Hegemonic competition needs economic support. On the contrary, unrestrained hegemony can also create unique commercial success. How long has the widow's wealth empire existed? No history books. However, after the brief demise of the Qin Empire, the business myth of Dansha also declined rapidly. Some people think that the upsurge of seeking elixir of life has receded and the demand has been greatly reduced. The new rich man who reappears in Shu is Deng Tong, who can make his own money. He is the darling of another emperor.

Huang Yi's novel Searching for Qin is based on this man.

"Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi" records widows as follows:

Bashu widow Qing: She got the Danxue first, but she benefited for generations, regardless of her family. Qing, widow also. Can keep their own business, use money to protect themselves, and see no infringement. Qin Shihuang thought that virtuous women were guests in order to build a clean platform for her. ..... Poor village widow qing, world-famous, why not rich and evil!

3. Qin Liangyu (1574 ~ 1648). National heroes, female generals, military strategists and anti-Qing generals who made great achievements in the late Ming Dynasty. People from Zhongzhou, Sichuan (now Zhongxian, Chongqing). Fu Xuan immediately became the wife of Shiqian. According to historical records, Liang Yusheng is brave and wise, good at riding and shooting, foreseeing the enemy's situation like a god, and can also talk eloquently, often posing as a chivalrous man. I studied literature and practiced martial arts with my father Qin Gui since childhood. She succeeded to the throne after her husband died. She sent her brothers Qin Bangping and Qin Minping to help Shenyang fight against the late Jin Dynasty. She was made a second-class lady by Ming Xizong, served as a general officer, and was awarded a plaque with "commendable loyalty and righteousness". He even led 3000 elite soldiers to the north to guard Shanhaiguan (Guan Yu). In the third year of Chongzhen, he gave a letter to the diligent king and recovered four cities, including Yongping and Zunhua. When he arrived at Emperor Chongzhen, he praised his beauty, awarded the title of Mrs. Yipin and the title of Shaobao, and hung general print in the town east. Yang Yinglong, luxury Chongming and other leaders rebelled and were put down one after another. Later, he repeatedly repelled the attacks of Zhang and other peasant troops in Kuimen and other places. When the Qing army marched south, she insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty and was named Taibao, Taibao Prince and Zhongzhou Hou by Emperor Long of Nanming. Li Yong also appointed his Prince Taifu, recruited envoys from Sichuan, and still used General Town East to supervise the thieves in Jingchuan. Posthumous title was faithful after his death. He became the only heroine in the history of China who was recorded in official history and biographies (not biographies of women). Guo Moruo once wrote an article praising Qin Liangyu: "A woman like her who is not afraid of death and does not love money is rare in history." . Chuanying Hutong in Beijing is the site of her garrison in the north.

Madame Curie

Original name: Mary Skoro Dovska

Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a Polish, French physicist and chemist, is a world-famous scientist. She studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was greatly influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail.

Talented women in ancient China

1, Zhuang Jiang: Princess and wife of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Yan Yan in the Book of Songs was written for it: "Yan Yanfei, his feathers are different." My sister married in the country today. I couldn't expect it, and tears poured down my face. Poetry critics of later generations pushed it as "the ancestor of eternal separation". Zhu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, thought that Zhuang Jiang was the first poetess in the history of China. Zhuang Jiang is the spokesman of beauty in The Book of Songs. Describing Zhuang Jiang in The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren, he said: "Soft hands, firm skin, collar like a dragonfly, teeth like a rhinoceros, headless eyebrows and beautiful eyes. "

2. Zhuo Wenjun: A famous talented woman in the Western Han Dynasty, beautiful as a flower, good at piano and poetry, with a well-off family. She is the daughter of Zhuo Wangsun, and has been living at home since her husband died. Many celebrities proposed to her, but she took a fancy to poor scholar Sima Xiangru and eloped with her. Romantic enough. , they opened a small hotel, Wen Jun when selling wine, like a handyman. The grandson helped them because of their face, and they lived a rich life from then on. Later, Sima Xiangru finally became famous in the world, and the female ending was not bad.

3. Ban Jieyu: Princess Hancheng, a female writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Unknown name, Bangu Zugu. Few talents, when they became emperors, were elected to the palace and made a festival. Jieyu is the daughter of a noble family and has no talent. Ban Jieyu is good at melody, writing lyrics and composing music, so for Emperor Han Cheng, Ban Jieyu is not only her concubine, but also his mentor. Her various talents made Han Chengdi put her in the position of a friend, and no one can match her. Ban Jieyu once gave birth to a prince, but he died a few months later. Although I have been pampered for a long time, I have never given birth again. Zhao's sisters were all jealous of Ban Jieyu's character and talent when they were favored. Ban Jieyu, fearing danger for a long time, asked to serve the Empress Dowager in Changxin Palace.

4. Ban Zhao: a poetess in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ji, the word Huiban. The year of birth and death is unknown. Class looks like a girl, class looks like beauty. Married to Uncle Cao, widowed since childhood. Brother Ban died while writing Han Shu, Ba Biao and Tian Wenzhi. Zhao studied again and again, and the emperor ordered it to continue. She often goes in and out of the court and serves as the teacher of the queen and concubines, nicknamed "Cao Dajia". Whenever a foreign institution makes a contribution, it often makes a eulogy. While Empress Deng ascended the throne, Ban Zhao and Zheng Wen. He has written "Fu", "Wen" and other articles 16.

5. Cai Wenji: the daughter of Cai Yong, a famous scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The famous poems of blood and tears, Hu Jia's eighteen beats and grief and indignation, which represent her inner cry, are enough to send her to the position of the first talented woman in ancient China. There was chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, and it was a bonfire year after year. Cai Wenji was captured by Huns during his escape and lived in the Great Wall. Later, he married Zuo and gave birth to two children. She spent twelve spring and autumn years outside the Great Wall, but she missed her hometown all the time. Cao Cao pacified the Central Plains, made peace with Xiongnu, and sent messengers to redeem Wenxi with a large sum of money.

6. Luo Zhen: Wei Ruyun Wendy. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he spoiled Queen Guo, and Guo Houyi vilified Queen Zhen. Since then, he has fallen out of favor. In Shangtang, he wrote a wife's deep and regretless complaint about her husband's lovesickness, but what she finally waited for was Cao Pi's death order. Even after death, "covering your body with hair and stuffing your mouth with chaff" is extremely insulting and insulting.

7. Su: A famous talented woman in the Northern Dynasties, whose palindromes are famous in ancient and modern times. Later, Fu Jian's younger brother was so dissolute and shameless that he forced him to hang himself.

8. Xie Daowen: A poetess in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a famous talented woman in the Southern Dynasties, is famous for her poem "If catkins don't rise with the wind". She was born in the Xie family of Wang and Xie in the Jin Dynasty, and became the daughter-in-law of the Wang family when she was an adult. Xie Daowen is the niece of Xie An, a great general who defeated Fu Jian in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, the daughter of Xie Yi, the great calligrapher Wang Xizhi, and the wife of Wang Ningzhi. Xie Daowen was clever and eloquent, and was later called peerless talented woman and strange girl. Xie Daowen and her husband Wang Ningzhi have four sons and a daughter. Quadrant product, flat, constant, yeah. A woman married Yu when she was an adult. According to the biography of the woman in the Book of Jin, all her children were killed in Sun En's rebellion. Therefore, although she was born in a famous family, she was also ill-fated.

9. Bao: The younger sister of Bao Zhao, a famous poet in the Southern Dynasties, once wrote a poem "in my heart forever", "I am a gentleman, but I don't understand my face on the porch", which is quite talented.

10, Shangguan Waner: the granddaughter of Shangguan Yi, a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Shangguan Yi was punished together with his son Shangguan Tingzhi for drafting a rescript for Tang Gaozong to abolish Wu Zetian. The young and his mother Zheng were buried as maids in the inner palace. When Shangguan Waner 14 years old, Wuhou summoned her and put her in charge of the imperial edict. When Zhongzong was restored, Guan Waner was worshipped as a brother and sister, and Zhao Rong was worshipped. Later, Li Longji, the king of Linzi, rose up and overthrew the Wei Hou regime. He was executed and lived for 46 years.

1 1, Ye Li: A talented woman in the Tang Dynasty wrote Ode to a Rose at the age of six, which contains a beautiful sentence "I didn't stand up in time, but my mood was confused". In the end, I can only hate the West Wind Lotus: "Take the piano to a tall building, and the moonlight is empty in the building, playing acacia, and my heart is broken for a while." Ye Li's beauty and talent made her a man of the hour in the women's crown, and she was called into the palace in her twilight years. In the palace, Ye Li won praise for her extraordinary talent, and some princes and ministers also presented poems with her. But it was this that led to Ye Li's death. In the first year of Xing Dynasty (784), the general Zhu Zhan was cut down for rebellion, implicating the nine clans. Ye Li was executed by Dezong for her poems and became a victim of politics. Although Ye Li's behavior is romantic and uninhibited, and she has close contacts with many men, deep down, she also longs for someone to spend the rest of her life with her. But she's been waiting all her life.

12, Xue Tao: A famous prostitute and poetess in the Tang Dynasty, whose name was Hongdu, was born in Chengdu and her ancestral home was Chang 'an. Father Xue Yun died while living in Chengdu, and Xue Tao was raised by his mother. By the time he was thirty years old, he had distinguished himself from poetry, was good at calligraphy, and painted with thrush and powder, with outstanding talent and appearance. But because of the helplessness of living with her mother, she had to join the music club and become an official prostitute. Later, bo Xichuan made Wei Gao appreciate him and became a private secretary. He also intends to ask the court to appoint him as a "school book lang". Although his position is still accurate, people have since called him a "girls' school book".

13, Li Qingzhao: a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, whose name was Yi Anju. Father Li was a famous scholar at that time, and husband Zhao Mingcheng was a textual research scholar. In his early years, he lived comfortably, and once cooperated with Ming City to collect and sort out calligraphy and painting stones. The nomads from the army entered the Central Plains and lived in the south. Ming Cheng died of illness and was in a lonely situation. In his lyrics, he wrote about his leisure life in the early stage, lamented his life experience in the later stage, and was deeply touched. Some of them also showed nostalgia for the Central Plains.

14, Zhu: Song female writer,No. You Qiju, was born in the early years of Southern Song Dynasty. Born into an official family, it is said that he died of dissatisfaction with marriage and depression. Can draw, can deliver melody. Words are full of bitterness and sadness. You can also write poems. There are a collection of poems "heartbroken collection" and a collection of words "heartbroken words".

15, Guan Daosheng: The wife of Zhao Mengfu, a famous painter and calligrapher in Yuan Dynasty, whose real name was Zhong You, was born in Qixian Mountain, a painter and a Zhu. He once painted an ink bamboo for the empress dowager and named it Mrs. Wei. Literary talent is also high, such as painting plums, fisherman's words, and my agricultural words. Among them, I Nong Ci is a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation: twist a piece of mud into a you and shape a me. Break us together and mix with water. Twist the other you and shape the other me. I got you into the mire, and you got me into the mire. Born like you, died like you. Guan Daosheng's husband and wife sang together, and their lives were fairly happy.

16, Liu: a famous geisha talented woman in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, ranking first among the eight beauties in Qinhuai. Strong personality, integrity, intelligence and courage. At that time, two famous poets and Qian both studied martial arts. They longed for women and refused to let a man. In her twenties, she married Qian. Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. After the Qing army occupied Beijing, it built a small court in Nanjing, and Liu supported it as the minister of rites in Nanming. Soon, the Qing army went south, and Enemy at the Gates and Liu advised Qian to throw himself into the water. Money was speechless, and finally went down to the pool to try the water and said, "It's too cold to go down." . Liu "desperately sank into the pool", but gave the money a hard hug. So money is ashamed to see it. Qian Jiangqing went to Beijing, but Liu stayed in Nanjing. Qian was an assistant minister of etiquette in the Qing Dynasty and a bachelor of Hanlin. Influenced by the Liu family, he resigned after half a year. After Qian died in 1666, villagers gathered and robbed his property. In order to protect the property of money, the Liu family committed suicide with silks.

18, Gu Taiqing: A famous Manchu poetess in the Qing Dynasty, she made friends with Gong Zizhen, a great talent of her time, and has a collection of "Fishing Songs in the East China Sea" handed down from generation to generation. Kuang Zhouyi once compared her with Nalan Xingde in "The Thorn of the Wind", and she is a rare minority poetess. Gu Taiqing's real name is Xilin Jueluo, whose name is Chun and his word is beautiful. His grandfather, Chang E, was the nephew of Wen Tai, the powerful minister of Yongzheng Dynasty. He used to be the governor of Gansu province. The Qianlong dynasty was implicated in the poetry prison and was sentenced to death by the property. Therefore, Gu Taiqing was born as a "sinner", tired of being looked down upon and feeling cold and warm. 1/kloc-0 lived in Beijing before the age of/,and his family life was extremely poor. 1 1 years later, she lived in the south of the Yangtze River and spent her girlhood in a rough place. After the incident, because of her talent, Baylor, painted by Sun Bin, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was taken as a side room. However, because she is the "queen of sinners", she lied that she was the daughter of Gu Wenxing, the guardian of Rong Qin Wang Mi. From then on, she took the name of Gu Chun, whose name was too clear, also called Yuncha Waishi. In his later years, Gu Taiqing devoted himself to writing The Shadow of A Dream of Red Mansions (the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions), signed "A Dream of Red Mansions Written by Yuncha Waishi", and continued to write A Dream of Red Mansions and a woman, which all scholars expected. Gu Taiqing was different and became the first female novelist in the history of China.

Ten female generals in the ancient history of China —— Dedicated to all women.

Reporter: The figures listed below are real figures, not in the history of literature, although they are famous.

Don't choose big ones, such as Mulan, Fan Lihua and Mu Guiying. In addition, about Liang Hongyu, because of history.

The boundary has not been decided yet, so I won't choose.

1。 Yin Wu Dingfei (after? ) Kindness helps Wu Ding conquer neighboring countries, such as Hanshui River.

The Pakistani side went upstream. But she was discovered by archaeology and not recorded in ancient literature. (Oracle bones will be provided later.

Interpretation)

2。 General Jin Pingnan, the prefect of Xiangyang, the military commander of Jiangbei, and Yu Xun, an important counselor of Cao Cao, followed Xun.

Xun Guan, female, was good at riding and shooting since childhood. When Wancheng was besieged by tens of thousands of Hu Qi, she was thirteen years old, with a rate of more than 100,000.

The dead man broke through the encirclement, so he invited reinforcements to lift the siege of Wancheng. (See the Book of Jin. Biography of women)

3. Fu Deng's wife, Shi Mao, is the grandson of Fu Jian, the former king of Qin Dynasty. After Fu Jian's death, she led the remnants of the former Qin and Yao Chang.

His wife Shi Mao was beautiful, strong, brave and good at riding and shooting. Her army was surrounded by Yao Changjun and camped.

Trapped, Jude bent his bow across the horse, led hundreds of strong men to fight Yao Changjun and killed 700 thieves. In the end, he was outnumbered.

Yao Chang was a prisoner, and Yao Chang was attractive and wanted to take it. Mao cursed Yao Chang and killed him in a fit of pique.

The Spring and Autumn Period of Sixteen Countries. Ten records of the former Qin dynasty. Fudeng "

4。 Chen, Taiwei of Shilong County (now Hainan Province), wife Xian of assassination, Hou Jingzhi at the end of Liang Dynasty.

Chaos, the rate of tribal soldiers invited to Hou Jing, Sui soldiers under the Jiangnan, eight states attached to Sui, sealing lord protector.

People. (See Chen Shu and Sui Shu)

5。 Princess Pingyang, Tang Gaozu's daughter in Tang Gaozu, and her husband Chai Shao began to help Tang Gaozu separate Qin Jin. (See "New Tang Book"

Book ")

6。 Yang, the wife of Li Quan, a separatist force in the late Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Qingzhou-Jinan, Shandong Province when Ningzong was in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Uprising, fighting and losing with Jin people, threatening Jinnan (when Jin was threatened by Mongolia, it used to focus on the country from

South of the Yellow River, the rise of Li Quan actually gave the knife behind him, and they were all at war with Jin.

Unfortunately, he surrendered to the Southern Song Dynasty, and after Jin's death, he went to Mongolia and led an army to attack Chuzhou, which was defeated by Zhao Fan and Zhao Kui, the generals of the Song Dynasty.

Died outside Yangzhou. Zhao Fan and Zhao Kui then marched into Huai 'an, and his whole wife Yang led down archers to Qingzhou and surrendered to Mongolia.

Ancient. Yang hit a pear blossom gun, claiming to be "invincible in the world for twenty years" and even became famous for a time.

Land. (See "A Mirror of Continuing Education")

7。 At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Zhao, who led a regiment in Mingshan County, Sichuan Province to fight against the Mongolian invasion of Sichuan, sought a female general.

Heroic sacrifice. (See my book "Sichuan Army and People Resisting Mongolian Invasion in the Late Southern Song Dynasty and Its Significance")

8。 Tang Saier, the leader of the peasant army in An Baili Uprising in Ming Dynasty, was once very powerful, but was later leveled by the loyalist.

Zhu Fu. (See Ming History)

9。 Qin Liangyu, Sichuan Shizhu Tusi in Ming Dynasty, was later the company commander. She was suppressing Guizhou, which belonged to Sichuan at that time.

There was a rebellion in Chongming around Zunyi, and then Chongzhen led his female soldiers to the front of Liaodong to defend the enemy.

The emperor himself wrote poems to praise her. After returning to Sichuan, he was thrown into the loyalty rebellion and kept the stone pillar to protect himself (mainly at that time)

The Governor of Sichuan didn't listen to her advice and was defeated by Zhong Xian. See Ming history. Qin Liangyu biography), after a good death.

10。 Su Sanniang was a female general of Xianfeng Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Qing Dynasty and the wife of Luo Outline. (See Luo Ergang's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Shi Gang ")