Want to learn WAP website production.

What is WAP? [Understanding the whole wap process]

WAP Business Introduction "training materials

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First, WAP basic knowledge

1. What is WAP:WAP (Wireless Communication Protocol) is an open global standard for communication between digital mobile phones, the Internet or other personal digital assistants (PDA) and computer applications. Nowadays, many people directly use WAP instead of mobile phones to surf the Internet. The essence of WAP is the Internet, which is the mobile Internet.

2. Implementation of 2.WAP: The terminal mobile station (mobile phone) is used to access network resources (servers) through the mobile network, which can be used for browsing, downloading or interactive participation.

3. Popular expression of WAP function: The technical department of our company has developed and produced a WAP bulletin board system, so other employees of our company can visit this page through mobile phones (with WAP function and WAP Internet access) all over the country to learn about the latest notices and announcements of the company, and can also feedback and report progress or other things through this WAP page.

4.WAP website process: make WAP pages or programs, upload them to the server that supports WAP function, and let WAP users of mobile phones enter URL through their mobile phones for access.

5. The application scope of 5.WAP:

L public information news weather, picture ringtone download, lottery information, chat and make friends.

Business applications: securities finance, banking system, location services, e-commerce, online banking.

L Personal service email photo album, location service, information customization, mobile office

6. Other related issues:

Q: What are the prerequisites for accessing the Internet by mobile phone? Answer: 1, a WAP mobile phone and a SIM card with data communication function. 2. To enable WAP Internet access, you can call 1860 for consultation. 3. Set the Internet access parameters of the mobile phone. Now you can browse the internet.

Q: Can WAP provide directory service and dial directly through the number link? A: The new WAP supports this function. For example, in a chat room, you can dial the other person's mobile phone by clicking a link, although you may not know his number yet.

Q: How much does WAP charge? Answer: The monthly usage of WAP mobile phone of Henan Mobile is charged according to 30 yuan for less than 500 minutes (including 500 minutes), and 0. 15 yuan/minute for more than 500 minutes. WAP mobile phones do not charge telephone charges and roaming charges.

Q: What is GPRS? What is the relationship between GPRS and WAP? A: GPRS is an advanced 2.5-generation network of China Mobile, which provides users with higher speed, shorter connection time and more favorable tariffs for accessing the Internet through mobile phones.

The opening of GPRS provides a broader space for the development of WAP services. GPRS network is like a highway, and WAP is like a car driving on the road. Cars run faster on highways, and WAP runs more successfully on GPRS networks.

Q: What is the OTA setting A: If your mobile phone has no preset GPRS internet access parameters and you have any questions about how to set them, you can use the OTA setting function to automatically set the internet access parameters for your mobile phone. OTA is the abbreviation of English Over-The-Air, which means "downloading over the air".

Second, the origin, development and present situation of WAP

The generation stage of 1 WAP:1In mid-1997, Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson and American software company PHONE.COM jointly initiated the establishment of the wireless application protocol (WAP) standard. It defines a series of standards for filtering Internet content and converting it into suitable mobile communication, so that these contents can be displayed on mobile terminals more easily.

2. The development of WAP: Although restricted by the small screen of mobile phone, narrow bandwidth of wireless network, slow internet access speed and insufficient network content, the development of WAP business still became the most "hot spot" in the telecom industry and Internet industry in 2000. At that time, Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens and other mobile phone manufacturers were transitioning from ordinary mobile phones to WAP phones. China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom have successively announced the opening of WAP services. Almost all websites are competing to launch WAP services. However, who would have thought that behind the vigorous market performance, WAP did not really drive the large-scale application of wireless Internet access. When the number of users applying for WAP service in China was less than 10000, although no one wanted to admit it, the situation of no applause finally announced the "tragedy" of WAP in advance.

3. Present situation and prospect of WAP: Since the emergence of China Mobile MMS BLACKPINK in 2002 1 October/KLOC-0, the whole market has started to explode, and WAP-based products such as ringtones, pictures and games have attracted a lot of attention. In August 2003, SP's total revenue was13.73 million (after sharing), and the revenue of Skynet was the highest in September. From June+10 in 5438, WAP information fee income was 2010.4 million (before sharing). There are 7 companies that exceed 1 10,000, 3 companies that exceed 2 million, and Tianwang WAP ringtone revenue is 2.6 million. I don't know how much other income is. It is estimated that the total income is around 3 million. Top 10 skynet, Linked Wiener, Thunder, Xuntian, Beijing Inteps, Beijing Jifeier, Sina, Tencent QQ, Samsung Ampin and Netease. According to the monthly growth rate of 15%, in 2004, SP expects WAP income to be only 800 million, and in 2003, SP's SMS settlement income is expected to be 3.4 billion, and it is estimated that SMS settlement income in 2004 should be more than 5 billion. Compared with SMS, the development space of WAP market is still limited. However, as a new technology and industry, with the increase of wireless network bandwidth, the development of mobile terminals and the change of consumer psychology, the mobility, convenience and security of WAP will become the mainstream of wireless consumption in the next 2-5 years. By then, WAP will gradually replace SMS and MMS.

Third, the development and implementation of WAP products and business promotion.

1 The required software and hardware environment and technology. WAP development;

Wireless devices (cell phone, PDA)

From the flow chart above, I can see that what we need to do is to develop programs on WEB servers and database servers. The development tool can be a general text editor, and the server needs to make some software settings on the existing basis to meet the requirements.

Technologies needed for WAP development: WML, WMLSCRIPT+ASP, PHP, JSP, C.

Now the mainstream technology is to use JSP to write programs to output WML pages.

2.WAP product access and background management and maintenance:

The access of WAP products is basically similar to that of SMS products now. First of all, we should make products and test them in all aspects. After passing the test, you can apply to the mobile company for product testing, and you can go online after all the tests pass. The WAP products accessed by Henan Mobile Company will appear in the Henan area of Monternet WAP main station after going online. All users who can surf the Internet by mobile phone in Henan can find our products in the classification of Henan Special Zone after logging in Monternet. After the product goes online, the company managers can query the user data statistics of the product through the WEB background of the website, and can add, delete and modify related content in the background, which is basically consistent with the current web background.

3.WAP business propaganda means are:

After the product is launched, we need to promote it. According to the characteristics of WAP, the main publicity methods at present are as follows

L Media advertising and cooperative publicity

L promote the public through short messages with push function.

Issue promotional cards or materials

L word-of-mouth publicity seen by users

WEB+WAP interactive promotion of L website

Four. Explanation of WAP related terms

LWAP: (Wireless Application Protocol) is a Chinese wireless application protocol, which belongs to a different category from GPRS. Its purpose is to introduce rich information and advanced services of the Internet into wireless terminals such as mobile phones. For example, GPRS and GSM are roads, and WAP is a car on the road. After China Mobile opens GPRS, WAP will run on GSM and GPRS, which can improve the data transmission speed. Therefore, the content on the existing WAP can also be delivered through GPRS.

1. What is WAP?

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a global open standard, which describes in detail how to transmit communication, encode information and apply it to wireless devices. This standard has been supported by more than 200 companies, among which Ericsson, Nokia and Motorola are the initiators of WAP. Relatively speaking, from the understanding, WAP may be called wireless access protocol, or directly called wireless Internet protocol, which regulates the browsing format and communication protocol of web pages, such as TCP/IP. Bluetooth is also a wireless communication protocol, but it standardizes more specific hardware and frequency applications.

WAP (Wireless Communication Protocol) is an open global standard for communication between digital mobile phones, the Internet or other personal digital assistants (PDA) and computer applications. The birth of this standard is the result of the efforts of WAP forum members, which was established by Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola and Wireless Planet in June 1997. The goal of WAP is

Through WAP technology, a large amount of information and various services from the Internet can be introduced into wireless terminals such as mobile phones and handheld computers. Whenever and wherever you need information, you can turn on your WAP phone and enjoy endless online information or online resources. Such as: comprehensive news, weather forecast, stock market dynamics, business reports, current exchange rate, etc. E-commerce and online banking will be realized one by one.

You can also get sports achievements, entertainment anecdotes and humorous stories anytime and anywhere to add interest to your life. You can also make use of the online reservation function to arrange your life in an orderly way. WAP protocol includes the following layers: 1, wireless application environment (WAE) 2, wireless session layer (WSL) 3, wireless transport layer security (WTLS) 4, and wireless transport layer (WTP). Among them, WAE layer includes the functions of micro-browser, WML and WMLSCRIPT interpreter. WTLS layer provides basic security functions for wireless e-commerce and wireless encrypted data transmission.

The basic principles of 2.2. Wireless application protocol

The AP standard is a set of protocols.

WDP:WAP datagram protocol layer, which is the transport layer for sending and receiving messages.

WTLS: Wireless transmission security layer, which provides security services for e-commerce and other applications.

WTP:WAP transport protocol layer, which provides transport support and increases the reliability of datagram service provided by WDP.

WSP:WAP session protocol layer, which provides effective data exchange between different applications.

HTTP interface: supports information retrieval requests of mobile terminals.

3.3 development. Wireless application protocol

WAP has become a global de facto standard for accessing wireless information services through mobile phones or other wireless terminals. Its development and application are infinite. It can be said that the only limitation is your imagination. WAP has not only changed many existing applications by leaps and bounds, but also spawned more brand-new value-added services.

For example, it is used to support specific business procedures, information transmission or domain maintenance, including customer service and spare parts supply, message notification and call management, e-mail, telephone-based value-added services, group planning, meteorological and traffic information, map and location services, news and sports reports, etc. In particular, it makes the information service widely used on the Internet gradually develop from pure information provision to more interactive and finally realize e-commerce.

4.4' s design idea. Wireless application protocol

WAP provides an open and unified technical platform, and users can easily access and obtain information and services on the Internet or intranet with unified content format by using mobile devices.

WAP defines a set of interfaces between software and hardware. Mobile devices and website servers that realize these interfaces can make people use their mobile phones to send and receive emails and even browse the Internet just like using PCs. In essence, WAP is a communication protocol, which provides an application development and running environment and supports the most popular embedded operating systems, such as PalmOS, EPOC, WindowsCE, FLEXO and JavaOS.

WAP can support most wireless devices currently in use, including mobile phones, FLEX pagers, two-way radio communication devices and so on. Compared with desktop personal computers, these devices have weak CPU function, small memory, limited power supply in wireless environment, small display screen and limited input function. On the transmission network, WAP can also support various mobile networks, such as GSM, CDMA, PHS and so on. And can also support the future third generation mobile communication system. However, compared with the bandwidth of wired networks using the Internet, the bandwidth resources of wireless networks are always limited. In view of the above limitations and unfavorable factors, WAP fully draws on the ideas of the Internet and makes some modifications and simplifications. That is, applications and network content are expressed in standard data format, and browser software similar to that used on PC is used to browse the Internet by using standard communication mode.

WAP standard defines an application environment, which enables designers to develop user interfaces independent of devices, and then embed executable logic into mobile terminals by using WAP programming language of WML scripts. In this way, what actually runs on the mobile terminal is a micro-browser, which is very similar to IE or Netscape browser used on PC.

Technical characteristics of 5.5. Wireless application protocol

In the past, wireless Internet access was limited by mobile phones and wireless networks. WAP makes full use of Internet standards such as XML, UDP and IP, and many of its programs are based on Internet standards such as HTTP and TLS, but after optimization, it overcomes the shortcomings of low bandwidth, high delay and poor connection stability in the original wireless environment.

The original Internet standards, such as HTML, HTTP, TLS, TCP, etc., are far from meeting the requirements when used in mobile networks, because they need to transmit huge text data information. Standard HTML content cannot be effectively displayed on the narrow screens of pocket phones and pagers.

WAP mostly uses binary to transmit compressed data, and its optimization function is suitable for long delay and low bandwidth. The session system of WAP can handle intermittent coverage, and can work under various wireless transmission conditions.

Using WML and WML scripts to make WAP content can make full use of small screen display. The content of WAP can be displayed on the two-line screen of the latest smart phone or other communication equipment, and can also be converted into full-screen display.

The design of lightweight WAP stack memory can minimize the required bandwidth and maximize the types of wireless networks that can provide WAP content. It is suitable for various networks, such as GSM900, GSM 1800 and GSM1900; . Transition standard (is)-136; European standard DECT；; ; Time division multiple access; Personal communication service, high-speed paging (FLEX) and code division multiple access. At the same time, it also supports all network technologies and bearer services, including short message service (SMS), unstructured auxiliary service data (USSD), circuit-switched cellular mobile data (DSD), cellular mobile digital packet data (CDPD) and general packet radio service (GPRS). Because WAP is based on a scalable hierarchical structure, each layer can be developed independently of other layers. This makes it possible to introduce other bearer services or use new transmission processes without changing other layers.

6. Why do you need to promote WAP?

WAP enables users with small wireless devices (such as mobile phones and PDA) to access the Internet on the move to obtain information. WAP takes into account the limitations of these devices and the flexibility requirements of these users. Limitations of handheld WAP devices Compared with PC, WAP devices have small display screen with low resolution and limited input devices, but the important thing is that there is no pointing device, CPU power consumption is low, memory is low, energy is unstable, network bandwidth is narrow, and connection is unstable. Compared with HTML-C, WAP standard does not specify what form WAP devices should be. This is extremely beneficial to equipment manufacturers, who can produce various types of equipment to meet different needs. In the near future, the market demand for WAP devices will be based on the browser's display screen size, input device and memory size, thus promoting the development and progress of WAP devices in new technologies and solutions.

7. Why is 7.WAP so important?

Connecting to the Internet by mobile phone will soon become a standard, and WAP is the technical tool to realize this standard. Now the growth rate of mobile Internet access is faster than that of PC Internet access. This means that in the near future, most new mobile phones will be equipped with WAP browsers. Wireless users with WAP devices can obtain related services through the Internet, and the webpage is compiled in HTML format. By then, WAP devices will become a common tool for many (if not most) users to obtain these services.

8. What kind of service can I get through WAP?

There are many kinds of services needed, which can be described by graphic display. Such as banking, news consultation, sending and receiving e-mail, booking and ordering, traffic information and e-commerce can all be realized through WAP.

9. What is WML?

WML, similar to HTML, is used to compile the network language recognized by WAP browser. WAP devices always include a WAP browser.

What is a WAP browser?

WAP browser (WAP micro browser) is a tool to identify WML language on WAP devices. It is similar to a web browser on a personal computer. What types of WAP can users use on GSM network? Now there are two choices-SMS (Short Message Service) and CSD (Circuit Switched Data Service). Compared with CSD, SMS has a smaller capacity. In the near future, when the era of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) comes, it will greatly improve the data transmission rate, but reduce the connection time.

1 1. What is WMLScript?

WMLScript is similar to JavaScript, but there are also differences between them. Like WML, WMLScript is pre-programmed before it is adopted by wireless devices. WML does not contain WMLScript, only references WMLScript URLs.

12。 WAP 1. 1 supports graphic formats?

Yes, the version of WBMP supporting monochrome image format is called version 0. X. WBMP is the abbreviation of wireless bitmap, which is a detailed and in-depth description of WAP WAE and can be downloaded from WAP forum.

13. What's the difference between different WAP versions?

WAP 1.0 is the first version of WAP, which was adopted in the summer of 1998. This version introduces the core content of WAP, namely WAP protocol, WML and WMLScript. WAP 1. 1 was launched in the summer of 1999, which is an improved version of 1.0 and the result of inductive feedback from the previous version. The version of 1. 1 is the first commercial version, and the main change of this version is still to arrange WML with XHTML to get a detailed description of W3C. This version supports image manipulation in WBMP format, thus improving all tags of WTA-specification and WML, and now lowercase has been used instead of uppercase. .2 WAP1.2 version adopts WAP push architecture, user agent architecture (UAPROF) and WDP channel, which improves the specification of wireless telephone application (WTA) and supports additional user network technologies.

14. Can I test WAP on PC?

Yes, but you can't browse WAP websites with ordinary browsers. In order to connect to WAP sites through the Internet, you need to install a WAP emulator on your personal computer. Then, you can start running the emulator program and specify the URL, open ie and enter the URL "bra.se/". Here are some links to simulators: Nokia's WAP 1. 1 toolkit can be downloaded from here. Ericsson in mobileinternet.ericsson.se/emi/ has a similar system design kit (SDK). Mobileinternet.ericsson.se/emi/ Power System Research Institute provides a commercial development environment, which can be downloaded from here /winwap/

15. What WAP devices are available now?

Wap service can be obtained through the following Siemens in websites-www.combra.se/datakomm/wapindex.html: S25WAP/KOOC-0/.0 Nokia 7/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/0: WAP/KOOC-0/./KOOC-0/Ericsson MC2/KOOC-0/8, R320, R380: WAP 1. 1 Some of these devices only support a certain version of WAP, but they don't fully support the WAP version they should support. On the contrary, they lack some contents in WAP standard.

※ 16。 Is WAP secure enough?

Yes, as long as the application runs in a secure way. WAP contains authentication and encryption standard WTLS, which is suitable for mobile environment. In the content of the protocol, WAP 1. 1 has a security layer named WTLS, which is used to handle the security check program. WAP website also needs its own WAP server to provide a powerful security solution for direct connection to GSM network. Security does not exist automatically through some aspects, and the required high-security applications must be developed through hard research.

17 is ok. Can HTML format be converted to WML format?

Technically, it can be converted. There is a specific system that automatically converts HTML format into WML format, and the realization of this conversion depends on the device, application and complexity of HTML page format. Most WAP mobile phones, such as Nokia7 1 10, have very limited display screens and input devices. If you want to browse information, you have to start with technology. Most HTNML page formats do not support the effective working architecture of WAP, which will make automatic conversion a patient and expensive process for users.

What language format will 18 be? WAP selection?

1)HTML Usually, HTML can be applied to wireless devices through GSM modems, but it is slow and expensive, and does not support small wireless devices such as mobile phones. For most users, this choice is unrealistic. 2)HTML-C This is another form of HTML. Compared with HTML, it adds some new tags to make it suitable for mobile phones and make it a WAP device. NTT Docomo, the largest mobile phone operator in Japan, has adopted this method since 1999. Many people think this is the first step towards WAP. 3) HDML HDML (Handheld Device Markup Language) was adopted from 1996. It was developed by Phone.com, which is also one of the initiators of WAP. In the United States, HDML is more popular than WAP, because HDML was first adopted. You can view hdmlfaq-www.kloc-0/3.w3.org/tr/note-submission-hdml-faq here.

Yes 19. JAVA is the competitive language of WAP?

No, JAVA is a programming language, and WAP is basically a communication protocol and markup language. WAP can be applied in JAVA or JAVA OS because it is neutral to various operating platforms. JAVA provides many methods for WAP applications.

20. Why develop WMLScript?

WMLScript is similar to JavaScript and ECMAScript, but it is more suitable for small handheld devices. It only takes up a little memory and CPU, omits some unnecessary functions, and is included in WML in a particularly flexible way, which is convenient for developers.

What is the WAP data bearer type of 2 1? GSM？

It can be SMS (Short Message Service) or CSD (Circuit Switched Data). The latter has a larger bandwidth.

22. What's the difference between WML and XML?

XML is a metalanguage developed by W3C, and it is a series of rules for adding other languages to specific applications. XML does not directly encrypt the content, but encrypts it through a specific markup language specified by XML. WML completely follows XML rules and is a special language for wireless applications, so it is one of the applications of XML.

23. What WAP versions do existing handheld devices support?

Nokia 7110: WAP1.1version.

24. What application is WAP suitable for?

Most successful interactive services on the Internet are conducted in the WAP world, such as information services, news, quotations, online shopping, interactive games and advertisements. WAP can also be used for enterprise internal applications, such as company telephone guide, or to make people outside the office ask for data or information; Wireless access should also bring other opportunities, such as location-related services or complex telephone applications. For example, vacationers can find a suitable restaurant from their mobile phones, and then automatically call to make a reservation.

25. Which user devices will use WAP?

The WAP standard does not assume any user equipment type, but only assumes the size and bandwidth limitation of the equipment. Usually handheld devices, including mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA) or pagers. Enabling these devices to support WAP functions will not greatly increase their production costs.

26. Will WAP phones be more expensive?

WAP is designed for existing wireless communication equipment. WAP needs to increase relatively small memory capacity, and adding WAP functions on the basis of ordinary application products should not involve major changes in design. The mass production of WAP products makes its price acceptable to ordinary users.

27. Is WAP suitable for multimedia services?

At present, one of the core topics discussed in the industry is multimedia service support. WAP 1. 1 and WAP 1.2 allow the transmission of some multimedia content, but many other multimedia services, especially those based on streaming media, need to be improved.

28. What operating system must WAP client use?

EPOC, WINDOWS CE, PALMOS or other systems may be mainly used.

29. Which operating systems are compatible with WAP?

WAP is a communication protocol and application environment, which can work under many operating systems, such as Palm OS, EPOC, Windows CE, FlexOS, OS/9, Java OS, etc. It provides a way for different kinds of devices to communicate with each other.

30. On which mobile networks can WAP run?

WAP is designed to be flexible enough to run on many different network technologies, including GSM, PDC, CDPD, CDMA, TDMA, PHS, DECT and the future third-generation mobile standard.

Yes, 3 1. WAP runs on GPRS?

Of course. GPRS is a new wireless service for data packet transmission. It will greatly improve the transmission speed of WAP, which is faster than that of CSD based on SMS and GSM.

32. Does the third generation network with higher bandwidth still need WAP?

Even if the bandwidth is increased, the use of bandwidth will not become zero cost, such as higher terminal power consumption, higher radio frequency cost, higher utilization rate of frequency conversion spectrum resources and increased network load. In the third generation, the original limiting factors still exist, such as discontinuous signal coverage, small screen, low-power equipment, various data modes, formats and terminals, which indicates that it is necessary to continue to optimize equipment and system resources in the wireless environment. If WAP is successful in the popular market of 2.5 generation, then the third generation only solves the problem of system load for the same application.

33. Will is 33 years old. GPRS and WAP compete?

You can't. WAP can be applied to GPRS. GPRS is in the lower layer (network layer to IP layer), while WAP runs in the higher layer. The cooperation between the two standards has been included in the WAP standard.

34. Why doesn't WAP adopt the existing Internet standard?

WAP adopts existing internet standards. WAP system is established to provide Internet services for mobile devices. In addition, WAP still adopts Internet standards such as XML, UDP and IP. Wireless application protocols are optimized on the basis of Internet standards such as HTTP and TLS, which are more suitable for limiting prominent wireless environments. It uses binary to compress data, which is suitable for long response delay and medium bandwidth in wireless environment. It can cope with intermittent coverage and play a role in wireless transmission with or without IP. WML language enables users to operate with one hand on handheld devices with small screens and keyboards, and provides built-in dual-line display complete images for smart phones and communication devices.

35. What is a WAP gateway?

It is a component software in the mobile network, which connects the Internet and local area network, so that WAP-enabled mobile phones can obtain online content and applications. Some WAP gateways can also convert HTML files into WML files.

36. Is WAP gateway a must?

Not necessarily. If you only provide simple WAP content, you can use the existing network server, just change the MIME type. Mobile users connect to your server through the gateway of the network operator. WAP gateway is a part of mobile system, which has its advantages in executing applications. You can see some information, such as the phone number and identity of the caller, or you may know the location of dialing.

37. Where can I get a WAP gateway?

Nokia has developed a special WAP gateway and server.

Please visit /corporate/wap for details.

38. What's the difference between WML and XML?

XML is a metalanguage developed by W3C, and it is a series of rules for adding other languages to specific applications. XML does not directly encrypt the content, but encrypts it through a specific markup language specified by XML. WML completely follows XML rules and is a special language for wireless applications, so it is one of the applications of XML.

39. What is the WAP data bearer type of GSM?

It can be SMS (Short Message Service) or CSD (Circuit Switched Data). The latter has a larger bandwidth.

40. Can WML let WAP-enabled devices make calls?

The telephone function of WAP mobile phone can be realized through wireless telephone application program interface (WTAI). For example: wml script: wtapublic.makecall ("9287787")

How does 4 1.WAP combine telephone technology with Internet service?

WAP 1. 1 contains an optional standard WTA (wireless phone application), which enables WML and WMLScript to handle receiving and making calls. Operators can develop voice and Internet services through simple programming and WTA servers.

42. Is STK (SIM Toolkit) a competitive technology of WAP?

STK is an application technology based on SIM card, which is only used for GSM, SMS and USSD transmission, and all applications are executed by SIM card. WAP is independent of various network technologies, and the transmitted contents and services are executed by the network server. There is overlap between the two, and WAP is a better choice when there are HTML operations at the same time. The main supplier of STK is also a member of WAP, and now efforts are being made to develop the interface between them. SIM card will play a role in the future, which can be used for WAP encryption and storage of personalized/operator-specific content.