The Dynasties of Emperor Yan and Huangdi and Their Major Achievements

About four or five thousand years ago in the Neolithic Age,

Xuanyuan Huangdi is the ancestor of the Chinese nation, the ancestor of mankind and the leader of the ancient tribal alliance in China. The Yellow Emperor (English: The huangdi；; Huangdi) (2697- 2599), son of Shaodian, whose real name was Gongsun, lived in Jishui. Because she changed her surname to Ji, she lived in Xuanyuanqiu (northwest of Xinzheng, Henan Province) and was named Xuanyuan. She was born, started a business and her capital was Xiong (now Xinzheng, Henan Province), so she was also called Xiong. Because of his virtue, he was named the Yellow Emperor. His great achievements in unifying the Chinese nation for the first time went down in history. He planted hundreds of plants and trees, vigorously developed production, created characters, started making clothes, built boats and cars, invented compasses, fixed arithmetic, created melodies and created medicine. As the ancestors of the Chinese nation, Yan Di and Chiyou are the first of the five emperors. There are four ladies, including Lei Zu and Mo Mu. Huangdi Neijing has been handed down from generation to generation.

Yan Di, also known as Chi Di and Shanshi Lie, is one of the ancestors of the Chinese nation. About 4000 years ago, he was born on the bank of Jiang Shui (now Baoji, Shaanxi). The alliance with the Yellow Emperor gradually formed the Chinese nation and gave birth to today's descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Yellow Emperor

According to China's historical records, he unified the tribes in China after Emperor Yan. He calculated the calendar; Teach people to sow food; Xing characters; Do a dry branch, make a musical instrument, and make medicine. Auspicious time: The emperor made a big noise as Jiazi, and took the ten-day trunk and twelve-day branch as auspicious time, which has been used in the lunar calendar up to now (Jiazi, Ebou, Guihai, * * * 60 years as a cycle), that is, the 60th anniversary of Taoism.

Mathematics: A system for making numbers and setting weights and measures.

Jun: After the wind, you can catch strange pictures and make array methods.

Music: Linglun takes the bamboo in the valley as the flute tube and sets five tones and twelve methods, which are suitable for today.

Clothes: Lei Zu, Princess of the Yuan Dynasty, began to raise silkworms and make silk clothes.

Medicine: Discuss pathology with Qi Bo and write Neijing.

Writing: Cang Xie started writing with six books.

Casting: Making money with copper from Shoushan (Nanwuli, Xiangcheng County, Henan Province).

Others: the invention of ships, bows and arrows, houses, etc.

spiritual civilization

Inventive calendar, astronomy, yin and yang, five elements, Chinese zodiac, Jiazi calendar, figures, pictures, books, musical instruments, medicines, sacrifices, weddings and funerals, coffins, graves, sacrificial cauldrons, altars, temples, divination, etc.

Political progress

Establish an ancient country system: dividing the border into Xinjiang, taking eight families as a well, three wells as a neighbor, three neighbors as a friend, three friends as a mile, five miles as a city, ten cities as the capital, ten divisions as a division, and ten divisions as States, and the whole country is divided into Kyushu; There are litigation posts, left and right supervisors, and 20 official posts, which are aimed at managing countries, including three public, three minor, four auxiliary, four histories, six phases and nine virtues (official names) *** 120. Put forward "six prohibitions" for officials at all levels. "Heavy" means excessive, that is, "heavy sound, heavy color, heavy clothes, heavy fragrance, heavy taste and heavy room", which requires officials to be simple and oppose extravagance and waste. It is proposed to govern the country by virtue, "Xiu De inspires soldiers", apply virtue to the world, work together with Xiu De, be benevolent, cultivate virtue and establish righteousness, and set up a special "minister of nine virtues" to educate the people with filial piety, kindness, writing, faith, speech, courtesy, loyalty, courage and righteousness, and carry out ideological and moral construction. In the use of talents, it is necessary to inspect, select and appoint talents, and only use talents. We should rule the country according to law, establish "courtesy law" and "rule the law unchanged", and make Li Mo a judge and Houdi a prison officer. Those who commit the most serious crimes will be sentenced to loss and those who commit the most serious crimes will be sentenced to beheading.

material civilization

According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor made many inventions in agricultural production, among which the farmland system was the main one. Before the Yellow Emperor, there were endless fields and countless fertile fields. In order to prevent disputes, the Yellow Emperor re-divided the whole country into "wells", with one in the middle as "public mu" and eight around as "private fields", which were cultivated by eight families, paid to the government and dug wells through soil. Farmland practices farming system, sowing 100 seeds in time, inventing Chu Jiu, opening up garden nurseries, planting fruits and vegetables, planting mulberry and sericulture, raising livestock and poultry, and grazing. In sewing, we invented the loom, made textiles, made clothes, shoes, hats, curtains, blankets, robes, furs, canopies, armor, flags and rafters. Pottery, making bowls, plates, pots, retort, plates, pots, stoves, etc. In smelting, copper is smelted to make bronze dings, knives, coins, cymbals, americium, bronze mirrors, clocks and americium. In terms of architecture, there are palaces, halls, courtyards, halls, pavilions, castles, buildings, doors, platforms, silkworm houses, temples, jade houses and palaces. In terms of transportation, we manufacture boats, cars, guided cars and drum cars. In military equipment, knives, guns, bows, arrows, crossbows, six flags, flags, pentagonal flags, horns, flags, ladders, towers, guns, swords, archers and so on are manufactured. Cooked food, porridge, rice, wine, meat, scales, barrels, rulers, inkstones, several cases, carpets, seals, beads, lamps, beds, mats, treads, etc. in daily life.

The Battle between Chiyou and Huangdi

There are three versions of the battle between Chiyou and Huangdi: First, after Huangdi defeated Yandi, he defeated Chiyou again to consolidate the throne, and the battle between Huangdi and Chiyou seems to be the aftermath of the battle of Huang Yan; On the other hand, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined hands to kill Chiyou in Zhongji; Third, Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier and was defeated and killed. Hebei Zhuolu Huangdi Zhanchiyou Site

The first statement, such as A Record of Five Emperors in Han Dynasty, says: "Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, which governs the five spirits and five arts, caresses the people, and teaches bears to be brave tigers in order to fight against Emperor Yan in the wilderness of Sakamoto. Fight three battles and win. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. As a warlord, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he attached himself to killing Chiyou. Tai Shigong said that the name of the Yellow Emperor was Xuanyuan, and the national name was Xiong Xuanyuan, which means car. It should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars. For example, the technology of making farm tools is called Shennong, the technology of making fishing gear is called operator, and the technology of striking fire is called Suiren. There is the bear country. The "country" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Yi, Yi, raccoon, 【】 and tiger are the names of six animals, which should be the names of six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, water name, is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, a mountain name, is located in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.

The second statement can be found in the Zhou Dynasty's Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat Solution, which is also the earliest record about the Yellow Emperor in history: "Chiyou pursues the emperor and strives for the position of Zhuolu, with nine distinct angles, and Chi Di is terrified. It is said that in the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was killed by Zhongji. " It's called Guangping Land. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner. "Nine" means a lot, not limited to eight plus one. "Jiujiao Qing" means that Chiyou expelled the Chi Di (jiyan) tribe without leaving a legacy. Emperor Ji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. Erya Dish: "Jizhou is called between two rivers". Guo Pu's Note: From Donghe to Xihe. At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called Donghe, and the place south of Hetao was called Xihe. Note of Li Zhou Zhi Fang: "Zhengbeiyue Bingzhou" belongs to Taiyuan, Shanxi, Baoding and Zhengding, Hebei. "The Northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to Beijing today. Ancient Jizhou is located in the south of seclusion and merger, south of Shanxi and southwest of Hebei. Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in Xiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province today.

The third argument, such as The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Huang Da North Classic from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, wrote: "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou. Livestock in Ying Long drink water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain God to make a big storm. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. Fengbo Rain Master is a wizard who is good at farming and meteorology of Chiyou tribe. Later, he became an agricultural meteorological god, and he set up a temple. He/kloc-gave a speech at the age of 0/8. " Han Feizi's Ten Years of Han Feizi said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor put ghosts and gods on Mount Tai ... Chiyou was in front, Fengbo swept in, and the rain teacher sprinkled the road", which reflected the close relationship between the rain teacher in Fengbo and the Chiyou tribe, because the harvest department of agricultural tribes could not be separated from good weather.

It is impossible and unnecessary to examine right and wrong. For this prehistoric legend, which was circulated in Shanghai for thousands of years before it was recorded in books, historians pay attention to the historical shadow revealed in it; Ethnologists are concerned about the ethnic types, cultural characteristics and the formation and evolution of ethnic groups reflected in legends.