Ancient divination prevailed, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. How did those writers choose?

Buju is an ancient topic, which is closely related to divination and geomantic omen. It originated in the pre-Qin period. Harmony between man and nature? Later, his philosophical thoughts were gradually explained by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and gradually applied to people's lives, reaching its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties, thus forming unique cultural characteristics and life phenomena.

Also called divination? Metaphysics? The origin is very old, it was born before Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and it can be said that it is everywhere. People's food, clothing, housing and transportation, no matter what they do, will be predicted, hoping to get guidance from the gods and get good luck. Geomantic omen originated late and was developed on the basis of divination? Game theory? The main purpose is to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and choose suitable residence (including yin house and yang house).

At first, divination was not used to predict divination, but people's understanding and explanation of the universe and natural phenomena. Later, it gradually developed into metaphysics, predicting the success or failure of people, things and things in the past, present and future. Divination is an extremely complicated ancient knowledge, which contains a wide range of contents, the most important of which are? I ching? And then what? Skill number? Two main veins. The Book of Changes originated from tortoise shell divination in ancient times, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in modern times is a record of predictions and results after divination.

According to archaeological evidence and historical documents in modern Oracle Bone Inscriptions, ancient divination has been accompanied by its own historical records. Such as "Shangshu? Luo Zhao:? I am east of Bujian River and west of Zhuoshui River, and I only eat food. I am a glutton for water. I just want to eat. ? It records the divination of the city site by Zhou people before the construction of Luoyi. The general idea is that when divining Luoyi, the shell cracked and eroded ink, thinking it was auspicious, that is, building Luoyi as the capital and using it later? Food? To choose a place to build its capital. Historical records? Zhou Benji also has the same record: As a rich king, it was King Wu's intention to bring Zhao Gong back to camp Luoyi. Duke of Zhou resumed divination, died and built, and lived in Jiuding. ? Duke Zhou divined again and finally started work, placing Jiuding in the city.

The emperor of the Zhou Dynasty needed divination when he built the capital, and so did the houses. Sheriff? Big Stuart:? The position of big Stuart? Distinguish the names of ten things from two kinds of soil by the method of soil suitability, so as to know their interests by the house, care for people, birds and animals, flowers and trees, and do everything possible to use soil. ? , points out that one of the responsibilities of the big Stuart, is? Xiangmin building? , use? Appropriate indigenous method? Let people live conveniently, things are rich, and people are rich, so? Buju? That's how it happened.

However? Buju? The word "not living" not only refers to the choice of a house, but also a way of life. For example, in Qu Yuan's Songs of the South during the Warring States Period, it was recorded that Qu Yuan lamented the chaos in the world and did not know where to go. ? Things are unclear: cicadas are important, and thousands of people are light; The yellow bell is destroyed, and the tile thunders; Men are arrogant and wise men are nameless. Hey, I'm silent, but my Lian Zhen! ? . The soothsayer Taibu Zheng Zhanyin said: The husband's feet are short and the inches are long; Lack of things, ignorance; If you can't count, God can't understand. Do whatever you want. Tortoise, honestly, I can't know this. ? The general idea is that you have to rely on your heart to do things, and divination doesn't work.

Taoism prevailed in Han dynasty, and people respected nature, so fortune tellers mostly chose places with beautiful scenery. Biography? Zhong Changtong Biography records Zhong Changtong's wish? Don't lift the Qing Kuang, enjoy its ambition? , made a comment:? There are fertile fields and spacious houses, surrounded by mountains and waters, ditches and ponds, bamboo and wood, in front of nurseries and behind orchards and trees. ? ,? Buju? The word gradually changed to choose a place to settle down. Because the ancients advocated it? Harmony between man and nature? With the development of residential divination, people also choose a good place for the funeral after death, thus gradually forming Feng Shui.

Geomantic omen was gradually formed on the basis of divination in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The concept of geomantic omen was defined in the book Buried Classics written by Guo Pu, an alchemist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Together with the wind, it stops at the sight of water, so it is called feng shui. It is pointed out that the natural environment of "harmony between man and nature" can only produce the geomantic effect of "outstanding people and outstanding land" if the burial place is inevitably lively and the front is hidden to gather gas. Because Guo Pu first put forward the concept of Feng Shui, later generations respectfully called it the originator of Feng Shui.

From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the confrontation between the North and the South, the change of dynasties, frequent wars, the central plains civilization or the central plains regime moved south, for example? Yongjia rebellion, south? The gentry of the Central Plains fled with the south, causing a large number of people from the north to migrate to the south. Therefore, choosing land to live in order to seek the stability of life has become the first choice of many clan families. In addition, metaphysics was advocated at that time, so Buju became a common practice. For example, in the Southern Dynasties (Qi Dynasty), the lowercase poem "Palace": visit Yubei Mountain and live in the West Field. Young people admire birds and flowers, while early people admire Peng Ai. ? .

In the Tang Dynasty, the Li Dynasty respected Laozi as its ancestor, thus establishing the special status of Taoism. In addition, after the Anshi Rebellion, separatist regimes began to appear in the society, and some officials and scholars either avoided disputes and fled the war; Either advocate nature, provide for the elderly, and find a beautiful place to live. For example, Li Bai moved to Anlu, Du Fu fled to Caotang, Bai Juyi settled in Xiangshan, and Buju became popular, and there were many poems about Buju. The works of many famous poets have been handed down from generation to generation. Let's take a look at how these writers live in Buju.

Du Fu has many poems about Buju, such as The Red Armor. Buju moved to Xin, and they saw Wushan Chu Shuichun. ? "Post the topic of Jiangwai Caotang" includes: I am a natural person, and I want to escape from nature. If you love to drink and repair bamboo, there are nymphs in Buju. ? It shows that Buju must choose the land with nymphs. Another poem, Not Living, expresses his love for the quiet place of his new home.

Buju

Don du fu

Huanhuaxi is located at the western end of the water, and its owner is Bulin Tangyou.

Guo is known to be involved, and selling customers in Chengjiang is even more worrying.

Countless dragonflies up and down, a pair? Ups and downs.

To go east to Wan Li, you must go to Yin Shan by boat.

Bai Juyi, a late bloomer, helped the world in the early stage and lived a very comfortable old age in Luoyang in his later years. For official reasons, he has divined divination many times, and there are many poems about divination in Chang 'an, Lantian, Xinchang, Luoyang and Xiangshan, which represent the mentality of different periods. Let's choose two of them to see Bai Juyi's view on divination.

Buju

Tang Bai Juyi

After traveling in Kyoto for twenty years, there is no place to be poor.

It is better to hide than to envy snails.

However, I ask for a place to stand on a cone, so as not to be like a puppet drifter.

However, I am satisfied and dare to bid farewell to the noise.

This poem by Buju points out that when I was young, I was poor in Chang 'an and had no place to stand. Now as long as I have a place to live, even in a noisy city, a small and low house is enough.

Xiang shan Xia bu ju

Tang Bai Juyi

It's always an old trick. The old trick is smoking.

At the beginning of the mountain, the heart of the world is long.

Vines cover stone walls, and streams protect clouds.

If you want to hide deep, there is no such place.

This poem was written in Xiangshan in his later years. The general idea is that when you resign, you should make plans early, and it is best to choose a secluded mountain forest to cultivate your self-cultivation and settle down.

The poet Li Bai experienced many hardships in his life. But he is romantic and generous, and likes to roam mountains and rivers. He was born in the western regions, grew up in Sichuan, settled in Hubei and traveled all over the country. Finally died in Dangtu, Anhui. Among his poems about Buju, there is a poem "Chen Qing gives a friend", including? Many kings escaped algae and hid the people at that time. Shu Wenzhen was depressed and grasped the virtue of Guan Yilun. Buju is here, and the well is beside it. Qing Qin makes clouds and moons, and wine entertains winter and spring. ? Explain that Li Bai likes to live next door to moral experts and love each other. It can be seen that Li Bai chose people rather than places.

The Song Dynasty continued the divination custom of the Tang Dynasty, even more so. Because the Song Dynasty was still an era when Taoism prevailed, all the people, including officials, eunuchs and literati, attached great importance to the choice of residence and funeral. In divination, people first choose their own living area, then choose their own house location, and often hire magicians to carry out divination to determine good or bad luck. For example, the popular "Xiangzhai Jing" at that time explained in detail how to build a house with geomantic omen.

There is an interesting phenomenon in the Song Dynasty, that is, many literati did not choose to return to their roots, but moved and buried in other places. Fan Zhongyan was born in Zhangzhou (now Binxian County, Shaanxi Province), then moved to Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, died in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province and was buried in Yichuan, Henan Province. Ouyang Xiu was born in Jizhou, Luling (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi), was born in Mianzhou (now Mianyang, Sichuan), died in Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) and was buried in Xinzheng, Kaifeng. Su Shi was born in Meizhou, died in Changzhou and was buried in Jiaxian County, Ruzhou. There are many similar situations, which also shows that Buju became a common practice at that time.

In the Song Dynasty, although Buju was careful in the construction of houses and the choice of tombs, he mostly chose places with beautiful scenery as his residence. For example, Su Shi likes Yang Xian very much and has been to places as many as 10 times, so that he wants to live here.

"What does the husband give after the second rhyme? Some people have settled in piling, and they have a cloud with their husbands. "

Song sushi

In Liu, when bamboo shoots are found, romantic parents open and close them.

Xuebu, I beg the sun, and the water army will pay for Huishan.

The bamboo pole sleeps in the wind, and the jade hall falls into the world as grass.

I think it's anxious. Sanzhe is holding ten acres of gossip.

It can be seen that Su Shi, a great literary master, has a special liking for Yangxian's scenery. This poem explains why yang xian was chosen. He wrote in Chu: I'm here to admire you. When I entered Jingxi, my meaning suddenly changed, as if I longed for peaceful coexistence. Death will rejuvenate, almost on the frontier. ? And also said in "Send Ye Chunlao Again":? Gusu in Yangxian bought a field, and anyone who saw it would believe it was a leading edge. ? . But before he died in his later years, he decided to be buried in Ruzhou, mainly because his younger brother Su Zhe and his family were there. In order to take care of the children as a long-term plan, he chose Ruzhou, so he didn't choose envy.

There are many articles about Buju's ancient poems, and the works of many famous poets have been handed down from generation to generation. Limited by space, I won't go into details here. However, judging from the divination of these literati in the Tang and Song Dynasties, they basically chose beautiful, elegant and quiet places as places for literati to cultivate their sentiments and cultivate their self-cultivation, which probably has a lot to do with the literati's love for nature, followed by Feng Shui.