What did the ancients say in classical Chinese?

1. How to translate "sentence" in classical Chinese? Wang Ziyou and Wang Zijing were very ill, and Amethyst died first.

Wang Ziyou asked his soldiers, "Why don't you always hear from Amethyst?" ? This must be what he has eaten. "You don't see any sadness on your face when you talk.

I came to the sedan chair for the funeral, and I didn't cry all the way. Amethyst has always liked playing the piano. (Amethyst) walks in and sits on the spiritual bed. He picked up the amethyst piano and played it. The sound of the strings is not harmonious. Amethyst threw the piano on the ground and said, "Amethyst, your people and the piano are gone!" " So I cried for a long time and almost fainted.

More than a month later, (Yu Zi) also passed away. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Source "Biography of Wang Huizhi in the Book of Jin": "Sacrifice, emblem ... played with the sacrifice of Qin for a long time, sighing:' Alas, Qin is dead! Interpretation: Ziyou: Wang Huizhi Ziyou, Wang Xizhi's son Amethyst: Wang Xizhi's son in Wang Zijing, Wang Xianzhi died: gone, no longer exists.

Du: I never thought of it. (Li M ? o): Totally.

Yu (yú): sedan chair. Tone: coordination.

"Everyone dies" refers to the sadness of seeing relics and mourners. Allusion: Wang Huizhi, the son of Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a soldier under Fu Huan Wen.

His character is unrestrained and detached. His hair is often fluffy and his clothes are not fastened, so he just goes to the streets to find friends and go out to meet guests. Idle Wang Huizhi doesn't often ask about his position.

He used to be the cavalry of General Huan Chong. Once Huan Chong asked him, "What do you care?" He replied vaguely, "Maybe it's about horses." Huan Chong asked again, "How many horses do you care about?" He replied, "I don't know anything about horses. I am an amateur, no matter how far! " Huan Chong asked again, "How many horses have you lost recently?" ? "He said simply," I still can't figure out the live horse, so I can't figure out the horse! " "Wang Huizhi has a younger brother named Wang Xianzhi, named Amethyst, who is also a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Just like his father Wang Xizhi, he is also called "Two Kings".

The two brothers, Hui Zhi and Xian Zhi, have a very good relationship and lived in the same room when they were children. Usually, a brother will admire his younger brother.

One day, the house caught fire. Hui was too scared to put on his shoes and hurriedly fled; Provide it, but it looks the same, with the help of the servant calmly.

One night in the middle of the night, a thief entered their house and tried to steal everything that could be taken away. After Wang Xianzhi found out, he said slowly, "Steal, that green carpet is an old thing of my family, so you can keep it."

Hearing this, the thief ran away in panic. The two brothers often read books together at night and discuss them while reading. They are very interested.

One night, the two of them were reading Ode to Gao Shi together when they suddenly shouted, "Good! The character of single crystal is really noble! " Single crystal is from the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is well-versed in learning and does not flatter powerful people, so he is praised. Huizhi listened and said with a smile: "Single crystal is not as proud as Changqing!" Changqing was the Sima Xiangru of the Han Dynasty. He broke through the shackles of feudal ethics and married Zhuo Wenjun, a talented woman who eloped with him. This was not easy in the society at that time, so the emblem said that he was proud of the world.

Later, Wang Huizhi served as assistant minister of Huangmen (squire around the emperor), so he resigned and went home, because he was not used to the very restrictive life of the court. Coincidentally, not long after he came home, he and Wang Xianzhi began to get sick at the same time, and both of them were seriously ill.

At that time, a magician (fortune teller) said, "At the end of a person's life, if a living person is willing to take his place and give him the rest of his life, then the dying person can live." Hui Zhi said, "My talent and virtue are not as good as my brother's, so let me give him the rest of my years. I am ready first. "

The warlock shook his head: "If you find someone else, you will live long." . Now you don't have much time to live, how can you replace him? "Soon after, he died.

Huizhi didn't cry at the funeral, but just sat there. He took the piano he used before his death and wanted to play a song.

But it can't be adjusted well after a long time. He didn't want to tune any more, so he threw down the piano and said sadly, "Amethyst, Amethyst and piano are all dead."

It means: "Amethyst, Amethyst, you have lost the man and the piano!" " Wang Huizhi was very sad, and soon his illness worsened, and he died after more than a month. Later, people used the phrase "Qin is dead" to express the sadness of seeing relics and mourners.

I tried my best. First of all, I was moved by your research on China culture. Nobody is so serious now.

Writing classical Chinese is not as profound as you think. The rule is this:

First organize what you want to say in modern Chinese and change the key words into the form of ancient Chinese.

You can try to translate some basic modal particles and verbs first. For example, how, how, how, how, how, how, how and how.

Try to read more Chinese ancient books and buy an ancient Chinese dictionary. Accumulate some words, sentence patterns, sentences and so on. However, it is not enough to read a dictionary, which is many times better than classical Chinese, poems and couplets.

With these foundations, we can try to translate some proper nouns, verbs, prepositions, adverbs, quantifiers or units of measurement. But it is difficult to lay this foundation. It is a good idea to memorize when you are young. You can't forget it if you fight. It's very simple to use.

If there are too many back pages, you will develop a sense of language, and slowly you will try to figure out the rules, word order and sentence patterns inside. This is not taught.

I'm going to study.

Translate verbs first: because a word in ancient Chinese represents a word now, that is, reading is translated into reading.

Want to go: translate into desire

Person: I translate: I, or Yu, Yu, etc.

So the whole sentence is translated into: I want to study. Or I want books. Or I want to learn.

Bottom line: read more classical Chinese, recite more poems and accumulate more. Laying a good foundation and writing classical Chinese is nothing at all.

Come on!

3. Learn the first classical Chinese to translate the original text

Confucius said, "You too! Women smell six words and six covers? " Yes: "Not yet." "In (2), my language girl. Kindness is not easy to learn, and its cover is also stupid; If you know well and don't learn well, your cover will waver; Honesty is not easy to learn, and its cover is also a thief; Straight board is difficult to learn, and the cover is distorted; If you are brave and study hard, your cover will be messy. It's hard to learn and crazy. "

The Analects of Confucius? Yang Huo ".

To annotate ...

① six words: six words. These are the following six virtues: benevolence, wisdom, faithfulness, straightforwardness, courage and rigidity. 2 homes: sit down. Thief: harm, harm. 4 wringing: refers to sharp speech. ⑤ Chaos: the little finger is noisy, and the big finger is noisy.

translate

Confucius said, "Zhong You! Have you ever heard of liu de's six diseases? " Lutz replied, "No." Confucius said, "Sit down! Let me tell you something. The disadvantage of loving benevolence without learning etiquette is that it will become stupid; Love smart but don't learn manners, its disadvantage is bohemian; I like to talk about honesty but I don't learn manners. Its disadvantage is that it is easy to be used by others and harm others. I like to be direct, but I don't learn manners. Its disadvantage is that my words are sharp and prickly. Being brave but not learning manners has the disadvantage of causing trouble; If you like being strong and don't learn manners, its disadvantage is boldness. "

4. Basic methods of how to translate classical Chinese: literal translation and free translation.

There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible.

The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible.

Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand.

Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.

Specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, modify, adjust and modify. "Stay" means to keep.

Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names such as names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement, can remain unchanged when translated. "Delete" means delete.

Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai.

"This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated. "Supplement" means supplement.

(1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.

"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words.

For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You". "Adjustment" means adjustment.

Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.

"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, relevant words are vivid.

If "the waves are calm", it can be vividly described as "the lake is calm". Ancient Chinese translation formula ancient Chinese translation has its own order, first browse the whole article and grasp the main idea; Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words.

If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain. Names and place names don't need to be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours.

Omitting inversion is regular. Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.

After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing. It is basic to have a thorough understanding of the explanation of every real function word, just like reading an article. If there are many words you don't know in this article, then you must have a little knowledge or can't understand them.

I think 80% of the real function words have been understood by our classmates now. Let's look at the real function words you don't know with a pen and recite them. Next, I will explain the reading methods and problem-solving skills of classical Chinese.

First, we should master the correct reading method of classical Chinese. As we all know, due to the limitation of time and space, exams are not allowed to use any reference books and can only solve problems independently. Therefore, many students are nervous and often choose the answer after reading the classical Chinese materials.

In fact, this practice is very incorrect. As an exam-oriented reading of classical Chinese, it should be carried out in three steps: the first step: reading the full text for the first time means concentrating on stabilizing your mind, browsing or skipping. In recent years, a biography appeared in the college entrance examination. To read such an article, you should know how many people are recorded. Some people have simple relationships, while others have complicated relationships.

Generally, there is a hero, and heroes can be divided into positive and negative sides, showing a special character and character in the characters. This requires candidates to interpret the relationship between characters and appreciate their unique personality and character.

The author writes a biography, or for some political need or personal purpose, expresses the author's views and attitudes through the biography, requiring candidates to analyze the basic contents of the biography and summarize the author's views and attitudes. Content: The materials of the people and things involved care for each other, take care of each other and be filial, and promote the traditional virtues of the nation; He was also a good official in ancient times, diligent, honest and honest, and enforced the law like a mountain, which not only conforms to the traditional moral norms, but also has practical educational significance.

I can understand 60% to 70% the first time. In the past, some candidates were too strict with themselves when reading jokes. I am anxious when I don't understand it for the first time, and I am entangled in individual sentences. They must understand every word, but it is difficult to understand its meaning.

It should be said that this situation is still very common among students. In fact, you have to understand that the college entrance examination, as an optional exam, is not easy to understand at first glance, and it is normal to not understand it at first. So don't be nervous about it.

Step 2: Read the questions carefully. In this step, the corresponding positions of words, words, sentences and paragraphs that need to be answered in the materials must be implemented one by one. Generally speaking, with the knowledge learned, the easier questions can be basically completed in this step. (Make full use of the given options, and select the correct one through comparison and exclusion. At the same time, in this step, it is particularly important to use several topics, such as word interpretation, sentence translation, analysis and summary, because you can get a lot of information about paragraph understanding from it.

In particular, multiple-choice questions (one of the following statements conforms to the meaning of the text or one of the following statements does not conform to the meaning of the text) contain a lot of information. Although there must be one or several items that do not meet the meaning of the question, mistakes are often only minor problems. Therefore, after reading the last question, your grasp of the meaning of the text will be greatly improved on the basis of the first step.

Step 3: Reread the full text. This step is to understand the full text from a higher level. Roughly equivalent to the level of intensive reading and learning; It not only deepens the understanding of the meaning of the text, but also corrects the mistakes in the first two steps, so it is a process of in-depth review.

After reading this step, it is easy to answer some comprehensive questions. It should be said that the three-step reading method of classical Chinese examination has made many students pass the college entrance examination.

5. Classical Chinese translation "Tiangong Kaiwu" and "Taocong No.7" Taocong: the production of bricks, tiles and ceramics.

The original Song Zi said: Fire and water help Ji. A country with thousands of rooms is short of thousands of people every day, and the civil use is also complicated.

Go to the next room to avoid the wind and rain, but cover it. The princes risked their lives to defend their country, but the walls were too narrow for them to get on.

The clay urn is strong and the wine wants to be clear. Wajie and acyl sugar are recommended. In Shang and Zhou dynasties, cowpea was made of wood, so it was also a quality problem.

Later generations have a miraculous effect on the earth, artificially showing differences, elegant, like jade bone. A few banquets, civilized and awesome. Is it solid at last? Song Zi said: When water is combined with fire and earth, pottery can be made.

In a country with a population of 10,000, it is not enough to use 1000 people to make pottery every day. The people use enough pottery. The house is built with beams to protect it from the wind and rain, and the roof is tiled.

The princes and ministers set up dangerous terrain and situation to stick to their country, and the built city wall was not easy to get up when the enemy invaded. The earthenware jar is thick, but the wine is clear. The tile is clean, and acyl sugar is used as a vegetarian sacrifice (a sacrifice without wine and meat tribute).

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, cowpea and other containers were all made of wood. Is quality important also an idea? Later generations used earth objects to imitate gods, and the performance of man-made objects was different. Pottery has gradually become an elegant tool for people to play with, because the image of jade bone appeared in pottery. This kind of drama is hidden in several cases or banquets, and the image of civilization can be performed. Can't you reach the final state? ○ Wafan used mud to make tiles, dug more than two feet, and chose sand-free clay for it.

Within a hundred miles, it will be produced into a common earth tone for people's living rooms. All residential tiles are divided into four pieces, with buckets as templates, and four boundaries are drawn outside.

Mix the cooked mud and fold it into a rectangle. Then use a wire bow, the line is three points empty, limited by the ruler, flat into the mud (a piece), as if it were lifted from paper and wrapped around the bucket.

After a little drying, demoulding, naturally split into four pieces. There is no fixed formula for the size of each tile in ancient times. The big one is eight or nine inches, and the small one is three tenths smaller.

In rooms and ditches, there should be the largest one, called trench tile, which can keep out the rain and not overflow. After drying, the green body will be burned in the stack kiln, or one or two days and nights, depending on how long the kiln is extinguished.

Watering and turning (sound right) is the same as making bricks. Those hanging on the eaves have dripping water, those not on the roof have cloud tiles, those covering the roof with tiles have hugs, and the images of birds and animals at both ends of the roof are all hand-made, and one is made by fire and water in the kiln.

If it is used in the palace, it will be very different. It is made of glazed tiles, plates or bowls.

Taking eucalyptus globulus as a model, it is made piece by piece, and its soil is taken from Taipingfu (the capital of the boat transport party is 3 thousand miles), which is extremely harmful to people by engaging in false sand and hiring servants to spoil it. Even the Emperor Chengtian's Mausoleum was shot here.

First put it into a glazed tile kiln, and pour 5000 tiles into each firewood. Take it out and paint it green with the decoction of ring finger and brown hair, and yellow with ochre, rosin and cattail.

Then enter another kiln, reduce the fire and force it to be glazed. This is also the case between the Prince's Palace and the Fairy Buddha Hall in other provinces, but the pigments are coordinated, and it is not necessary to use the same, while private houses are forbidden.

○ Where bricks are made of clay, it is necessary to dig to identify the color of the soil, whether it is blue or white, red or yellow. There are many red mud in Guangdong, Fujian, and blue people are famous for their good mud, mostly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. ) are sticky but not scattered, powder but not sand.

Pumping water nourishes the soil. People only count Niu Yi, step into thick mud and fill it in wood. The wire bow will flatten its surface and turn it into a blank shape. Sleeping bricks and side bricks are used for the walls of pheasant houses in Yicheng County.

Sleeping bricks are long and narrow, and battlements are built to cherish and enrich the people. They go straight to the base and do not hesitate to work. The residential calculator is paved with bricks all the way to sleep, and it is filled with gravel to save money.

Anything stuck on the ground outside the wall brick is called a square brick. The Towa people on the purlin are called yellow bricks.

Bow bridges, ghost gates and tombs are called knife bricks and bow bricks. The narrow and one-sided place of the knife brick is tightly packed and round, so that the horses and chariots can not be crushed.

Make a square brick, put the mud into a square, cover the surface with a flat plate, stand on it with two people's feet, polish and reinforce it, and pour it effectively. The mason grinds the edges and then grinds the ground.

Knife brick looks a little more directly at the wall brick, while Wong brick has ten points as one of the wall bricks, and square brick has ten points as one of the enemy wall bricks. After the bricks are green, they enter the kiln, and the firepower is 200 times that of the day and night.

There are firewood kilns and coal kilns for burning bricks. Turn green and black with wages and white with coal.

When three holes are drilled on the top of the firewood kiln to smoke and the fire stops, plug the holes with mud and then turn to water to drill holes. Where the temperature is below one or two degrees, not only the color, but also the tender fire brick.

True colors are mixed, frost and snow are soluble, and the soil is still. One or two bricks have cracks on the surface, and three or two bricks shrink and crack, and warping does not stretch, which is not suitable for use.

Skilled users use it as a foundation in buried soil, but it also has the use of bricks. When you look at the fire, you can see the inner wall from the kiln door. The soil is exposed to the fire, and its shape and spirit are shaking. If gold and silver are extremely melted, Tao Chang can tell.

The method of turning around is to make a flat land on the top of the kiln, circle it slightly and pour water on it. Bricks and tiles cost 40 stones.

The water god penetrated under the soil film and felt the fire. Fire and water ji ji, its quality lasts forever.

If the coal kiln is twice as deep as the firewood kiln, the bow on it will become smaller and smaller, and the top will not be capped. Inside, coal is used to make a five-foot wide cake. Each piece of coal is separated by a layer of bricks, and reeds are paid to ignite.

If the imperial house is made of bricks, the largest factory is in Linqing, and the Ministry of Industry is in charge. The initial colors are deputy brick, coupon brick, flat brick, table brick, axe blade brick, square brick and so on. And then remove half the leather.

Shipment to Beijing, 40 yuan per ship, half the fare. Those who decorate the main hall with square bricks are all made in Suzhou.

Its glazed tiles have been printed with "tiles". Paid taiji factory, burned by black kiln cloud.

○ Tao is a genus with hundreds of species. Big jars, medium bowls, small bottles and jars, and rustic money system will not work.

Whoever made it must be a round rather than a square device. After trying to find the mud, the pottery car is still turning.

Skillful kung fu kneading mud according to the size of the viewer has not increased much. The two men helped the mud rotate, and they squeezed it. Dragon and phoenix jars (a real kiln in Quyang and Yangzhou, Zhengding) are different from the Nanzhi flower jars used for migration, so they are all straight or hundreds or fifty times.

Everything with ears and mouth is another, and it is muddy. Pottery has a bottom and nothing.