How to explore Chinese characters in high school Chinese textbooks.

1. Teaching objectives:

Make use of multimedia courseware to make students understand the ancient Chinese characters in China as a whole and enhance their understanding and love for Chinese characters and China culture; Accumulate and sort out the origin, font, composition and culture of Chinese characters.

2. Suggestions for curriculum implementation:

Make full use of modern technology, pictures give students a more intuitive feeling, and let students learn to hand-draw ancient Chinese characters.

3. Curriculum evaluation suggestions:

Write an essay about Chinese characters.

4. Teaching difficulties:

How to arouse students' interest in ancient Chinese characters and guide them to understand the ancient wisdom contained in Chinese characters?

5. Teaching philosophy:

Create a learning atmosphere through ancient myths and legends, picture appreciation and hands-on painting.

6. Teaching hours; 3 class hours

Teaching content:

First, import:

Every nation has its own written language, and each nation's written language has its own characteristics. Chinese characters are the most distinctive and attractive characters in the world. Today we will appreciate its subtleties.

Second, the charm of Chinese characters:

What are Chinese characters? Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in the world, and they are written symbols for recording Chinese. Formally, it has gradually changed from a figure to a square symbol composed of strokes, so Chinese characters are generally called "square characters". Chinese characters can often arouse our wonderful and bold associations and give people beautiful enjoyment.

(A) the artistic conception of Chinese characters. The charm of China's Chinese characters is that they can create unexpected artistic conception. In the article Listening to Cold Rain, Mr. Yu Guangzhong mentioned that "as long as Cang Xie's inspiration persists, as long as the beautiful China people are not old, the image and magnetic centripetal force will always be there". The seemingly dull square characters can be combined into such a beautiful artistic conception. The words "Spring Rain, Apricot Blossom and Jiangnan" are painted into a picture, which shows us the beautiful spring scenery in Jiangnan and makes overseas travelers homesick. Just Ma Zhiyuan's "old trees, withered vines, faint crows, small bridges, flowing water and people" has created a "Qiu Si's plan to keep people" that we can't help but sigh; Xu Zhimo touched the innocent love of boys and girls with "I left gently, just as I came gently, I waved goodbye to the clouds in the western world"; Mao Zedong's Swift gives people a broad and far-reaching artistic conception, and also conveys the author's heroic feelings.

Question to ponder: Can students give any examples that reflect the artistic conception of Chinese characters? Please give an example. )

(2) Chinese characters express beauty. Although learning a foreign language has become a common practice now, we can admit that Chinese characters have charm in ideographic sense that other phonography can't achieve. Mr. Yu Guangzhong's admiration for Chinese characters is wonderful: "For example, write a word' rain' out of thin air, bit by bit, tick by tick, all feelings and rain are the same." What is the visual beauty that this rain or rain can satisfy? "

(3) The physical beauty of Chinese characters. Chinese calligraphy is a unique and elegant art. Everyone has studied Preface to Lanting Collection, and knows that Wang Xizhi is known as "the best running script in the world" because of his different writing methods of the twenty-one "zhi", and his calligraphy is also known as "floating like a cloud, just like a dragon". There is also Yan Liu's calligraphy, which is called "Yan Gu", and the exquisite and beautiful Euclid regular script are very artistic. (Multimedia Painting and Calligraphy Exhibition)

(4) Chinese characters have precipitated the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, with a large amount of information and rich expressive ability. With the birth of Chinese characters, Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records produced four classical novels, the New Culture Movement, Qu Yuan and Sima Qian, Cao Xueqin and Lu Xun. Through Chinese characters, let our children and grandchildren know the Millennium of China and the profound connotation of the Oriental Dragon. Chinese characters were not destroyed in the smoke of Qin Shihuang, in the sufferings of the invaders and under the slavery policy of western powers. Chinese characters stood proudly on the land of China with its Fang Zhengzhi spirit.

Question: Have you found other advantages of Chinese characters? Please express your opinions. )

In a word, Chinese characters have a long history and are profound. When we learn Chinese characters, we enter a wonderful world. The more we learn, the more interesting it becomes. Mr. An Zijie, a well-known person in Hong Kong who is proficient in many languages and has a good knowledge of Chinese characters, once said: "It is the pride of the Chinese nation to have such characters. Speaking Chinese characters is a great invention of China and a great contribution to mankind. "

Third, the origin of Chinese characters:

Chinese characters were created by our Han ancestors in the long-term social practice for the needs of life and communication. It is generally believed that the oldest Chinese character is "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" in Shang Dynasty from 13 BC to 165438 BC. But before Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we learned some ancient historical theories about the origin of Chinese characters, some of which were mythical. These old sayings are not all nonsense, but some are hearsay.

There are six kinds of legends about the origin of characters, which can be roughly divided into two categories: one is about the period before the appearance of characters, and the other is about the creation of characters themselves. From these legends, we can get a glimpse of the causes of the original Chinese characters and some historical conditions in the transition from the original Chinese characters to the mature writing system.

(A) Knot word theory

The idea of tying a rope was first seen in the Book of Changes? Quotations: "In ancient times, the method of tying a rope was used, and later saints used books easily. A hundred officials rule, and the people inspect and cover everything. " Zhuangzi? "Sasakawa" also said: "In the past, Rongcheng, Dating, Bo Huang, Central, Lulu, Li Liu, Xuanyuan, Xushi He, Zunlu, Zhurong, Fu Xishi and Shennong were all used." According to these two statements, knots were used for a long time in ancient times, and Shennong used knots for the last time. As for how to implement the method of memorizing knots, The Book of Changes quoted JUNG WOO's Jiu Jia Yi as saying: "The ancients had no words, but made vows and made big knots. The number of knots depends on the number of things; It is enough to treat each other with sincerity. " The resolution of human knots is very low, and major issues can only be marked by big knots and summaries. Although the recording function of knotting is very weak, the theory of knotting is not only proved by the folklore of later generations, but also can analyze the rationality of its existence from the logic of historical development, so it is credible.

(2) The legend of sculpture

This is a legend comparable to the knot theory. Carving various marks and marks on bamboo, wood and other materials for record is deed carving. This is also a widely used method in ancient times. Preface to Shangshu: "Ancient Fu is the king of the world." Among them, "book" is another matter, and "deed" refers to what is engraved and engraved. (Multimedia display of pottery sculpture at Majiayao Neolithic Site, Dawenkou Cultural Site in Shandong Province and Dinggong Neolithic Site)

(C) gossip theory

Gossip is a special symbol used by ancient witches to predict good or bad luck. Song? Zheng Qiao wrote in his Chronicle? Six books? From a vertical perspective, it is considered that various Chinese characters have been formed due to the vertical and horizontal changes of gossip symbols. This view is hard to believe. Limited images, whether gossip or eight, eight or sixty-four, are difficult to evolve many original Chinese characters. But we can't rule out some cultural connection between Chinese character configuration and gossip.

Eight diagrams are eight basic figures in the Book of Changes, which are composed of the whole line "-"(representing Yang) and the broken line "-"(representing Yin). Every two hexagrams are opposites, of which the opposition of Yin and Yang is fundamental. The combination of yin and yang and sympathy produces everything. Positive and negative, change, development, contradiction and dialectical factors. Science and superstition are incompatible, but sometimes they are wonderfully intertwined, just one step away.

(D) Cang Xie's theory of Ci.

According to legend, during the period of the ancient Yellow Emperor, historian Cang Xie created Chinese characters according to natural phenomena such as the sun, the moon, the stars and the footprints of birds and animals. The creation of characters in Cangjie has a great influence and is recorded in ancient books. "Lu Chunqiu? Review? JUNSHOU: "Xi Zhong makes cars and books, Hou Ji makes crops, Kunwu makes pottery, and summer rolls into cities. These six people did a good job, but they were not the main road. Did everything wrong? "Wu Shu": "The ancient Cang Xie book is also known to Cang Xie, which means that it refers to Ringo, refers to the back, and the office is against it." In the Han Dynasty, Cang Xie was mythologized. Huainanzi? Ben Jing Xun: "In the past, Cang Xie wrote books, but when it rains, ghosts cry at night." "In general? Bonology: "Cang Xie's four eyes are the history of the Yellow Emperor." (Multimedia demonstration of Cang Xie statue and Cangjie word table)

In fact, writing is not created by one person. Just like Xunzi? Fu Jie said: "There are many good books, but Cang Xie's personal biography is also one." As a symbol system of recording language, characters were created and accumulated by our ancestors in the long-term productive labor. New words appeared in each dynasty, and the number of words in the later dynasty gradually increased compared with that in the previous dynasty, which is enough to prove this point. For example, the words "hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, nitrogen, tungsten, silicon" were all produced in modern times.

(5) The legend of "Hutuluo"

Writing is a gift from God, which may be an independent development of writing. The legend of Chinese characters also retains a little divine shadow. "River painting" and "Luo publishing books" are just myths of early people. It may reflect that characters or some symbols before characters first appeared in Heluo area, but it can't reflect the true origin of characters. Words admired by later generations. God gave it to increase the mystery of words.

(6) The theory of "starting with characters" about Chinese characters.

The person who created this shallow view was Zheng Qiao in Song Dynasty. He believes that all Chinese characters are evolved from the word "one", and his only basis is the arrangement order of 540 radicals in Xu Shen's Shuowenjiezi, that is, the first radical is the word "one" and the first 540 radicals are the word "sea". Therefore, Zheng Qiao put forward that the word "one" can be changed in five ways to summarize the various structures of Chinese characters.

Fourth, the evolution of Chinese characters:

Use multimedia and pictures to familiarize students with the characteristics of Chinese characters with different shapes;

1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones with high pictographic degree and unstable font direction. (Showing the statue of the discoverer Wang of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the words on the tortoise shell of Shang Dynasty)

2. The words engraved on the bronzes. The pictographic degree is still relatively high, but there is a trend of line drawing. (Showing the words on the Western Zhou Mao)

3. Big seal script: also known as Wen Shu, who inherited bronze inscriptions and started small seal script. (Showing the big seal on the Western Zhou Dynasty artifacts)

4. Xiao Zhuan: After Qin unified the six countries, Xiao Zhuan became the national language. The font of Xiao Zhuan is regular and symmetrical, the font style is simplified, and the pictographic degree is further reduced. (Showing Qin Xiaozhuan)

5. Official script: the characters are upright, the long horizontal painting is slightly undulating, and the right oblique pen has feet. (Li Shucheng Temple Han Bamboo Slips Exhibition)

6. cursive script: it is a simple font that assists official script. Writing in Lian Bi is scrawled and has artistic aesthetic value. (Showing Xian Yu's book "Shigu Song" and "Peach Blossom Garden")

7. Running script: between cursive script and regular script, it is easier to identify and write than cursive script. (Wang Xizhi's calligraphy "Preface to Lanting Collection", exhibited by Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan)

Thinking: Let the students talk about their favorite fonts according to the pictures displayed and their understanding of Chinese characters in this lesson, and encourage them to express their opinions. Teachers should properly guide and reason. )

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the formation of Chinese characters

(A) "Liu Shu Shuo" and "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"

The ancients summarized the formation methods of Chinese characters into six types, namely "pictographic characters, fingering, knowing characters, pictographic characters, phonetic symbols, phonetic symbols and loanwords", namely "Six Books". However, the "Six Books" did not exist before the creation of Ci, but were summarized by later writers. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty systematically expounded the "Six Books".

The symbols of Chinese characters that appeared in the early days are mostly symbols that vividly describe things. Therefore, in the Six Books, pictograph, signifier, knowing and pictophonetic characters are the ways to form words, while Zhuan Zhu and borrowing are the ways to use words. It can be said that in the process of Chinese character glyph change, it gradually develops from "pictographic" to "ideographic". Let's look at several word formation.

1. "Pictograph" not only simplifies the graphics of things, but also is the earliest Chinese character symbol. For example, ""is painted like a tree and "fire" is painted like a flame. "Doors" and "cars" are like doors and cars. The teacher is drawing on the blackboard.

2. "Refers to things" refers to new words composed of pictographs and symbols. Ideographic characters must be like the shape of the thing to be described. Objective things are complex, and concrete images can be drawn, while some abstract things cannot be described. At this time, it needs to be expressed by symbols. Therefore, the method of "pointing things" came into being. For example, "up" and "down" are invisible images, which are represented by drawing a short line above and below a long line. For example, add a short line under the "wood" to represent the root of the tree, and add a short line to the edge of the knife to represent the blade. The teacher draws pictures on the blackboard for students to understand.

3. The chiseling method of putting two or more pictographs or finger characters together and combining their meanings into a new meaning is "knowledge". Instead, "out" consists of a "stop" and a half frame, indicating that the foot comes out of the spine. "One step" and "two stops" refer to walking with two feet alternately. "Hugh" consists of a Chinese character and a wooden character, which means that people rest against a tree. The word "cong" is two "people", which means that one person walks in front and the other person follows; The word "finish", two people standing side by side, is relatively tall. Why is the sky so bright? The combination of "day" and "month" is "Ming"

4. Only when Chinese characters develop into ideographic stage can they be used for communication. However, the ideographic methods of Chinese characters are still limited. Because our communication is often carried out through language, and language depends on sound. Because of the need of communication, the word-formation method of pictophonetic characters came into being. Pictophonetic characters are composed of pictophonetic characters and phonological characters. Such as: grass, houses, mud, villages, rot, etc. Pictophonetic characters have strong ability to create characters, so pictophonetic characters occupy a large proportion in Chinese characters.

Sixth, Chinese character culture.

(1) With regard to writing culture, the world today is divided into five cultural circles.

The cultural circle of Chinese characters represents Confucian culture and later Buddhist culture, including China, Japan, Korea and Singapore. The Indian alphabet cultural circle represents Hindu and Buddhist cultures, including India and Bangladesh. The Arabic alphabet cultural circle represents Islamic culture, including Arab countries, and the Slavic alphabet cultural circle includes Russia, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. Cultures permeate each other. Without a unified culture, national boundaries are not equal to the edge of cultural circles. As the world becomes more and more "global village", it will become more and more difficult to distinguish the cultural languages of different countries.

(2) About Chinese character culture

Because Chinese characters have the physical structure of reading, they still retain the cultural information when they were created, including the ideology and the concept of the times when they were created. For example, the ancient word "female" means a person kneeling on the ground with his hands crossed on his chest. This vividly shows China's submission to women's life and obedience to men two or three thousand years ago. Another example is "home". The top "Bao Gaier" means a house, and the bottom "shǐ" means a pig. There are pigs under the house, which is home. This reflects that in ancient China, pigs were a symbol of wealth, and the more pigs there were, the more wealth there was. The word "home" was later extended to the place where people lived.

Chinese characters contain rich cultural knowledge and are worth exploring. For example, Chinese characters are closely related to year numbers, surnames, names, couplets, calligraphy and seal cutting. And many Chinese characters are related to some allusions and anecdotes.

Arrange extracurricular activities:

1. Chinese character culture is extensive and profound. Please collect materials that can reflect the culture of Chinese characters after class and organize an exchange seminar on "I love Chinese characters".

2. Conduct calligraphy art and seal cutting competitions.

3. Write a short article about learning Chinese characters.

Questioner's question 2009- 10- 10 20:50

If, as students, the group * * * discusses this problem and then selects a representative to report to you, how should we report?

Respondent added 2009-10-1021:05.

You just have to shorten it:

Every nation has its own written language, and each nation's written language has its own characteristics. Chinese characters are the most distinctive and attractive characters in the world. Today we will appreciate its subtleties.