What cultural relics were unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb?

The tomb of the rich is the only well-preserved royal tomb of Shang Dynasty in the ruins of Yin Ruins in Anyang City, Henan Province. It is an inconspicuous medium-sized tomb of Shang Dynasty, located on a hilly land in the northwest of Xiaotun Village in Yin Ruins.

Yin Ruins were the capital of the late Shang Dynasty. According to documents, from Pan Geng's migration to Yin to his downfall, there were 12 kings in eight generations. According to the chronology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties listed in the Dating Project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it is confirmed that Pan Geng moved to Yin in BC 1300, and the acceptable year is BC 1046. * * * For more than 200 years, it is indisputable that the Shang Dynasty lived in Yin for the longest time.

Fu Hao, one of the three wives of Wu Ding, the 23rd monarch of Shang Dynasty, was an outstanding female general of Shang Dynasty, and was deeply trusted and favored by King Wu Ding of Shang Dynasty.

Fu Hao's tomb is more than 5 meters long, about 4 meters wide and 7 meters deep. There is a great hall called "Mother Believers" by Oracle Bone Inscriptions on the tomb. According to legend, Xiangtang was originally a ancestral temple built in Wu Ding, Shang Zhouwang, to sacrifice his wife's well-being, with the temple name "Xin".

Although the tomb of Fu Hao is small, it is well preserved and the funerary objects are extremely rich. 65,438+0,928 cultural relics with different textures were unearthed, such as bronzes, jade articles, precious stones and ivory vessels.

There are nearly 200 bronzes with inscriptions in Fu Hao's tomb. There are hundreds of inscriptions on the "Fu Hao", of which two large bronze cymbals are the most eye-catching, one with dragon pattern and the other with tiger pattern, each weighing 89 kilograms.

According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's judgment, this is the weapon used by Muhao before his death. According to textual research, bronze cymbals were also symbols of kingship and military power in Shang Dynasty. Seeing them, it seems to show the heroic spirit of women who galloped on the battlefield that year.

Fu Hao lived in the first half of12nd century when Wu Ding rectified the Shang Dynasty. She was the earliest female politician and strategist in China. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, Fu Hao presided over various types and names of sacrificial ceremonies and divination activities many times, and used theocracy to serve the rule of Shang Dynasty.

In addition, Fu Cha was repeatedly sent by Wu Ding to fight with troops, looking for Turks in the north, attacking foreigners in the southeast, and defeating the Pakistani army in the southwest, which made great contributions to the expansion of the territory of Shang Dynasty. Wu Ding loved her very much, granted her an independent fief, and often prayed to ghosts and gods to bless her health and longevity.

However, Fu Hao died before Wu Ding. Wu Ding was very sad, so she was buried in the northwest of Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, with 755 pieces of jade, which was the largest and most concentrated tomb in Shang Dynasty.

There are many kinds of jade carvings in Fu Hao's tomb, which shows the high level of jade production at that time. The figures in these jade carvings are the most important part, and they are valuable materials for understanding and studying the sculpture art, race, clothing system, class relationship and lifestyle of Shang Dynasty.

These sculptures are used for wearing, inlay and decoration, not independent sculptures, but they reflect that the sculpture creation in Shang Dynasty accurately grasped the position and body proportion of the five senses of the head, and could intentionally enlarge the realistic ability of the head in a small scope. Paying attention to hairstyles and crown-style clothes shows the ability to observe the different social status of characters.

Among them, the expressionless face and prominent eyes of the characters are the embodiment of the popular carving and decoration techniques at that time, which have obvious characteristics of the times.

The raw materials of the jades in Regal Tomb were identified as Xinjiang jade, only three of which are similar to those in xiuyan jade, one of which is probably dushan jade, and a small amount of siliceous slate and marble.

This shows that the jade used by the Shang royal family is mainly Hetian jade from Xinjiang, which is different from the jade used by other nobles and leaders of various countries, thus ending the stage of using colored stone jade in ancient China for two or three thousand years.

Jade in the tomb of the rich is mainly composed of different shades of sapphire, while white jade and topaz are rare. In addition to the royal jades, there are also jades from local countries. If there is an inscription that says "Fang Lu", it reflects the technological characteristics of Shang Yu jade and jade articles.

Jade carving techniques include yin line, yang line, plane, concave surface and three-dimensional techniques. There are often a variety of carving methods on a jade article, and the decent treatment of patterns has also changed.

Jade articles with various animal shapes are decorated with mythical dragons and phoenixes, exotic birds and animals with heads and birds, and a large number of them are bionic images of various animals, most of which are wild animals, domestic animals and birds, such as tigers, bears, elephants, monkeys, deer, horses, cows, sheep, rabbits, geese, parrots, fish, frogs and insects, and some of them are still rare.

Jade carving artists are good at grasping the ecological characteristics and habits of different animals, and the carved animal images are full of life, like a deer looking back, showing a wary look; The mantis with its head tilted to one side is carefree and vivid.

In addition to jade, there are turquoise, malachite, green crystal carvings and agate beads.

The artistic features of jade articles in Fu Hao's tomb not only inherited the artistic tradition of primitive society, but also made some innovations according to real life. For example, Yulong inherited the Jade Dragon from Hongshan Culture, and it still belongs to the Snake Dragon System, which has changed. Its head is bigger, its horns, eyes, mouth and teeth are more prominent, its body is covered with rhombic scales, its head is held high and its mouth is open, its body is curled and its shape tends to be perfect.

The jade phoenix in Fu Hao's tomb is a new form, with high crown and beak, short wings and long tail, which is elegant and free and easy, in contrast to Yulong. The appearance of jade carvings such as Yulong, Yufeng and Longfeng may be related to witchcraft.

Jade statues, jade tigers and other animal jade carvings come from life, and accurately reflect the animal's personality with exaggerated symbolic techniques, such as taming tame elephants and fierce and flexible tigers.

Jade people are the most precious part of the jade in the tomb of Nu Wa Haofu, such as the peerless jade kneeling person, wearing a hoop-shaped head with a tube ornament in front, wearing a collared robe with a lower edge and ankles, kneeling on the ground with both hands, a wide waist, a long strip hanging from the front of the abdomen, an animal pattern with the word "official" on his shoulders, and an S-shaped snake pattern on his right leg. His face is long and narrow, with fine eyebrows and big eyes, wide nose and small mouth, and his expression. It's hard to say whether she is the owner of the tomb or a lady.

Whether it is a jade bird, a jade beast or a jade man, it is a front or side shape, which is the same feature of jade carvings in the tomb of a good woman and even jade articles in the Shang Dynasty.

A large number of jade articles in Fu Hao's tomb show that jade articles played a very important role in the life of Shang nobles, which is also the earliest example of "jade never leaves the body". Shang culture was formed through long-term development. As can be seen from jade articles, some advanced factors of Neolithic culture were absorbed in the process of development, and continuous development and innovation enriched the connotation of Shang culture.

In addition, the large bronze ritual vessels, weapons and ivory vessels in Fu Hao's tomb also show the prosperity of Shang Dynasty and the development level of handicrafts.

There are 468 bronzes, mainly ritual vessels and weapons. There are all kinds of ritual vessels, including cookers, food vessels, wine vessels and water vessels. In pairs or groups, there is a pair of Yan Zun, Yan and Xiao Fang Ding with the inscription "Fu Hao", such as Yuan Ding 12 pieces, 6 pieces in each group, 8 pieces in copper bucket, and 4 pieces in each group.

The inscription "Four Wooden Hearts" includes a wide tripod and a pair of four-legged fetters. Other inscriptions include paired square pots, square statues and round plaques. , more is equipped with 10 and 10.

There are 190 bronzes with inscriptions, among which there are * * * 109 bronzes with the inscription "Fu Hao", accounting for more than half of the bronzes with inscriptions, and there are many large heavy objects and vessels with novel and unique shapes. For example, the statue of the owl and the circle foot are beautiful in shape and complicated in pattern. Sanlian Zhen and even Fang Yi appeared for the first time.

The triple dewatering cylinder consists of a rectangular dewatering cylinder and three large dewatering cylinders. The hanger is shaped like a ban, and there are three raised trumpet-shaped rings on the surface, which can hold three large ones. The abdominal cavity is hollow and flat-bottomed, with six flat short feet under it and a cross-shaped cast seam on the outsole.

The shelf is decorated with three groups of dragon patterns, which are wrapped around three rings. The faucet is made into a side shape, with both ends facing down and the middle head facing up. There is an animal face and a dragon in front of a dragon. The dragon's body and tail are decorated with diamond patterns and small triangle patterns. The four corners of the frame are decorated with cow's head patterns, and the cow's mouth faces outwards.

The walls around the circle mouth are decorated with triangular patterns and moire patterns. The four walls of the frame also have fine patterns: five groups of dragon patterns and six large round fire patterns are decorated on both sides of the long side, which are separated from each other, and the bottom is decorated with 10 triangle patterns; There are Yi Long in the middle of both sides of the short side, and the two sides are decorated with large round fire patterns. The main patterns are mainly thunder patterns. There is an inscription on the inner wall of Central.

Bamboo slips are very big in shape. Open, the lower abdomen is pointed and the bottom is concave, with three fan-shaped holes at the bottom, and the animal head has semi-circular hollow ears. There are two thin ribs under the mouth, decorated with two groups of Youlong patterns, and each group has two dragons with their heads facing each other, and the thunder pattern is the ground. The upper and lower sides of the dragon body are filled with circular fire patterns respectively. There are inscriptions on the inner wall under the mouth and the outer wall under the ear of the three retort boxes respectively.

Triple dehydration cylinder is a combination of digester and dehydration cylinder. It can steam three kinds of same or different retort foods at the same time, and it is mobile and convenient to use, which is an innovation of cooker.

This even square easy cover in a woman's tomb is like a roof, with symmetrical short column buttons at both ends, and seven square covers and seven pointed covers on the long side, just in line with the notch of the body. The lid and body of the pot are decorated with gluttonous patterns, Kui Wen, bird patterns and triangular patterns.

The weapons of Fu Hao's tomb are Ge, Yue and Zhong, among which two large bronze cymbals engraved with the word "Fu Hao" are the most eye-catching. One of them is decorated with two tigers grabbing people's heads. The tigers are vivid like little tigers. Similar patterns can be seen on the ears of the "Simuwu" cauldron. Seems to have a deterrent effect.

Bronze cymbals are cold weapons used for chopping in ancient China. Consists of an axe body and an axe handle. An axe is made of stone, copper or iron, and its handle is made of wood. The shape of the graupel is similar to that of an axe, but the difference is that the graupel is thin and the blade is wide and round. As a symbol of military power, cymbals are mostly well-cast, and human faces or animal faces are carved on cymbals, giving people a deterrent.

There are three ivory cups in Fu Hao's tomb, and two are in pairs. One of them is shaped like a cup, and the whole body is engraved with exquisite patterns of gluttony, dragons and birds. Its mouth, eyes, eyebrows, nose and body are inlaid with turquoise, and the pattern is engraved with fine. " There is a bamboo on one side of the cup, with the patterns of birds and dragons on it. Its eyes, beak, feathers, claws, eyebrows and body are also inlaid with turquoise.

Another ivory cup is the tallest ivory cup in China, which is a national treasure with beautiful shape and exquisite carving.

More than 6,800 seashells were also found in the tomb, which were identified as money, 1 Arabian seashells and two red snails. Seashells are produced in Taiwan Province Province and South China Sea, which reflects the direct and indirect connection between Shang Dynasty and East China Sea and South China Sea, which is extremely important evidence.