Did the ancient soldiers in China salute?

Author: 73.html, Meng Xiang and Meng Jia posted in China Historical Iron and Blood Forum /BBS.

Baidu

Military salute is a ceremony for divisions and brigades to perform conquest. Zhou Li Chun Guan Da Zongbo said, "Unify the country by military salute", which means to make those unruly monarchs obey and agree with them by military salute. Zhou Li's military salute includes the following contents:

The host's gift is also with the public; The gift of great equality is also compassionate; Daejeon's gift is very simple; Great service ceremony, let the public also; The gift of the big seal is also linked.

[Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]

"Master's gift" refers to the conquest of the army; "Peace ceremony" refers to equal land and tax collection; Gift of Daejeon, specifying the hunting period; "Big service ceremony" refers to civil engineering such as architecture and construction; "The gift of national seal" refers to the demarcation of boundaries and the establishment of boundary markers. The ritual books of later generations also include shooting ceremony, offering sacrifices to Taoism, saving the sun and the moon for food, and cutting drums. Here are only a few things about fighting, proofreading, hunting and horse administration.

The first is the adventure ceremony.

1. Leave for sacrifice

There is a difference between the army going out, the emperor's personal expedition and the command to go out, and the etiquette specifications of the two are different. Before the army went out to war, there were many sacrificial activities, mainly offering sacrifices to heaven, land, temples and military gods.

Before going out to war, offering sacrifices to heaven was called a kind of sacrifice. In the suburbs, we will burn firewood, sacrifices, coins and so on. And report the coming conquest to God, which shows that we will pay tribute to heaven and punish the enemy in the name of God. In ancient times, there were just days and soft days. A, C, E, G, and Ren are the positive days, and the positive days belong to Yang, so foreign affairs can only be the positive days. The specific day of the kind of sacrifice held on the first day is determined by divination.

Before the expedition, the place of sacrifice was called a house. Society is the land god. Conquering the enemy is to defend the country, so it is called "Yi". Later generations will also hold sacrifices to society (in a narrow sense, the local land god), land (land is the land god relative to the sky) and mountains, rivers, lakes and seas. The sacrificial society still takes jade coins and calves buried in the pit as gifts.

[Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]

Tell the temple to build you before the war. Creation means sacrifice. You were originally a temple, but later generations are ancestral temples, not just ancestral temples. Su Temple has the symbolic meaning of being instructed by the ancestors.

Sacrifice to military gods and flags is called "sacrifice". The military god Xuanyuan Huangdi, Chiyou. When offering sacrifices, you should kill the sacrifice and paint the military flag and snare drum with the blood of the sacrifice, which is called the flag drum. The flag of the army is called "Tooth Flag". As the old saying goes, "Tooth Flag is the essence of a general and the shape of an army". (18) The sacrificial son, also known as "tooth sacrifice", is the flag of tooth sacrifice. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was often a "tooth-making" ceremony before going out to war. The flag was hung and the teeth were cut off. Many famous literati, such as Chen Ziang and Liu Zongyuan, have written about "offering a tooth" and "discovering a tooth".

After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Book of Rites said that the Emperor of Heaven had six armies and implemented the six-grade system. That is, an army has a flag. Therefore, the sacrificial ceremony should not only sacrifice the tooth flag, but also sacrifice six flags, build an altar, lay a flag, erect a sacred position, dig a ridge, and bury a coffin. The etiquette is more complicated.

Sacrifice originally meant "five soldiers in the shrine". Later, the types of weapons continued to develop, and the sacrifices of weapons and competent gods gradually increased. In the Ming Dynasty, Qiqi Temple was specially built. The gods sacrificed in the temple are the flag-bearer general, the six-flag god, the five-flag god, the god who commands warships, the god who shoots guns with golden drums and horns, the god who flies crossbows, the god before and after the battle, and the god who flies stones. However, this is no longer a sacrifice before the conquest, but a permanent temple. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty personally collected the temple flag and built the Royal Camp Huanglong Banner, which was later divided into the Eight Banners and the Eight Firearms Camp. The emperor dressed in military uniform, armed with sabre, rode out of the palace and led the soldiers to kneel and kowtow three times. When going to war, you must pass through the main road, so you should sacrifice to the god of the main road, that is, "sacrifice." In ancient times, there was a sacrifice of "committing crimes" when driving out. Sacrifice is to seal a small mound on the road, with branches and plants as gods. The rider holds the chariot in one hand and pours the wine on the two axle ends of the chariot in the other (the ancients called it "chariot", zh ǐ; Or "yi", then poured water on the baffle in front of the carriage, and then drank all the wine. After the sacrifice, I drove across the fence, indicating that I could take the main road from now on. (19) Later emperors personally signed the personal expedition, and the funeral ceremony was held overseas. The sheep were slaughtered and buried in front of the altar. There is no record of Li Ji in the ritual books after Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty.

Swear allegiance

After the sacrificial ceremony, the troops going out to war have an oath ceremony, which generally tells the soldiers the purpose and significance of going out to war, exposes the evil of the enemy, and emphasizes discipline and style, that is, a pre-war mobilization and education. The Oath of Gan, the Oath of Tang and the Oath of Mu Zhi in Shangshu are all famous oaths of pledging teachers in ancient times. If he is destined to go out, the son of heaven will summon generals and generals of the whole army in the ancestral temple and offer them sacrifices to heaven (later generations often give swords). The king picked up the axe and handed it to the general, indicating that he would be granted complete control over the army. In the early Qing Dynasty, an oath ceremony was held at the same time. Nuerhachi declared war on the Ming Dynasty for three years (16 18, forty-six years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), and swore the "seven great hates" in the temple, with seven "charges" such as killing Ming fathers and brothers, arresting and killing messengers, sheltering and helping Ye Heshi as the content, telling the sky and mobilizing troops. Huang taiji worships virtue and sends his generals into the Ming Dynasty. The emperor personally sent them outside the city and asked the princes, Baylor and Beizi who participated in the war: Have you forgotten the "seven great hates"? Everyone said in unison: I didn't forget! So, three shots were fired and the army set off. 3. Military punishment and reward

[Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]

When the army is marching outside to fight, rewards and punishments must be strict. "Shangshu Shi Gan" said: "Repay ancestors with life and sacrifice society with life." Confucius Cong (20) also said: "Those who use their lives are given a title before the ancestral temple, and those who commit crimes in the north are punished in the country." The so-called "ancestor worship" means that when the emperor leads the army to war, he will carry the wooden owner of the ancestral temple in the car and move with the army, so the reward of the meritorious soldiers will be given before the ancestor god. The so-called "slaughter in society" also refers to the punishment of guilty people in front of the owner of the society. Confucius explained the reason for this to Xin, saying, "Rewarding ancestors and telling them to share equally shows that they dare not be arbitrary. Blame the society and sue the soil, indicating that you want to listen. " This means that in order to reflect the fairness and justice of punishment and reward, ghosts and gods can learn from it. The basis of rewards and punishments is military law. Sima Fa (2 1) stipulates that after the army enters the enemy country, "there is no violent god; Prohibition of hunting in the wild; No damage to soil (no damage to civil engineering); Houses without burned walls; Non-felling trees; No food, no millet, no equipment; Seeing his age and youth, he returned home safe and sound; Although you meet a strong person, don't turn your school against the enemy (invincible to actors, you can't catch them at will); If the enemy is injured, the medicine will be returned. " Military discipline is very strict. Most later generations have similar provisions. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, the "marching order" was used to stipulate the rules of military punishment rewards, including: those who can break through enemy lines and cut flags in confrontation; Our team took the initiative to help friendly troops after defeating the enemy; What can be a surprise after being ordered is "meritorious service." Able to go forward and defeat the enemy first; The former team sergeant failed to win the battle, and the latter team went forward to defeat the enemy; It's all "head work" Those who do not try their best to kill the enemy in confrontation, but rob people and animals; Abandoning or stealing weapons or stealing clothes, food and other things, stealing horses and donkeys; After the team is determined, Ma Jun enters the step team or the step team enters Ma Jun; Those who leave the team without authorization when marching or stationing and join other camps or teams; Camping with noise and fire at night is a "felony". Afraid of retreating from the enemy and talking about disasters; Anyone who leaks military aircraft will be beheaded. During the battle, some officials held ivory cards, and when they saw those who dared to take the lead in killing the enemy, they gave them tooth cards as proof of post-war promotion. Militarily, rewards and punishments pay attention to immediate results, "rewards must not exceed the time limit" and "punishments must not be removed" This is because the war situation changes rapidly, rewards and punishments are timely, so that people know what to do and what not to do, thus overcoming negative factors, taking advantage of the situation and winning. win

win

When the army returned home in triumph, people called it "triumph". At that time, it played victory music and sang victory songs. The emperor triumphed in person, and ministers went out of the city to meet him, sometimes as far as dozens of miles away. If it is the fate of going to triumph, sometimes the emperor will personally lead hundreds of officials out of the city to meet them in the suburbs to show comfort; Sometimes ministers are sent out of town to meet them. This is the so-called "suburban labor force".

After the victory of the army, it is necessary to complain to the ancestors of heaven and earth in the ancestral temple and ancestral society, and present the gift of winning the prisoners, that is, to report the victory and present the spoils obtained by halogen. In the past two weeks, some bronze inscriptions have often recorded the sacrifices of prisoners after the victory of the war. Ding Xiaoyu's inscription, for example, said that Yu Yu conquered the square, imprisoned four livestock (leaders), captured nearly 5,000 people, captured more than 13,000 people, and hundreds of cars, horses, cows and sheep. That is, the left ear of the enemy killed in the battle will be cut off as a reward certificate when presenting the fruits of victory. Therefore, in bronze inscriptions, this word takes ear as the radical. "Dedicate the monarch" (see "White Plate of Lucky Fruit" and "Poem Truffle Plate of Water"), which is just a gift to celebrate your victory. The inscription also records that Yu dedicated the captured enemy leaders to Zhou Wang, and Zhou Wang ordered the trial of the enemy leaders and then put them to death. In other bronze inscriptions, some other trophies are mentioned, such as spears, bows, flags, arrows, armor and so on. (See "■■" and so on. ). The ceremony of offering the victory and the prisoner was generally held in the past dynasties, but the details were different. In the Song Dynasty, after the triumph of the army, officials were sent to tell the world, ancestral temples, villages, Du Yue, mountains and rivers, temples and shrines within ten miles of Beijing and offer gifts with old wine. During the ceremony of offering prisoners, the captured enemy chiefs were tied with white training, brought to the ancestral temple and the ancestral hall as symbolic gifts, and then presented prisoners' gifts at Xuande Gate. The emperor set up a tent in the middle of the gatehouse, and there were civil and military officials and a general school for offering prisoners in the left and right classes downstairs. The position for offering prisoners was located slightly south of the building. After the officials arrived, the courtiers carried the flag board upstairs with red silk rope bags and reported it to the emperor. The emperor is seated, and the officials worship three times. The courtiers announced that they would "lead the prisoners" and the school took the prisoners to the prison. The courtiers read out the secret of defeating the enemy in public. The minister of punishments told me that a certain place would be captured and presented, please deliver it to our company for disposal. At this time, if the emperor ordered the death penalty, he was taken to the court by the Dali Qing Dynasty. If the emperor ordered the release, the courtiers issued a decree to release the bonds first and then announced the release. Long live being captured three times. Thanks again. Hundreds of civil and military officials are also dancing once (putting the version on their belts), and long live the three iron rings. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were similar to the Song Dynasty, and the ceremony of offering prisoners was held at the Wumen Building.

The system of "uncovering cloth" began in the late Wei Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, those who originally left official documents unsealed were called "exposed cloth". After the Wei Dynasty, Lu Bu published the news of victory. Whenever you attack Jack, you want the world to know that you put a piece of silk on the paint pole and write a good news. This method was later widely adopted and exposed as a "book offering" that spread all over the world and exposed the eyes and ears. Since Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, there have been tools for uncovering cloth. At that time, officials and envoys from all directions gathered outside Yang Guangmen to read the cloth. After reading, the officials danced and saluted.

It is also called offering victory when a warlord defeats the enemy and reports the news of victory to the son of heaven or a big country. Later generations, generals and generals led the army to win the battle ahead. Although they did not return to the capital, they sent people to report the victory to the court, which is also called offering victory. Good news is usually read by the courts of early dynasties, which is called "Xuan Jie". In the Ming dynasty, there was a great victory ahead. After the court declared victory, it sent officials to the suburban temple to pay homage, but there was no ceremony to celebrate the sacrifice below Zhongjie. When the war is over, if the enemy surrenders, there will be surrender documents. Since the Song Dynasty, there has been a surrender ceremony in national ceremonies. The instruments of surrender in the Song Dynasty were similar to those of offering prisoners, and they were also held in Xuande Gate. The king led the people and bowed down in their own clothes, saying, Long live. The emperor issued a pardon, gave him a crown and royal robes, and bowed to the king. After changing the crown and robe, he said, long live. In the Qing dynasty, the emperor gave a banquet, and the king bowed to the emperor three times and nine times. The surrender of the former general must be reported to the emperor for approval before it can be known to the world. On the day of surrender, an altar was built outside the military camp, and a banner of "Letter Surrender" stood next to the altar. The descender stood under his flag, and after advocating firing a gun, the general boarded the altar and took his seat. The descender knelt down under the altar and begged for mercy. The general declared the emperor's will, pardoned him and rewarded him appropriately. Those who kowtow and thank you, return. 5. Drink to your achievements and reward them.

[Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]

After the victory of the war, the son of heaven will entertain the heroes and reward them with meritorious deeds. This etiquette of "enjoying the merits of the ancestral temple, making the title and honoring the title" was called "drinking to the end" in ancient times. In Ding Xiaoyu's inscription, wine was mentioned many times to celebrate success. Guo Moruo once pointed out that this is a gift of "returning to drink". Zhou Wang also gave Yu bows, arrows and armor. Later generations "drink" and enjoy the banquet no longer in the ancestral hall, but in the main hall or palace.

The most solemn meritorious service award ceremony is to reward the founding heroes of past dynasties. As we all know, after Zhou Wuwang destroyed the business, he appointed Hou Jianguo, and the emperor was appointed as his bannerman. At that time, there were not only Yi wares, weapons, ritual vessels, vehicles, precious stones and silks, but also a large number of merchant slaves for governors of various countries. Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed heroes and established many vassal kingdoms with different surnames, but it didn't last long. For various reasons, many heroes were killed and the feudal kingdom was abolished. In the Ming Dynasty, a ceremony was held in Fengtian Hall to reward meritorious deeds. The officers of the rewarded soldiers lined up neatly outside the noon gate, and the officials led them to stand in order under Dan Yong, while the civil and military officials stood. When the emperor was seated, the officials made four obeisances. The official read out the imperial edict of the emperor, and the officials bowed down and presented awards. The rewarded officials went to the ceremony in turn and knelt before the ceremony, which was awarded by the official department officials; Acceptance of gifts should be approved by the official of the Ministry of Rites. There are two waiters kneeling on the left of the rewarded officer. The accepted orders and gifts were given to the waiter respectively, and the rewarded officer bowed and stepped down. After the ceremony, the officials bowed, danced three times and knelt down and shouted three times. Imperial edicts and gifts, accompanied by etiquette and drum music, were sent to officials' residences. 6. This teacher is unsuccessful.

The army lost the battle, which is called "unsuccessful division" or "military worry". When the army returned to China, it was greeted by a funeral. The monarch was dressed in mourning, wearing a mourning crown and tears streaming down his face, hanging himself to beg for injury and comfort his soldiers.