The interchangeable words in Shi Shuo flexibly use the special sentence patterns in ancient and modern parts of speech. Ask for advice!

The first paragraph of the original text: Ancient scholars (1) must have teachers. Teacher, so 2 preach 3 by 4 industry 5 also. People are not born to know (6), who can not be confused? If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will be confused (7) and you will never understand. Born before (8) me, I heard that (9) was also fixed before me, so I borrowed it (10); After I was born, I studied Taoism first, so I studied Taoism. I'm a teacher, and Fu Yong knows that his date was born by me (1 1)? Therefore, there is no nobility, no length, no shortage, the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers (12).

The second paragraph: Hehe! Teacher Dao (13) has not been passed on for a long time! It's hard to be confused! Ancient sage, male (14), still in the distance, (15) asked the teacher questions; Today's people (16) are far from saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers (17). Therefore, saints are good for saints and fools are good for fools (18). What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Love your son and choose a teacher to teach him. On him, he is ashamed of his teacher and confused (19)! The boy's teacher (20), who teaches and learns to read sentences (Dü u) (21), is not what I said to explain his confusion. I don't know, I don't understand, or I don't know (22), or I don't know (fǒu), but I left a legacy in primary school (23), and I haven't seen it clearly. Witch doctor (24) is a musician (25), and he is not ashamed to be a teacher (26); Scholar-officials (27), who called their master and pupil Yunzhe, laughed together. When asked, say that he is similar to that year (28) and similar to Tao. Humble position leads to shame (29), and official position leads to contempt (yú)(30). Oh! The teacher's road is gone (3 1)! Witch doctors are highly skilled musicians, and gentlemen (32) are contemptuous (33). Today, their wisdom is (34) and they cannot reach it. Very strange and embarrassing (yú)(35)!

The third paragraph: Xianshi (36). Confucius studied under Tan Zi (37), Chen Changhong (38), Shi Xianghe and Lao Dan (39). A disciple of Tan (37) is not as virtuous as Confucius. Confucius said, "Where there are three people, there must be a teacher." (40) Therefore, a disciple need not (4 1) be inferior to a teacher, and a teacher need not be superior to a disciple. There is an order of teaching and learning, and there is a profession with specialization (42), that's all.

Paragraph 4: Li (pán)(43) is seventeen years old, and he is good at ancient Chinese prose. The classic of six arts (zhàn)(44) is quite famous in the annals, and he has learned more regardless of the times (45). Yu Jiaqi can take the ancient road (46) and write Shi Shuo to convey (yí)(47).

Edit this paragraph note [1]: structural auxiliary word, de. Scholar: One who studies.

[2] So: for …, rely on …

[3] Tao: refers to the philosophy, politics and other principles of Confucianism and Confucius. You can refer to the original road chosen by Han Yu in this book.

[4] Accept: by "granting". Teaching.

[5] karma: generally refers to the study of ancient classics, history, philosophers and ancient Chinese characters. You can refer to the contents of the author's research described in Han Yu's Understanding of Learning below this book.

[6] People are not born knowing: people are not born knowing the truth. One: refers to knowledge and truth. The text of the Analects of Confucius: "Confucius said,' You are not born to know, but you want it.' "The Analects of Confucius Jishi": "Confucius said:' Those who are born with knowledge are also on the top; Those who learn and know, second. "Confucius admitted that some people were born with knowledge, but he thought he didn't. Han Yu further clarified that no one was born with it.

[7] Equally puzzling are the problems that have become difficult.

[8] Hu: Yu, preposition.

[9] Wen Dao: The text "The Analects of Confucius": "Confucius said:' Those who heard the Tao died in the evening. ""smell, listen and extend understanding. Tao: the way of Confucianism.

[10] So you should learn from him: follow him and worship him as a teacher. To be a teacher is to be a teacher.

[1 1] Fu Yong knows that he was born in my place: Who cares if his birth date is earlier or later than mine? No, no, I don't know, I know, I know. Year: This indicates the year of birth. So structural auxiliary words have no real meaning.

Where the Tao is, the teacher is: where the knowledge and truth are, the teacher is. It means that whoever understands the truth is his own teacher.

[13] Teacher's Way: The Truth of Learning from Teachers

[14] Not ordinary people.

Still.

[16] people: ordinary people.

Below: below

[18] Shame on teachers: Shame on teachers.

[19] Therefore, the sage is beneficial to the sage, and the fool is beneficial to the fool: therefore, the sage is wiser and the fool is more stupid. Benefits, more, more.

[20] On him: for himself. Body, self, self.

[2 1] Confused: (really) confused!

[22] Peter's teachers: those (enlightenment) teachers who teach children.

[23] sentence reading (dòu teasing): also known as sentence reading. In ancient times, it was called a sentence with full meaning, which was read (teased) with full stop as a circle and comma as a point. There are no punctuation marks in ancient books, and teachers should teach children to read with funny sentences. Reading is funny.

[24] Do you want to be a teacher (fǒu): Some ask the teacher (referring to such a small thing as "I don't know what to read"), and some don't ask the teacher (referring to such a big thing as "being confused"). "No" and "No" are the same. When translating this sentence, pay attention to the mistranslation. Please refer to the following translation for details.

[25] Primary school and great legacy: small aspects (I don't know what to read) have to learn, and big aspects (I don't understand) have given up. Leave, discard, give up.

[26] Witch doctor: In ancient times, people who used superstitious methods such as prayer and divination or used drugs to treat diseases were even called witch doctors. There is a record of "witch doctor" in Yizhoushu Drama. "The Analects of Confucius Ji's": "A man without constancy cannot be a witch doctor." As a lowly profession.

[27] Baigong: refers to craftsmen.

[28] physiognomy: learn from each other's strengths.

[29] Family: class.

[30] Similarity: Similar, almost.

[3 1] Humility is full of shame, and high position is close to flattery: it is shameful to treat people with low status as teachers, and it is almost flattering to treat people with high positions as teachers. Feet, but that's enough. Sheng, Gao, Da. Flatter, flatter.

[32] Reply: Resume.

[33] Gentleman: In ancient times, "Gentleman" had two meanings, one was a person with high status, and the other was a person with high moral character. The former is used here, which is equivalent to a scholar-bureaucrat.

[34] contempt: disdain for the same column, showing contempt. Teeth, originally referring to age, also extended to arrangement. The young horse grows a tooth every year, so the age of a horse is counted by teeth, which also refers to the age of a person. The ancients often arranged each other according to their age. This sentence reflects the traditional prejudice of the feudal class.

[35] Yes, actually.

[36] It's strange: it's really strange. First, modal adverbs indicate speculation. Modal particles, expressing sighs, are equivalent to "ah".

[37] Master Cheng Xian: The Analects of Confucius Zhang Zi: "Zi Gong said, ...' How can a master not learn, but how can he always be a teacher?' "Master, teacher, refers to Confucius. Zi Gong said that he didn't learn anything. Why should he have a certain teacher?

[38] Tan Zi: The monarch of Tan Guo (now Tancheng, Shandong Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period, to whom Confucius once asked the official name of Hao Hao (the legendary ancient emperor).

[39] Chi (cháng) Hong: a doctor who respected Wang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Confucius once asked him questions about ancient music. Shi Xiang: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the musician of Lu was named Xiang, from whom Confucius had learned to play the piano. Teachers, musicians.

[40] Lao Dan (dān Dan): that is, Laozi, a Chu man in the Spring and Autumn Period, a thinker and founder of the Taoist school. Confucius once asked him questions about manners.

[4 1] Three sentences: The text "The Analects": "Confucius said:' A threesome must learn from me. Choose the good to follow and change the bad. " "

[42] unnecessary: not necessarily.

[43] There is a specialized division of labor in the technical field: (each) has its own (each) specialized research in knowledge and skills. Attack: study and research.

[44] Li: (Pan) In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), he was a scholar.

[45] "Biography of Six Arts Classics" is familiar with it: Six Arts Classics and Biography are generally studied. Six arts: refers to the six classics, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn. "Music" has been lost, which is an old saying. Classics: Prose before and after Han Dynasty. Biography: Annotate classic works. Pass, universal.

[46] Not limited by time: not limited by time and customs. When, when vulgar, refers to the bad atmosphere that the scholar-officials were ashamed to follow the teacher at that time. Yu, yes.

[47] Yu Jiaqi can be an ancient road: praise him for following the fashion and learning from the ancients. Jia: praise, praise.

[48] Yi: Gifts.

People who studied in ancient times must have teachers. Teachers are used to impart truth, teach research and answer difficult questions. People are not born to know.

Who can not doubt knowledge and truth? If you have questions but don't ask the teacher for advice, it will become a difficult problem, which can't be solved after all. People born before me, people who know knowledge and truth earlier than me, I follow him and take him as my teacher; The person born after me, (if) he knows knowledge and truth earlier than me, I also learn from him and take him as my teacher. I regard Tao as my teacher. Where do I need to know if he is older or younger than me? Therefore, regardless of status, regardless of age, the place where Tao exists is the place where teachers exist.

Alas! It's hard not to doubt that learning from teachers has been lost for a long time! Ancient saints, far beyond the average person, still followed the teacher and asked for knowledge from the teacher; Nowadays, ordinary people are far from saints, but they are ashamed to learn from their teachers. Therefore, saints are wiser and fools are more stupid. This is probably the reason why saints can become saints and fools can become fools.

Love your child and choose a teacher to teach him. But for himself, learning from the teacher is shameful and confusing! Those children's teachers, who teach them to read and learn sentences from books, are not teachers who teach truth and solve problems. I don't know how to ask the teacher to break sentences, but I have doubts that I can't solve myself and I don't want to ask the teacher. I must learn the small aspect (sentence reading) and abandon the big aspect (solving puzzles). I can't see where his cleverness lies. Witch doctors, musicians and craftsmen are not ashamed to learn from each other. When people like scholar-officials talked about mentoring, they got together and laughed at him. Ask the scoffer (the reason for laughing at him) and they will say, "That person is about the same age as someone, and his cultivation and studies are similar." How can you call him a teacher? It is shameful to bring a teacher with a low position, and it is flattering to call a teacher with a high position. "ah! The fashion of learning from teachers can't be restored, so we can know. Witch doctors, musicians and craftsmen are all looked down upon by literati, and now their knowledge is not as good as these people. This is really weird.

A saint has no fixed teacher. Confucius used to learn from Zanzi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. People like Tan Zi are (of course) inferior to Confucius in moral ability. Confucius said, "When everyone walks together, there must be a teacher." Therefore, students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily more talented than disciples. Knowing the truth is the first priority, and learning and skills have their own research, just like this.

Li's son is seventeen years old this year. He likes classical Chinese, and has a general study of the Six Arts Classics and Biography. He is free from worldly restrictions and learns from me. I praised him for fulfilling the fashion of learning from the ancients and wrote this "Teacher's Commentary" for him.

Editing this passage and sorting out the commonly used words is the teacher, so preaching is also subject to "teaching", teaching and teaching.

1. Saying "no" means "no".

3. Readers who learn from the books they teach. Reading, understanding "teasing" and ambiguity in reading.

Ancient scholars must have teachers: (noun, teacher)

(2) A witch doctor is a musician with various skills: (noun, a person or musician who is good at a certain skill)

(3) I learn from Tao: (nouns as verbs, learning)

(4) The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time.

In this way, I can learn from it: (intentional, take ... as a teacher)

The shame of the teacher: (verbs to learn from the teacher)

⑦ a teacher, so he was puzzled by professional teaching: (noun teacher) (teacher also judges sentences)

about

Choose a teacher to teach: (pronoun, referring to a person)

(2) Malnourished people: (pronoun, this)

(3) Ancient scholars: (structural auxiliary words, indicating modification or affiliation, translated as "de")

(4) Where the Tao is, the teacher is there: (Structural auxiliary words, used between attributives and nominal headwords, are equivalent to "de" in modern Chinese. (not "cancel sentence independence". Because the word "zhi" that "cancels sentence independence" is used between the subject and the predicate, that is, the word "zhi" must be followed by a verb; However, these two "existing" are "words" and "words" are nominal. )

I don't know what to read.

⑥ All the Six Arts Classics are familiar with Xi Zhi: (Auxiliary words, which form syllables after verbs, adjectives or words expressing time, are meaningless).

⑦: (These people)

8 Ancient saints: (of)

Pet-name ruby teacher's way is dead: (between subject and predicate, meaningless)

Indications: (pronoun, he)

1 1 witch doctor, a musician with various skills: (pronoun, translated as "these")

that

(1) was born before me, and his knowledge of Tao was also fixed before me: (personal pronoun, he)

(2) Confusion does not come from the teacher, it is confusion, and finally I don't understand; Readers who are taught, learn their sentences; It's not that I tell the truth to solve its confusion: (demonstrative pronoun, that (some))

(3) Ancient sages are far from human beings: (personal pronouns, they)

(4) Fu Yong knows that his years were born in my place: (personal pronouns, theirs)

The reason why saints are sacred ... is: (modal adverb, meaning guess, probably)

Today's wisdom is out of reach: (personal pronouns, theirs)

⑦ Strange and embarrassed: (modal adverb, indicating speculation)

puzzle

I am a teacher, so my major teaches me to solve puzzles: (noun, puzzle)

(2) On him, he is ashamed of his teacher and confused: (adjective, confused)

way

I am a teacher, so my major teaches me to solve puzzles: (noun, truth)

(2) The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time: (noun, fashion)

(3) My teacher is also a teacher: (noun, truth)

(4) Similarity of Tao: (noun, moral knowledge)

Used at the end of rhetoric or questions.

(1) all this is for this? (Modal particle, indicating speculation, right)

Born before me: (preposition, indicating time, in)

(3) Be solid in front of me: (preposition, table comparison, comparison)

what

Be ashamed to learn from the teacher: (preposition, indicating place, direction, from, to)

(2) Is this all about? (Preposition, indicating place, direction, subordination and presence)

(3) in its body: (preposition, indicating object, right, right)

A teacher need not be superior to his students.

Regardless of time: (preposition, meaning passive, accepting and existing)

get through

(1) Therefore, it is also necessary to preach, teach and dispel doubts: (verbs, impart)

The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time.

③ Biography of Six Arts: (noun, biography)

not have

Who can have no doubt: (No)

(2) Therefore, neither expensive nor cheap, neither long nor short: (casually) part of speech 1 flexible use. The teacher so preaching, but also answer:

Confusion, adjective as noun: confused question, confused question

2. I learned from it:

Teacher, conative usage: take ... as a teacher.

3. My teacher also:

Teacher, nouns are used flexibly as verbs: learning

4. Its successors are far away:

Next, nouns are used as verbs: not as good as.

5. Therefore, saints are beneficial to saints, and fools are beneficial to fools:

Saint, fool, adjective as noun, saint: saint, fool, clumsy person

6. Teachers' shame:

Ashamed, conative usage: ashamed ...

7. Primary school and great legacy:

Small, big, adjective as noun: small aspect, big aspect

8. I haven't seen it clearly:

Ming, adjectives as nouns, clever.

9. Don't be ashamed of being a teacher.

Teacher. Use nouns as verbs and learn from teachers.

10. The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time.

Teacher, use nouns as verbs and learn from teachers.

Different meanings of ancient and modern times

1. Ancient scholars must have teachers.

Gu: People who study.

Today: people who have made academic achievements.

4. Teacher, so preaching and teaching is also a way to solve doubts.

C: used for ...

Today: a conjunction indicating causality

[14] I learned a lesson from it.

C: Follow.

Today: the purpose or result is a conjunction.

4. It's neither expensive nor cheap.

Gu: No matter; not make any distinction between

Today: No.

The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time.

Ancient times: national spirit

Today: the truth

I don't know what to read.

Ancient people: when you need to pause in the middle of a sentence, read dò u.

Today: Look at the words and pronounce, and read dú.

Once a wise man is an impermanent teacher.

Ancient times: permanent; Stationary

Today: the same.

Therefore, the disciple need not be lower than the teacher, and the teacher need not be higher than the disciple.

C: Not necessarily.

Today: No, no.

Seventeen years, good ancient prose.

Ancient: Prose of Qin and Han Dynasties

Today: the general term for classical Chinese before the May 4th Movement.

⒑ Today's crowd.

C: Ordinary people, ordinary people.

Today: Most people

5. Primary school and great legacy.

Gu: I have learned all the little things.

Today: Primary formal education school. Preposition object of special sentence pattern

1, I don't know the sentence, I'm confused.

Preposition structure postposition

1, the rest study.

2, ashamed to learn from the teacher.

A teacher doesn't need to be superior to his students.

Judgement

1, teacher, so preaching is also an answer.

2, it's very confusing, and finally I can't understand it.

3, people are not born to know.

It's not what I said to tell the truth to solve its confusion.

negative

1, regardless of time

Word structure

1, where the Tao exists, what the teacher exists.