Classic stories of yuan dynasty

Classic Story 1 Among the founding heroes of the Mongols in Yuan Dynasty, Muqali, Heixiazi, Boroqul and Chilaowen are called four outstanding figures. He is an outstanding commander-in-chief and consultant of Mongolia. He is one of the few people who can have a great influence on Genghis Khan. In the historical process of Mongolian development to Yuan Dynasty, it was an important step for Muqali to manage the Central Plains.

12 17 In August, Genghis Khan made Muqali a surname, king and governor, and gave him an oath coupon and a golden seal. Here, the Taihang Mountain is engraved with gold seals in the north, and the vines run their own enterprises. The Taihang Mountain is inspired by the Qing Dynasty in the south. He handed him the white flag of the Nine Patrol, and said to the generals, Muqali raised this flag and ordered me to come in person.

When Genghis Khan was on the Western Expedition, Muqali went all out to manage the Central Plains. Genghis Khan's Western Expedition took away the main force of the Mongolian army, and Muqali's share in the Mongolian army was only 1. 30,000 rides, except for the army composed of Khitans, Jurchen and Han people, about 7. 70 thousand people. Due to the needs of the war, Muqali transferred some people from the Mongolian army, and together with the troops of Wang Gu and other departments, he organized the Tanma Chi Army as a striker separately. When Muqali became king, his army was about 65,438+10,000 people, controlling Yanjing, Xijing (now Datong) and its north.

After Muqali was ordered, he immediately set up provinces in Yanjing and Xijing to attack Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi to the south of these two places. By the summer of 122 1, his army had captured most of the area north of the Yellow River. This autumn and winter, he began to deploy and invade Qin Long. 1222 and 10 occupied the middle of the river (located in Hedong, now Yongji, Shanxi) in June, and built the north-south road in Hedong and Right Kansai, Shaanxi. Then we crossed the river and captured Pucheng, one army attacked Chang 'an and one army attacked Fengxiang, all of which failed. 1March 223, Muqali crossed the river and returned to wenxi county (now Shanxi), where he was seriously ill and died. Before he died, he said to his younger brother and grandson: I have made great contributions to the country. I have explored the east and west for 40 years, and I have no resentment, but I hate that Bianjing has not been captured! After his death, his son became king and inherited his unfinished business.

Although Muqali did not conquer Bianjing and destroy the State of Jin, it laid the foundation for Mongolia to rule the Central Plains. In the military operations after 12 17, he changed the practice of killing, robbing, occupying and withdrawing, and tried to occupy and rule the Central Plains for a long time. To this end, he paid attention to recruiting people to farm, resumed agricultural production, and attached himself to the armed forces of Han landlords.

After Mongolia began to cut gold, wherever the fighters went, the slaughter was very serious. When withdrawing troops, gold, silk, children, cattle, sheep and horses were all taken away, and houses were burned, leaving only the ruins of the city. Defeated nomads also plundered and destroyed people. When the war broke out, thieves got up and harassed the place. In this way, the vast area north of the Yellow River is in a state of chaos. Now, Muqali is going south again. Although there are still killings and robberies, the changes are obvious. For example, in September of 12 18, the Mongolian army captured Taiyuan, and instead of indulging in killing, the generals were here to guard and repair the city and let the market go on as usual. 1220, general Shi of the Han nationality said: Now that the Central Plains has been roughly captured, our army will plunder after passing through a place, which does not conform to the meaning of Wang Xuanmin's crime. The king wants to eliminate violence for the world and can't go on like this. Hearing this opinion, Muqali ordered a ban on looting. All the old people and children who were arrested were repatriated to the village, and those who dared to copy them were engaged in military law. Since then, under his own command, he has established a new discipline prohibiting looting. The army is in awe and the officials and the people are very happy.

After Mongolia attacked gold, especially after 12 14 moved its capital to Nanjing (Bianjing, Kaifeng today), the area north of the Yellow River could not be effectively controlled, and Mongolia did not firmly occupy it. In times of chaos, the left-behind rulers or local strongmen became armed separatist forces. Muqali originally attached a number of local armed leaders of Khitan, Jurchen and Han nationality to the north of the Great Wall, among which Shi and Shi should be his own effective department. When Muqali moved south again, he paid more attention to the armed forces of the Han nationality. His 6,543.8+10,000 troops can only be stationed in strategic locations for large-scale campaigns and operations, and cannot be dispersed to a vast front thousands of miles away. He lacks a large number of management talents necessary to establish long-term rule. So he adopted the practice of gathering heroes and delineating cities that have not left. All armed leaders of surrendered Han landlords will be allowed to continue to take charge of their original territory. In the case of gold officials, they either keep their original positions or get higher positions. As far as civilians are concerned, they will be given new posts according to their rights. In the situation that the strong are strong and the weak are golden, more and more armed leaders of Han landlords turned to Muqali. Among them, the attachment of Zhang Rou, Yan Nan and Yan Zhang has a great influence on the overall situation.

Under the attack of Muqali, the state and county institutions of the State of Xu Jin generally collapsed. After the fall of 12 18 Pingyang (Linfen, now Shanxi), Jin could no longer establish a unified military and political organization north of the Yellow River. Jin Ting also adopted the policy of knighthood, supporting local officials and powerful people to unify the people, protect the scholars, protect all parties and recover lost land. 1February, 220, nine local leaders were further publicized, all of whom were messengers of propaganda and fu, and it was made clear that except for the designated counties, if the surrounding counties could be recovered, they would also be subordinate. However, the strength given to these public officials by the gold medal is limited, and they do not control each other. Therefore, after dealing with Mongolia for a period of time, they either surrendered to Mongolia, were killed by Mongolia, fled to Henan, or retreated to a corner, and were inevitably destroyed in the end. Among the nine princes, Wu Xian is the best. The calm area where Wuxian is located is the place where Mongolia and Jin have fought for many times. 1August 220, Wu xian really surrendered to Mongolia, but1June 225, he went to the state of Jin, and he had to flee to Bianjing under the crusade of the Mongolian army.

Relying on the powerful military force and the policy that Han landlords were more willing to accept, Muqali turned a large number of Han landlords' armed forces to itself, and gradually eliminated the landlords' armed forces who took refuge in Jinfang. After his death, his practice was also inherited by his successor. In this way, Mongolia's occupation of the Central Plains began to stabilize, and the joint rule of Mongolian nobles and Han landlords began to be established.

Classic Story of Yuan Dynasty 2 After Dali was pacified, Mongolia actively prepared to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. What bothers Mongolian Khan is that the capital and forest are too far away from the Central Plains, which is not conducive to command. Kublai Khan suggested that he move the capital and built a luxurious palace for him in Wolong Mountain, Luanshui, Xingzhou, which is the northern part of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia today. Mongo Khan was very satisfied after patrolling. It is not only pleasant in climate, but also picturesque, and will soon become a new capital.

On one occasion, the Mongolian Khan held the highest military meeting to discuss how to cut the Song Dynasty. After that, Han Ge formulated three routes: the first route was that the Mongolian army led by Uriyangqatai stayed in Dali and fought from south to north; The second route: General Taghachar led 50,000 cavalry south to Jianghuai; Meng Gehan led the third route army to cross the border into Sichuan. Shunjiang joined forces with the Second Route Army and Uriyangqatai in Xiangyang City to Changsha, and then attacked Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Mongolia commanded the Third Route Army to enter Sichuan through Liupan Mountain and Junior Pass. The Mongolian general Newlin and others in Guanzhong basically cleared the obstacles before his arrival, so the Third Route Army successfully entered Sichuan and soon hit Hezhou at the gates. Wang Jian, the garrison commander of Hezhou, was rigorous and well-deployed. Repel the Mongolian attacks again and again. Newlin had to report to Meng: Khan, the commander in chief of Hezhou in the Southern Song Dynasty was Wang Jian. This man is simple-minded, good at fighting and superb in martial arts. My vanguard troops were badly beaten by him. There is such a thing! Mongo Khan was taken aback. Knowing that the Ministry would not lie about its military situation, he ordered his troops to pounce on Hezhou.

Meng Jun is like stormy waves, and his momentum is earth-shattering, while Zhou Wang Jian is fearless and still carefully observing.

Siege! Mongo Khan ordered an attack on the city. Thousands of soldiers immediately shouted and flocked to Hezhou.

Wang Jian saw that the enemy had climbed the long ladder and decisively ordered: splash water! As soon as his voice fell, dozens of Song Jun came to the crib with wooden barrels, and under the oath of Mongolian soldiers to enter the city, they poured steaming boiling water. Mongolian soldiers were scalded to the sky, fell down from the city, and splashed all over with water. Mongolian soldiers fled in droves, and at that time they crowded with each other, which was very chaotic.

Keep charging! When Mongo Khan saw this great anger, he sternly rebuked him. Newlin hurried to lead the team, and the Mongolian soldiers who were later killed wore hard leather armor on their heads to prevent boiling water. Who knows, Song Jun didn't pour boiling water, dropped a rolling stone and killed many Mongolian soldiers. The second charge failed. There was a flame burning in Mungo Khan's eyes, which made Newlin rush up again for the third time. Newlin crustily skin of head attacked the city again. As a result, Song Jun drew an arrow before opening the bow, was shot in the shoulder, and retreated in panic. Seeing that the army had no fighting spirit for a while, Mongo Khan had to retreat temporarily. Unexpectedly, Wang Jian robbed the camp that night, and many camps were set on fire. Mongo Khan was forced to retreat ten miles away, and the two sides formed a confrontation.

The whole of Sichuan has been taken down, and a small Hezhou is so difficult to attack. It seems that there are really capable people in the Song Dynasty. After thinking for a long time, Meng suddenly thought of a man who surrendered in the Southern Song Dynasty, named Jin. It is said that this man is an old friend of Wang Jian, and it is true. He said: You took the emissary to Hezhou to lobby Wang Jian to surrender. As long as he is willing to hand over Hezhou, Ben Khan will never be the commander-in-chief of the county. You should leave at once. That night, Jin went to Song Ying to surrender. Meng Gehan has no idea, and he doesn't know if Wang Jian can listen to Jin. He stayed up all night.

The next morning, the accompanying messenger covered his head and fled back rolling and crawling. He cried to Meng: Khan, Jin has been killed by Wang Jian, and his head is hanging in the city for public display. Wang Jian cut off my ear and told me to go back to camp and tell Khan that Wang Jiansheng was a DaSong man and died a DaSong ghost. He would never betray his faith for glory. If the Mongolian army wants to enter Hezhou, it must change its blood. Please blame me for my incompetence.

Hearing this, Meng was furious and roared: blood out! Wang Jian, Ben Khan vowed to crush Hezhou! The Mongolian army launched a storm that day. But no matter how hard you try to attack, Hezhou is as motionless as Mount Tai. Under the command of Wang Jian, Hezhou army and people were united as one, crushing the repeated attacks of the Mongolian army, and making the invincible Mongolian division more than 20 times the strength of Song Jun fail to advance half a step for half a year. Of course, Song Jun's loss is also huge.

The Mongolian First Route Army made rapid progress, Changsha fell in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Second Route Army was blocked by Song Jun in Dashengguan, Henan Province, and Taghachar, the border coach, also died. Meng had to ask Kublai Khan to lead the second route army south, and he went on to attack Taizhou himself.

After several defeats in storming, Meng Ge waved the flag and shouted, and personally led the troops to attack the city. As a result, he was defeated. Wang Jian saw a group of followers around a shirtless man in Chengtou to command the team to fight back. His heart was shocked. Is this man Mongolian Khan Mungo? Wang Jian ordered to open the city gate to fight, and when the Mongolian army was defeated, he planned to capture Mongo alive. As soon as Song Jun rushed to kill, the situation became even more chaotic. Unexpectedly, a stone came from nowhere and hit Meng right on the head. He fell off his horse at once.

Mongo Khan was taken back to the camp and died of his injuries the next day. When the news came, Hezhou was full of joy and celebration.

Putting aside the grudges of ethnic wars, we should say that Mongo Khan is a simple and clever Mongolian Khan. Mongolia is proficient in astrology, Arabic astronomy, calendar calculation, as well as Mongolian, Chinese and Arabic. Under his auspices, 1258, a large observatory was built in Maragai, south of Tiberius, which was completed the following year. Scientists sent by Gaspard Monge Khan spread knowledge of oriental astronomy and mathematics here, and spread western science to the East. In this science center, Tu Xi, a scientist, presided over the compilation of the Ili Astronomical Table, in which a special chapter introduced China's stair-pushing technology. Unfortunately, an unjust battlefield took away Mongo Khan's dying life.