Different comments on Columbus's opening of the European-Atlantic route, urgent! Ask god for help

One of the economic reasons for opening up new routes is gold panning. Around 1500 years ago, with the development of European commodity economy and the germination of capitalist production, money increasingly replaced land as a symbol of social wealth. Money has become a common means of exchange. Feudal nobles used money to buy luxury goods, and farmers also used money to pay land rent. Businessmen and craftsmen need more money to expand their business. Gold coins were an important means of exchange at that time, so precious metal gold became something that everyone longed for. Columbus once said: "Gold is the most precious of all commodities, and gold is wealth. Whoever owns gold can get everything he needs in the world, and at the same time, he can get the means to save his soul from purgatory and make it enjoy the joy of heaven again. " Ever since Kyle Poirot's journey spread in Europe, Europeans have always regarded the East, especially China, as a paradise on earth in Duranis, and people who want to go to the East to realize their golden dream abound. Another reason for opening up new routes is that Europe needs eastern trade. /kloc-Before the 6th century, Europe had a tradition of trading with the outside world. Europe needs foreign goods, for example, Europeans can't keep meat without spices, which are shipped from Southeast Asia. Europe's foreign trade is mainly with China, Indian, Southeast Asian countries and other eastern countries. By the end of 13, this industry had made great progress. Through the hands of Arab and Italian merchants, the goods imported from the East by land increased by 10 times compared with the beginning of 12, including spices (clove, cinnamon, pepper, etc. ), camphor, sandalwood, silk, precious stones, cloth, etc. These goods are the most popular in the European market, but because of repeated reselling, the prices have been raised again and again, which makes businessmen who trade with the East make big profits. If other European countries want to operate this trade directly, they can only find another way. At that time, there were three main commercial routes from Europe to Asia and Africa: one was by land, from Central Asia along the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea to Asia Minor, and then to Europe; A Syria that enters the Persian Gulf from the sea and then reaches the east coast of the Mediterranean through the two river basins; One went to the Red Sea by sea and then to Egypt by land. These three trade routes all take the eastern Mediterranean as the trade center. 1453, the Ottoman army captured Constantinople, occupied the Balkans, Asia Minor and Crimea, and controlled the main trade routes between East and West. The Turkish army not only robbed the caravan, but the imperial authorities also imposed heavy taxes on passing goods. In fact, this is equivalent to blocking this important land trade route, leading to the soaring prices of oriental goods in the European market. Therefore, European businessmen are eager to open up another trade route to the East. Spreading Christianity is also the spiritual motive force for Europeans to develop overseas. This is the case with the Crusades, and so is one of the motives of navigators who have completed the opening of new routes to take risks at sea. In addition, the progress of navigation technology and maritime weapons is also an important condition for opening up new routes. In the 300 years before 1500, the average tonnage of each ship in Europe increased by three times, and single deck sailboats with a deadweight of only 150 ~ 200 tons gave way to round hull sailboats with a deadweight of 600 ~ 800 tons. 12, 13 At the end of the year, the compass invented by China was introduced to Europe by Arabs, and Europeans have also installed a rudder at the stern, which greatly improved the navigation efficiency. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, the Portuguese reformed the Arabian spinnaker and accelerated the sailing speed. In this way, the hull is enlarged, the speed is accelerated and the control is more flexible. In addition, the improved sailboat can reduce 100 ~ 200 rowers, and correspondingly reduce the food needed by these manpower, so it is more economical. In shipbuilding technology, the Portuguese are in a leading position. They can build multi-masted sailboats and hang more sails on the middle main mast of the ship to adapt to different wind directions and currents. By 1500, Europeans have been able to build strong structures and larger hulls. These ships have solid keel, solid ribs and double-layer oak hull plates, which can stand the test of ocean voyage. Instruments and charts needed for ocean navigation have also been developed. 1485, the Portuguese first used the astrolabe to determine the position of the ship, and then other instruments appeared one after another. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, the technology of drawing maps in Europe was quite developed, and nautical charts indicating the location of coastlines and ports began to appear. The improvement of navigation technology provides favorable conditions for the development of new routes. 15th century ago, European naval warfare was backward. The naval battle at that time was mainly hand-to-hand combat on deck. It was not until the15th century that European warships were equipped with cannons, but these cannons were still very small, and they could only fire a few double-stone bullets, which could kill people, but could not break the hull of enemy ships, so they could not fundamentally change the old maritime tactics. Although Europeans used large guns in land wars in the15th century, they were too heavy to be transported to warships. 161920s, the manufacture of naval guns entered a new stage. The new type of artillery cast by Europeans is 5 ~ 12 feet long (1 foot is equal to 0.304 8 meters), and the round shells fired (first with stone bullets, then with iron balls) weigh 50 ~ 60 pounds (1 pound is equal to 0.453 6 kilograms) with a range of 300 yards (/kloc-0). This kind of cannon can be installed on warships, and its operation is simple. The newly designed warships can carry more than 40 guns. So naval tactics changed, from hand-to-hand combat on deck to artillery bombardment. The progress of maritime weapons and tactics has enabled European countries in the period of overseas expansion to conquer countries and regions with the help of "strengthening ships and guns".