Cheng Dequan's Life Experience

Cheng Dequan (1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty)-1930) was born in Yunyang, Sichuan (now Chongqing), and his ancestral home was Wuxian, Suzhou, Jiangsu. Lin was born in the Qing Dynasty and entered imperial academy in the 16th year of Guangxu (1890). He used to be acting general, battalion prime minister and Fengtian governor of Heilongjiang Province. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), he went to Heilongjiang to join the Shoushan shogunate, the deputy governor of the capital. In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu, Russia invaded Northeast China and was ordered to supervise the former enemy team and actively prepare for the war. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, he was promoted to Zhili. In the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu, he was promoted to be a Taoist priest, awarded the title of deputy commander-in-chief, and acted as deputy commander-in-chief of Qiqihar. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu, he was promoted to general Heilongjiang. In the second year of Xuantong (19 10), he was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu and participated in the preparations for constitutional activities. 19 1 1 year, Wuchang uprising broke out, and the Qing court was invited to reshuffle the cabinet and declare the constitution to resist the revolution. 1911165438+1October 4th Shanghai became independent. Suzhou gentry asked Cheng Dequan to seek self-protection and avoid war, and Cheng Dequan agreed. 165438+1On October 5th, the Shanghai People's Army entered the city together with the new army stationed in Qiao Feng, declared the Soviet independence, and elected Cheng Dequan as the commander-in-chief of the Soviet army. Cheng was the first Qing government official to participate in the Revolution of 1911. On February 2, 65438, the revolutionary army defeated Nanjing; On the 3rd, Cheng was promoted to the governor of Jiangsu by revolutionaries. 19 12 years, after the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government, Cheng was appointed as the Minister of Internal Affairs by Sun Yat-sen, and once organized the Federation of the Republic of China, the United Party and the * * Party together with Zhang Taiyan. After Yuan Shikai became president, he was appointed governor of Jiangsu. Cheng restored order. 19 13. After Song was stabbed, he went to Shanghai to handle the "Song case" and announced the inside story. He opposed the second revolution and advocated reconciliation with the revolutionaries. Later, he retired from politics, lived in seclusion in Shanghai, and recited scriptures behind closed doors. 1926 was ordained at Tianning Temple in Changzhou, and his dharma name was silent. His posthumous works include Cheng Zhong Cheng Drama and Wu Mi Wen Xi. Today, in Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, there are four characters of "Ancient Hanshan Temple" in ink. Father Cheng Daguan is a scholar, who makes a living by teaching, and Cheng Dequan studies with his father. Because his family is poor, he helped teach when he was a little longer, and he has been away for many years. Cheng is a big family with four generations living under one roof. 1875 There was a famine in eastern Sichuan, and he could not survive. Cohabitation is a classic socialist life in China. When the famine came, it could not be sustained, so we had to separate production and make a living. At that time, he was making a handsome attempt in Kuizhou and returned to the home he had just moved in. He has nothing to save except crocks and bamboo chopsticks. My mother is ill, and my brother and sister are still young. Cheng Dequan got married on 1878, and her capable new wife is in charge of housework. Because of poverty, she is still unable to support herself, so she has to continue teaching abroad. Soon, the house rented by the family was taken back and there was nowhere to go. The new wife observed the terrain and found that building a shed under the cliff could also shelter from the wind and rain. One year, a flood broke out and destroyed the hut. Fortunately, my wife was alert and called her family to escape.

After mother's death, siblings have grown up, reducing the burden on the family. From 65438 to 0890, Cheng Dequan entrusted his wife to do housework and traveled in Sichuan, hoping to get rid of poverty. He was born in the Miscanthus, and then went to study in imperial academy, the capital. But he is still poor, often hungry and cold, and even unable to go out because of hunger. When he was studying in Beijing, he saw the crisis in Northeast China and studied the Northeast issue carefully, which gave him the opportunity to change his destiny. Shoushan, the flag-bearer of Beijing, learned that he was familiar with the Northeast issue and appreciated Cheng's talent. Of course, Cheng's talent and knowledge are not limited to the Northeast issue, it is just an opportunity. 189 1 year, Cheng Dequan was recommended by Shoushan to be an adjutant in the northeast, and the livelihood problem was solved. 1895, after the Sino-Japanese War, Cheng Dequan was recommended as the alternate magistrate of Anhui. From 65438 to 0896, he can live with his wife and children. At the end of 1899, Cheng also served as the staff officer of Shoushan, deputy commander of Heilongjiang Province (stationed in Aihui). 1900 In February, Shoushan went to Qiqihar as acting general of Heilongjiang, accompanied by Cheng, and served as general director and general copywriter of Heilongjiang Bureau.

What earth-shattering career can such an obscure, nerdy little bureaucrat (strictly speaking, not yet an official) make? The drastic changes in the current situation have pushed Cheng Dequan to the forefront.

1899, the boxer movement took place. 1900, the powers organized Eight-Nation Alliance and invaded China under the pretext of the Boxer Rebellion. Russia even has the ambition of embezzling the northeast of China, not only participating in allied actions, but also sending troops to the northeast on a large scale. The czar began to mobilize Russian troops for war in late June. On July 2 1, Russian troops brutally slaughtered China citizens who had lived there for a long time. At the same time, Russian troops invaded sixty-four villages in Jiangdong and slaughtered the people of China. Two tragedies have been created in the border area between China and Russia. On August 5, Russian troops occupied Aihui and launched an all-out attack on the northeast. After tenacious resistance, China's army was defeated again and again. Wherever the Russian army went, it was cruel and inhuman.

After the war broke out, Cheng Dequan was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Ministry of Commerce by the Heilongjiang General Shoushan, and went to the front to supervise the army. The trip to bordo (now Nehe County) coincided with the skyrocketing of the Monar River, and tens of thousands of refugees were crying for help. Morgan (now Nenjiang County) has also fallen, with less than 1,000 soldiers stationed, too weak to rectify and organize resistance. To this end, Cheng wrote to Shoushan and advocated making peace with the Russian army. /kloc-in August of 0/9, Shoushan was ordered by the Qing court to make peace and immediately appointed Cheng Dequan to make peace with the Russian army. On the 22nd, Cheng Dequan went to the Russian Peace Camp three times, trying to stop the Russian army from advancing, but all of them were rejected. Because Cheng Dequan begged for his life and drew his sword to commit suicide, the Russian officer grabbed his wrist and stopped him: "Why not?" The Russian army then agreed not to attack the provincial capital, kill innocent people and plunder property. Cheng Dequan immediately returned to Qiqihar, withdrew his troops and weapons, and prepared for peace with the city. On 24th, Russian troops crossed the Monar River and arrived in the suburbs of Qiqihar on 28th. Jiang, who translated for the Russian army, secretly lied to the Russian army: "The provincial capital is in danger, and peace is the temptation to approach the city." Russian troops plan to attack the city immediately. Cheng hurried out of the city to meet them, blocked the muzzle with his body and begged the Russian army to stop attacking, so the Russian army stopped shelling. Since then, he insisted on staying in the Russian army as a hostage to dispel the enemy's doubts. On the 29th, Russian troops entered the city to occupy Qiqihar, and Heilongjiang general Shoushan committed suicide. Russian generals only entered Qiqihar year after year and plundered it.

At the same time, the Russian army wanted Cheng Dequan to be a general in Heilongjiang and a puppet of the Russian army. Cheng Yi violated the state system, was not appointed, resolutely refused, and threw himself into the river to save the Russian army. To this end, Cheng Dequan wrote to the Russian Tsar, demanding that Russia withdraw its troops: "(Winter is coming) The Great should withdraw its troops to pacify the place and boost business. Yesterday, the officer with troops was sent to the Governor of Burleigh. He called and said that he was ordered by the great emperor to take Dequan as the general. The news overwhelmed me. Dequan, as a traveler, lives in Jiangsu Province. At the time of the accident, the original intention was to save all beings. Today, the Dutch emperor has attached great importance to diplomatic relations and the provincial capital has been safe and sound. Dequan was given many gifts. Today he was martyred as a general without a director. He wants to do things cheaply in Germany. No matter whether Dequan didn't get the instructions from the emperor of our country, he didn't dare to make a good claim, but he thought he had lost the law and lived. What is his face? Repeated thinking, without physiology, is to throw himself into the river. The army officer tried to save Dequan, sent someone to persuade him and take good care of him so that Dequan would not commit suicide again. But at present, the emperor of our country doesn't know the news. He is unconscious and worried. How can he handle local affairs? Weining Heilongjiang province has not yet been settled, and there are still troops in Hulan, Bayansu and Beilinzi. Your country must strive for peace, so as not to provoke another war and hurt lives. What all local officials should do is to urge officials and competent officials to handle it properly. Then in the future, the friendship between the great emperor and our country will last forever. If you allow me, there are still a few things to ask, which are related to the diplomatic relations between the two countries. Dequan dared to nod for the millions of people in the Qing Dynasty:' First, seek not to harm the living; First, don't rob people and property; First, beg not to commit adultery with women; First, ask the people of China to give preferential treatment as usual; First, please don't change the laws of the Great Qing Dynasty; First, the official people are willing to issue passports to immigrants; First, strive to issue certificates to all cities and stations and return to work as soon as possible; First, please go to Hulan and other places to collect and caress, and don't bring too many people, so as not to cause public panic; First, ask for a notice to let everyone know. " "

Soon, Cheng Dequan was taken to Chita by Russian troops, passing through Hulunbeier (now Hailar). Due to the cold weather, he was released after being treated by Russell Red Cross and returned to Qiqihar on June 5438+065438+1October 7. But since then, I have been cold.

1900 Cheng Dequan's action against the Russian army won a high reputation in the ruling and opposition circles, and the northeast gentry had hoped to be promoted to Heilongjiang general through expedient measures. But Cheng Dequan is just a fairy with little experience. What's more, according to the Qing system, the northeast maintained the traditional flag system, replacing the Han people with flag bearers to safeguard the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty and the source of combat effectiveness. There is no leap principle in being a general. The recommendation of Northeast scholars was not adopted by the Qing court. However, later, General Heilongjiang and Jilin General repeatedly asked the Qing court to reuse Cheng Dequan. 190 1 February, Cheng Dequan was promoted to the governor of Zhili by the Qing court, and was awarded three titles. 1September, 902, Jilin General Changshun appointed Cheng Rensan (now Yilan) to deal with the aftermath and handle fund-raising and arresting people. 1in the winter of 903, Russia delayed its withdrawal in the northeast, and a Russo-Japanese war was brewing. The Qing court urgently needed capable personnel to go to the northeast. But at this time, the traditional ruling foundation of the Qing court in Northeast China has collapsed, and the crisis has come. There are no available people and they have to change. 190365438+On February 28th, Cixi summoned Cheng Dequan in Beijing to ask about Heilongjiang affairs. Cheng's answer made Cixi very satisfied, and she was promoted to a Taoist priest. The next day, she added the title of deputy commander-in-chief and acted as deputy commander-in-chief of Qiqihar. The deputy commander-in-chief is the officer in charge of the army. Cheng Dequan's appointment is not only a leapfrog promotion, but also a break with the practice of not using Han people in Northeast China. It is said that Cixi hosted a banquet for foreign guests before taking office, and the Russian minister's wife praised it in front of Cixi, which contributed to Cixi's exceptional promotion of Cheng.

1May, 90515th, the Qing court appointed Cheng Dequan as the acting general of Heilongjiang, with full authority to handle the military and political affairs of the whole province. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/907, the Qing court changed the northeast to a province, and Xu Shichang of Yuan Shikai's bureaucratic group was the governor. Cheng was appointed acting governor of Heilongjiang on May 7, and his authority was weakened, which was obviously excluded by Yuan Shikai's bureaucratic group. To this end, Cheng was forced to ask for illness many times and asked for a vacancy. 1March, 908, Xu Shichang suggested that the military department "take a few months off and go back to their hometown for medical treatment". On June 19, 2009, the Qing court will soon open the post of acting governor of Heilongjiang for Cheng Dequan. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the country entered a chaotic world, and the focus of Cheng Dequan's administration was to preserve life, which can be said to be his core. People are also generous and generous. His original wife, Qin, fled with him and died in 1903. Although the economic situation improved at that time, it was still heavily in debt. Cheng Dequan was ousted by Yuan Shikai Group and then went home to visit his mother. Cheng Daguan was very happy that his son was developed and honored his ancestors. In view of his poor life in the past years, he pushed himself to others and told his son to take out 12,000 Yang Lianyin saved for many years to buy fields, and prepare to use the income from these fields to help the poor and unreported people at home. He didn't want the Cheng family to starve and freeze. This is a social assistance system initiated by Fan Zhongyan, a famous sage in the Song Dynasty, which was imitated by sages in past dynasties. Some concerned families have even created this rescue system through the efforts of several generations. At the time of preparation, the court resurrected Cheng Dequan and called him back to Beijing. Cheng Dequan hurried home, and the father and son had no time to discuss relevant measures. Therefore, during the Qingming Spring Festival, Cheng Daguan called the whole clan together, distributed the money to the poor in the clan, let them make a living by themselves, and provided relief to the widowed and sick people according to different situations. Twelve thousand pieces of silver were divided immediately. Cheng's heroic behavior caused a sensation in the whole village.

After Mrs Qin died, she continued to marry Mrs Liu. Mrs. Liu saw that being generous and easy to make money was not a long-term solution. Repeated persuasion failed, so she quietly saved a sum of money to avoid falling into poverty in her later years. 1908 165438+ In October, Guangxu and Cixi died one after another, and the political situation changed greatly. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/909, Regent Zai Feng transferred to Xu Shichang and appointed Xiliang as the governor of the three northeastern provinces, and Cheng Dequan was reused. On May 23, he was appointed acting governor of Fengtian and was awarded this position. However, the post of Feng Fu, who is in the same city as the governor, belongs to the scope of streamlining the political reform organization, so it was abolished on April 28 of 19 10 and Cheng was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu. At this time, the Xinhai storm came and the crisis was serious. Here and now, the Sri Lankan people have another eye-catching performance.

After taking office, Cheng Dequan said in a letter to the Central People: "The gentry in Jiangsu have an academic advantage. Recently, eastern and western civilizations have been introduced, and the knowledge is getting newer and newer. Zhang Dian regards everyone as his mentor and strongly advocates it. In the future, almost all the education models in our country will take this method. " He respected Zhang Jian's opinion very much in Jiangsu, had a good relationship with local gentry and played an important role in the crisis. At the same time, he also firmly said: "Doing anything invisibly, not afraid of difficulties, only seeking deep progress, being quiet and professional, is the way to govern yourself;" Based on the camera, it is the policy of governing people, nothing more. "

At that time, the constitutional movement in Jiangsu was very lively, and Zhang Jian was the leader of the movement. Cheng Dequan fully supports Zhang Jian's idea of convening Congress and forming a responsible cabinet. He also made extensive contacts with governors, hoping to save the ruling crisis of the Qing court. 191010/on 25th October, Cheng Dequan was listed as a memorial advocating the establishment of a cabinet and a national assembly at the same time, led by the governors of the three northeastern provinces. Due to various demands, the Qing court announced the founding of Xuan Tong on June 4th (165438) for a period of five years. However, Cheng Dequan is not optimistic about the current situation. He continued to ask the Qing court to "send cabinet ministers as soon as possible". In his telegram to Rui Fang, governor of Huguang, he said frankly: "At present, there are only so many talents at home and abroad, and the compilation list is invalid. It can be asserted that the preparatory work is delayed and ineffective, and it is urgent and ineffective. If a political party is not established, the law will not work. Therefore, there is no second language to speak today except the cabinet. Urging the formation of a cabinet does not mean ruling the world from now on, but only means setting up a prime minister for the people to overthrow. " Reflect a strong sense of crisis. He was well aware of the corruption in the Qing court. Cheng Dequan's political qualifications are very shallow, and his strength is not strong. However, Zhang Jian has a strong reputation and strength in the local area, but Zhang, the governor of the two rivers, does not support the constitutional movement, which is inconsistent with Zhang Jian's political views. Cheng Dequan and Zhang Jian didn't know each other originally, and there was no personal relationship between them. When 19 1 1 the political crisis intensified, the two began to warm each other and cooperate to cope with the current situation. 1911February 8 18, Zhang Jian went to Suzhou to meet with Cheng Dequan, and established close contact from then on. Jiangsu officials and gentry formed a political group to deal with the crisis, and Cheng Dequan became the political manipulator of this group.

After the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising, Cheng Dequan broke the silence for a period of time, and played the Qing court continuously, demanding strong reform measures to win the hearts of the people and save the crisis. In his telegram to the Cabinet1911013, he pointed out that the reason why revolutionaries dare to be righteous is "because there is a concept of political reform inside, and there is a general trend in the world outside". "This is not the intention of the court, and they are afraid of falling above others." Although Cheng Dequan is still trying to "destroy the revolution", he has abandoned the concept of "loyalty to the monarch and patriotism" and laid an ideological foundation for the future anyway. When Wuchang Uprising broke out, Zhang Jian had just returned to Wuchang from Beijing and returned to Jiangsu by boat, where he witnessed the scene of Wuchang Uprising. After arriving in Nanjing, he called on Zhang, the governor of Liangjiang, and asked Zhang to send troops to help Hubei and quickly finalize the constitution. Zhang Renjun flatly rejected Zhang Jian's request, which made Zhang Jian deeply feel the seriousness of the crisis and had to find another way.

When he learned that Zhang Jian had returned to Nanjing, he sent a telegram to invite Zhang Jian to Suzhou and came up with a solution to the current situation. 19 1 1 year1October 16, Zhang Jian arrived in Suzhou, and he was very much in favor of Zhang Jian's political ideas and asked him to draft a manuscript for himself. Zhang took the thunder powder and two young people drafted it overnight, 12 completed. The wording of the play is uncharacteristic and radical, and it strongly demands: "It is proposed to ask Chen to act arbitrarily, learn from the laws of his ancestors, learn from the good rules of other countries, first invent the imperial edict, publicize the voice of virtue, release the nobles, respect the sages, form another organization, take responsibility for the monarch, and always protect the dignity of the royal family and not conflict with the ruling front; And please write a letter to the person who committed a crime and caused the first disaster, that is, make a law to punish him to thank the world. Then regularly tell the temple to swear to the people and announce the constitution in advance, which will have a new beginning in the world. " Due to the lack of response from provincial governors, it was not until 10/22 October that the cabinet was convened, and it was impossible for it to play its role. This is Cheng Dequan and Zhang Jian's last advice to the Qing court.

At 19 15, Yang Tingdong dug out the sketch from the box and asked Wu Hufan to draw it and mount it. Zhang Yipeng called it "the grass is thin on autumn nights". 19 16 March, I showed this Sketch of Autumn Night Sparing, and the inscription was written as follows: "191August, 2008, I strongly advised not to sparse grass again? I repeated it, but the pawn didn't listen. The reform of the state system is rewarding, and the Japanese are looking for the territory of noise and suspicion. When I tried to convince both sides, I didn't listen. It's true that heaven never regrets. Isn't my sincerity enough to impress people? Today, with strict discipline and moral extinction, the people are in dire straits and it is almost impossible to live once. Alas, Lao Wang has no right, and the people have no right. What can a husband say? In March in Chen Bing, Yang Jun showed this book to others and encouraged him to write a few words in return. Suyuan lay. "He is still thinking about biology.

They just threw themselves into the Qing court, and they already understood that the Qing dynasty was hopeless and the future of the country had to find another way out. The cooperation between Cheng Dequan and Zhang Jian laid the foundation for them to cooperate with the Revolutionary Party and create a new situation in Jiangsu. Therefore, Cheng Dequan began to change its policy, no longer aiming at reforming and saving the Qing Dynasty, but aiming at maintaining local order, protecting local economy and people's stable life. First, he electrified various families in Jiangsu to rush to organize group defense, so as to consolidate the people's hearts and maintain public order, "arouse the spirit of martial arts and avoid endless hidden dangers" and maintain public order. On the occasion of the uprising of the Shanghai People's Army, he replied to Liu Zai's urgent telegram and said: "At present, the first priority is to preserve Chinese and foreign civil industries, that is, to quickly ask local gentry and chambers of commerce to consult with consuls of various countries and try to maintain them without any erosion. There are no soldiers to send here, and the governor's office will show compliance. " This is a day of Shanghai's recovery.

After the Shanghai Uprising, the Soviet gentry reached many agreements and decided to declare independence, and they are recommending representatives to the court. 19 1 1 year165438+1on the night of October 3, more than 50 people from the People's Army went to the Soviet Union by special bus from Shanghai, and first went to the standard camp of Qiao Feng New Army to announce everything and express their condolences. After the People's Army entered the city, I went to Fuyuan to see you and pushed Dai Chengde all the way. Cheng Dequan Declaration: "When there is nothing to do, we will veto this move before it starts. We must make no mistakes in autumn and leave the people alone. " So the People's Army presented the seal of the Governor of Jiangsu, and Cheng was forced to accept it. Since Cheng Dequan declared independence, as the first official of the former Qing Dynasty, it has also aroused the distrust of some revolutionaries, and rumors prevailed and the situation was turbulent. Therefore, Cheng Dequan remained calm as always and took two decisive measures: on the one hand, he took off his braid and expressed his revolutionary determination for democracy; On the one hand, he collected all kinds of seals of the institute and destroyed them in the lobby of the governor's office, cutting off the connection with the old system. Ten thousand people see, all kinds of rumors put an end to. After the independence of Suzhou, Zhang Jian was appointed as the chief of civil affairs (not yet in office), and Zhang Jian, a rising star of constitutionalism, (Yong Zhi), Shen Enfu (Xin Qing), Lei Fen (Ji Xing) and Huang Yanpei (Huang is also an alliance) all participated in the work of the Dudufu. 191119 Zhang Jian arrived in Shanghai and was keen on organizing an interim parliament. Cheng Dequan also participated in the system construction of the new country. On June165438+1October 1 1 Sunday, together with Zhejiang Governor Tang Shouqian, I called Governor Chen of the Shanghai Army: "Shanghai, a port in China, is sent by Chinese and foreign eyes and ears, and it is also a place with convenient transportation and no casualties. It is urgent to set up a temporary conference headquarters in Shanghai for internal consultation and follow the method of the first meeting in the United States. On June/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/3/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/4 June/KOOC-0/4, the meeting was held for two consecutive days, and the Federation of representatives of provincial governors was convened through Chen.

At the same time, Zhang Jian is fighting for Yuan Shikai anyway. Zhang drafted Yuan Shikai, and Yuan Shikai proposed to return, and advised Yuan anyway: "There must be a trend of * * *, which is forced by the situation. In addition to falling apart, we must seek a unified method to maintain it. In the recent report, I didn't judge the situation alone, but the public opinion is the same. Although you have courage, you can't accept the crossbow; The sage of Confucius and Mencius, the dead waves in the East can't go back. In public opinion, I don't care. I hope that the public will participate in mutual observation with the metaphor of a dog, a horse and a soil and the training of the Soil and Water Society. Mencius did not rule the Zhou Dynasty, so he worshipped Yi Yin as a saint. China is in Chuanshan, so I am unfaithful to Yu Que. The evidence of restraining public will makes sense. As for the biography of Washington, there are many ways in the world, and it is also public opinion, so don't pay attention. "

In any case, Cheng Dequan used to be a big official in the Qing Dynasty, so he was in a suspicious position and it was difficult to control the political situation. 19 1 1 year 1 month 1 1 day, he turned to Zhang Jian for help, saying, "My brother has supported me hard, and now he is exhausted; The public has been slow to do it, and they dare not take responsibility if it breaks down. I pray that you can come as soon as possible and explain clearly on the same day, so that you can get help from the public and the town. You can not only solve all doubts, but also consult the governors and elect the temporary commander-in-chief as soon as possible, so that you can benefit from the current situation. My brother endured death and waited for it. I am afraid that I will be ordinary in the future and I can't bear to say more. " However, Zhang Jian didn't want to be a political leader. He just reorganized the former Consultation Bureau into the Provincial Assembly of the Republic of China. In June165438+1October 14, Cheng called the provincial governors again: "The overall situation has been decided, the military, political and civil affairs need to be unified, and it is planned to unite with the military governments in the southeast to urge Sun Yat-sen to return to China quickly and organize an interim government to take charge." This is sincere cooperation with revolutionaries. At the same time, Zhang Jian and his family made every effort to promote reunification with Jiangsu. Tang led a letter to Chen saying: "Some people said:' The overall situation of our country has not been decided, so we must pay special attention to military plans, because Shanghai is an important town. If other administrative matters of the government can be unified throughout the province. Today, after the restoration of the Soviet Union Hospital, all the troops and officers and men were elected to take charge of everything, which is enough to become the hope of the whole province. They know that Governor Cheng is enthusiastic about state affairs and determined to reform, which is unmatched by other governors in the old days. If Shanghai is a part of Jiangsu Province, if it is also divided administratively, it will hinder the unification with the whole province, so please take a long-term view. Chen said, "After the pacification of Jiangsu, the civil affairs should be in the charge of Taishoucheng. However, in today's situation, all troops stationed in Shanghai cannot help but control, so our focus is on making progress. " Chen's commitment has stabilized Cheng's position.

19 1 1 year 1 1 month 2 1, Zhang Jian went to Suzhou to preside over the opening ceremony of the provincial Council and invited Zhang Jian to act as the viceroy. On the 22nd, I went to Gaozi (located in Dantu District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, founded in Song Dynasty). At that time, after the success of the Shanghai Uprising, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces responded one after another, forming a Soviet-Zhejiang Coalition to attack the Qing army in Nanjing. Zhang Jian hoped that Cheng Dequan would make contributions in the front line and become the commander-in-chief of Suning's unification of Jiangsu. However, Cheng's own military strength is weak, and he has no strength to control allied generals who have been revolutionary for many years and have many factions. 191112 On February 2, the allied forces conquered Nanjing, and the town army general Lin Shuqing claimed to be the commander-in-chief, and there was a conflict with the allied commander-in-chief. At that time, Cheng Dequan was in Shanghai to discuss the political situation with all parties. The parties reached an agreement, elected Cheng Dequan as the governor of Jiangsu, and invited Lin Shuqing to settle the dispute in Nanjing. On the evening of February 5th, 65438, Cheng Dequan went from Shanghai to Nanjing and became the governor of Jiangsu. In any case, Cheng Dequan's series of political measures won the trust of revolutionaries and formed a good cooperative relationship. With the support of the leaders of the League, Cheng Dequan left Shanghai for Nanjing on the evening of February 5th, 65438. Song also went to Nanjing to coordinate the army and persuaded Lin Shuqing to hand over administrative power to. The next day, Cheng Diantong was the governor of Jiangsu, and set about organizing the governor's office, with Song as the administrative director. However, Song soon returned to Shanghai to deal with the controversy about the election of marshal position in the revolutionary camp. However, due to the chaos of Nanjing's military and political affairs and the lack of sources of military pay, Lin failed to make a fortune and continued to control Nanjing's local political power, making it difficult to exercise Jiangsu's functions and powers. By February 9, 65438, Cheng had to leave for Shanghai.

In order to rectify the order of Nanjing after the revolution, I went to Nanjing again with Tang Shouqian and Chen on the night of February 15, 2005, trying to rectify the order of Nanjing, reconcile the army and organize the government. Zhang Jian also arrived in Nanjing on 17, and witnessed the situation that "the guest army was frightened and the residents were frightened". He was helpless. Unable to maintain order in Nanjing, Cheng Dequan angrily left Nanjing on 18 and returned to Shanghai, claiming that he was ill. The revolution lacked authority for a while and could not sort out the order in Nanjing. Cheng Dequan's plan to unify Jiangsu's administration with Zhang Jian's support was once frustrated, but this political group also showed considerable strength in Jiangsu after the Revolution of 1911.

On June 1 91265438+10/day, Jiangsu Provincial Assembly elected Zhuang Yunkuan as acting viceroy to replace Cheng Dequan. On October 3rd, 65438/KLOC-0, Sun Yat-sen organized an interim government in Nanjing, and appointed Cheng Dequan as the chief of the internal affairs. Cheng Sui was relieved from the post of Governor of Jiangsu. At that time, the Nanjing provisional government appointed a group of members of the League as deputy ministers, who held actual power and were ridiculed as the cabinet of deputy ministers. As the leader of the African Union, Cheng did not take office in Nanjing. Of course, Cheng Dequan did not stop his political activities. Before the Qing dynasty, he realized that the constitution of the country required the organization of political parties. At this time, Zhang Taiyan, president of the Guangfu Association, had differences with Sun Yat-sen and was also organizing political parties. So the two men cooperated and announced the establishment of the Republic of China Federation on June 3, 65438.

But soon, Cheng Dequan realized that China's political circles were backward and naive, and could not perform the duties of party politics. He advised Zhang Taiyan to be calm and not arrogant, but Zhang was too narrow-minded to listen and the two could not cooperate. Cheng withdrew from the * * * and the Party evolved from the reorganization of the Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and established a political participation meeting with Li Cheng, vice chairman and governor of Hubei Province, but without success. Later, in a long telegram to Huang Xing, Cheng Dequan said: "There are no political parties recently, but those who sell their names take the name of the party as the symbol, while ordinary unconscious people echo it, pretend to be political parties, have doubts, knock on political views and have nothing. The * * * and the elimination of party membership before Dequan were because of this, and the political discussion was also because of this. " Later, Zhang Guogan was organizing the Democratic Party, and Cheng warned: "If our country is naive, the party should not happen prematurely. From this point of view, our country must have at least five or ten years of preparation, and it is impossible to say that it is a party. "

This is a clear understanding of the national conditions. When observing and commenting on this history, contemporary intellectuals should take a good look at people's real experiences at that time, rather than simply engaging in theoretical and logical reasoning. 1 965438+April 20021day, Sun Yat-sen dismissed the post of interim president of the Republic of China. After Yuan Shikai took office as interim president in Beijing, he appointed Tang as Prime Minister. After being approved by the Nanjing Provisional Senate, he accepted the Nanjing government and moved to Beijing. Cheng Dequan had no job at that time and planned to travel abroad. But times don't allow him to be idle. Because Zhuang Yunkuan, the vice governor of Jiangsu Province, is weak and unable to control the complicated political situation, people from all walks of life urgently hope that Cheng Dequan will come back. On April 13, Yuan Shikai appointed Cheng Dequan as the governor of Jiangsu and moved to Nanjing. With the support of Zhang Jian, Cheng Dequan completed the unification of Jiangsu. However, Jiangsu is also a region with strong revolutionary forces. As a centrist political leader, Cheng Dequan made great efforts to maintain political and social stability with bold courage, sensitive means and fair heart, and won social praise. At the same time, he tried to reconcile the contradiction between the North and the South in the national turmoil and was an important center of the Chinese faction.

Because Yuan Shikai deliberately unified China by force, the North and South eventually split and the second revolutionary war broke out. Yuan Shikai sent Beiyang Army and Zhang Xun and his party south. Cheng Dequan was forced to retire, quit politics and praise Buddha behind closed doors.