Notes

Feng Youlan

10 1 Remarks

Art of life

& gt& gt According to Spinoza's ethical theory, emotion is the bondage of people, and if people have complete knowledge, they can break this bondage.

& gt& gt "Double Feelings of Escape from Heaven"

& gt& gt Cheng's Book of Quality says: "The nature of heaven and earth is universal and unintentional; It is common for a saint to treat everything mercilessly with his feelings. Therefore, the study of a gentleman is nothing more than a grand duke, and things are suitable. " Ru Song's explanation of this reason is often cited as Yan Hui's "don't cross the line" and "don't vent your anger". What can do this is that he can be a grand duke and adapt to things.

& gt& gt Wang Yangming said; "Seven emotions can't be written." You can't be tired when you are tired.

& gt& gt Therefore, whether people are tired of things depends entirely on whether there is me or not. In the current words, it is an objective attitude. The wealth of a grand duke does have a lot to do with the happiness of life and is also very important for a person's career success. People often say that "the bystander is clear, the authorities are confused", that is, I can't sell myself short. When I exist, I am always afraid, and the result may be bad.

& gt& gt Therefore, without me, without me, without me, under the banner of Taoism, is very trivial, but it is actually related to the happiness of life.

The relationship between philosophy and life

> > Logic has no direct and significant influence on life, that is, on our daily behavior.

> > "epistemology" (also known as epistemology) has little influence on people's daily behavior.

& gt& gt Although theoretically we dare not say that the sun will definitely come out tomorrow, what we should do today is still the same.

& gt& gt has some truth. We don't believe him, and so does our life. If you trust him, you will change your life immediately. The most obvious is religion.

& gt& gt Everything comes from the heart. People have that kind of sincerity, but he doesn't feel it. This is the so-called mystery.

Another part of>& gt philosophy is political philosophy and social philosophy. It also has a direct and significant impact on daily life behavior.

& gt& gt That is to say, political philosophy and social philosophy are the reflection of social conditions and are correct; But it is wrong to say that it has no power.

& gt& gt "Ideals create times and times create ideals."

On fate

& gt& gt The ancients Confucius and Mencius also talked about life, for example, Confucius said; "Know your own destiny." Zhuangzi said; "I know I can't help it." Mencius said; "Come on, this is heaven. If you don't come, you will die. " Xunzi said; "The festival is called life." When I say "fate", I mean what they call "fate". "I didn't come because I didn't want him to come", and "holiday encounter" is an unintentional encounter. This is the true meaning of "life".

& gt& gt There are three great achievements in life; Learning, service, and morality are what the ancients said: standing up, making contributions, and building morality. So success has three elements: talent, life and strength, that is, talent, fate and hard work. The achievement of learning needs a lot of talent, the achievement needs a lot of fate, and the achievement of morality needs a lot of effort.

& gt& gt "wine is different, poetry is different."

& gt& gt "I don't know if I have any talent."

& gt& gt Only when you have talent and academic ability can you achieve something in your studies.

& gt& gt There are no heroes in the world, so Lizi became famous. "

& gt& gt "General Wei Qing's victory is only an accident, and General Li Guang's failure is his fate, not his fault", so we should not judge heroes by success or failure.

& gt& gt To complete morality, you don't have to do anything different, just do what you should do and do your duty according to your post.

& gt& gt You can make full use of your relationship with others and do what you should do. This is morality, which has nothing to do with your position and occupation.

& gt& gt Being an official and making a fortune means "being responsive, having a life and a master". Only morality is "take and you will get, give up and you will lose". The right to do or not to do is up to you.

& gt& gt If you are determined to be a saint, you will succeed as long as you work hard.

The achievement of learning needs talent, achievement needs lucky encounter, and moral achievement only needs hard work.

Factors of success in life

& gt& gt It is an effort to create an environment and strive for opportunities.

& gt& gt Speaking of life, if we live so big and don't die, life is quite good.

& gt& gt Generally speaking, "talent" accounts for more in study, "fate" in career and "strength" in moral character.

& gt& gt "Love is different, poetry is different."

& gt& gt There is such a record in Ji Xiaolan's Notes on Yuewei Caotang; There is a chess fan who sometimes wins and sometimes loses. One day he met a fairy and asked if there was any way to win chess. Fairy said, there is no way to win, but there is a way to lose. Chess fans think it's good to have a method of never losing, so they ask this method. The fairy replied; "If you don't play chess, you will never lose." This story is very reasonable. Anything can be successful or failed, so don't do it if you are afraid of failure.

& gt& gt What does it take to become a saint and sage? Very simple, only "endless". The so-called "ethics" is the relationship between people, and there used to be "five ethics"; Your Majesty, father and son, husband and wife, brother and friend. The "five virtues" have no boundaries now.

& gt& gt The so-called monarch has a monarch's way, minister has a minister's way, father has a father's way, and son has a son's way, that is, everyone has his own things to do. Perfection is "perfection".

& gt& gt In a new way, everyone should stand in his post and do what he should do.

& gt& gt "talent" can be high or low, high can do great things, low can do small things, no matter what his talent is, as long as he is perfect in his post, he is a saint.

& gt& gt Moral success has nothing to do with the success or failure of what you do.

& gt& gt Moral success does not depend on genius or opportunity, but only on the degree of hard work; Work hard and you will succeed; You won't succeed if you don't work hard. We call it "freedom", which transcends genius and opportunity. It is unrestricted freedom, not ordinary freedom. That's what "everyone can think about Yao and Shun" means.

& gt& gt If a person did something like Wen Tianxiang and Shi Kefa, he tried his best to get 12 points. Although he failed, it did not affect his moral success. But they don't work hard, fail disloyalty, and succeed by luck, because their "efforts" affect their moral success.

The meaning of life and the realm of life

& gt& gt What is "meaning"? Meaning comes from consciousness and understanding. Anything is meaningful if we can understand it, otherwise it is meaningless. The more you know, the more meaningful it is, and the less you know, the more meaningless it is. What is "consciousness"? We know that we are doing one thing, and that is consciousness.

& gt& gt life realm can be roughly divided into four categories; (A) the natural realm-the lowest level, the most incomprehensible, most of these people are "shun Cai" or "shun Xi". (2) utilitarian realm-a higher realm needs a deeper understanding. (3) Moral realm-a higher realm needs a deeper understanding. (4) the realm of heaven and earth-the highest realm needs the most thorough understanding.

& gt& gt People in the moral realm, no matter what they do, aim at serving the society. Such people are neither greedy for life nor afraid of death. They know that besides "I", there is also a society and a whole above. They understand that individuals are a part of society, and that individuals and society are part and whole.

& gt& gt People in the realm of heaven and earth all aim at serving the universe. Their views on life and death; There is neither life nor death.

& gt& gt China's so-called "sages" should be different. "Sages" refer to people in the moral realm and "saints" refer to people in the realm of heaven and earth.

& gt& gt I once saw a linguistics professor accuse an ordinary person who didn't know much about writing, saying that he had written a different kind of writing. That sentence could have been used as an excuse for the ancient words, so I defended the writer at that time. Results the professor of philology answered me like this; "If this word is written by me, it is fake. If it is written by someone who has a rough understanding of the text, it is another word." This passage is very interesting, that is to say, doing the same thing, because different levels of understanding can have different realms.

& gt& gt Objectively speaking, these four professors are all doing the same thing, just because they have different levels of understanding and different realms.

& gt& gt The so-called saint can understand the evolution of heaven and earth, so he can hold his head high and participate in heaven and earth. Plants are ignorant (don't understand the principle of education), so plants can only be cultivated by heaven and earth.

& gt& gt The so-called "metaphysics is everything, enlightenment is holiness" means that it is easy to be a saint, and everyone can be a saint, which is also the truth.

& gt& gt In a word, the meaning of life depends entirely on our understanding of life.

boundary

& gt& gt Cosmic life has different meanings for human belonging, that is, it constitutes a certain realm of human belonging.

& gt& gt Although things are the same thing, they can have different meanings for everyone.

& gt& gt The world is the same world, and life is the same life, but its meaning to everyone can be different.

& gt& gt "Different people have different opinions."

& gt& gt Zhuangzi said; "It's hard to be deaf and blind, but my husband knows." As far as he knows or not, as far as all mental states are concerned, the differences in the above sense also have subjective components.

& gt& gt In this realm, people at the bottom follow their talents and "do what they should do and stop at what they should do"; Or, as is customary, "do as usual."

& gt& gt Therefore, his realm seems to be just chaos. For example, ancient poems are written about the life of the ancients; "I don't know, I don't know, I don't know." "Do it at sunrise, rest every day, don't know nature, but know the right place?" These poems can well describe people's psychological state in the natural realm.

& gt& gt In this state, people at the bottom can't be said to be ignorant, but can only be said to be unconscious. Mencius said; "If you do what you do, you will learn what you do, but you won't observe it. You will let it go all your life, and there will be many people who don't know its way. " Zhu said; "The author knows well and the examiner knows well." If you don't look at it, it is the so-called unclear understanding.

The characteristic of>& gt's utilitarian realm is that in this state, people at the bottom behave "for profit". The so-called "profit" is for your own benefit.

The characteristic of>& gt's moral realm is that in this realm, human behavior is the bottom of "doing righteousness". Righteousness and interests are opposite and complement each other. Seeking one's own profit-making behavior is for profit-making behavior; The pursuit of social interests is an act of upholding justice.

It is a fictional dream of some philosophers that & gt& gt is divorced from society and exists independently.

& gt& gt people should not only exist in society, but also be complete in society.

& gt& gt people must be in the social system and laws at the bottom of politics and morality in order to develop income for people as human beings.

The characteristics of>& gt heaven and earth realm are: In this realm, human behavior is the lowest level of "doing things with heaven". In this state, people at the bottom of the world know the whole society and the whole universe. Only when people know the full-time existence of the universe can they make their income develop as much as possible and do the best.

& gt& gt people should not only be a person in society, but also be a person openly; You should also be a person in the universe.

& gt& gt He realized that although a man is only seven feet tall, he can "soar to the sky"; Although the life span is less than 100 years old, you can "live longer than heaven and earth, and live longer than Guang Qi, the sun and moon".

& gt& gt What we call the realm of heaven and earth, in the words of Taoism, should be called moral realm. Zhuangzi Sanmu said that "floating by virtue" and "floating is the ancestor of all things, and things are not in things". This is the "hometown of morality". This so-called moral hometown is what we call the realm of heaven and earth.

& gt& gt So the realm of heaven and earth is the highest realm. At this point, people's consciousness has developed to the highest level. People have tried their best at this point. In this realm, people at the bottom are called saints. Saint is the most complete person, so Shao Kangjie said; "Saint, man is the best."

& gt& gt Part of what people really enjoy is the size of the world. People with high realm will actually enjoy a large part of the world; People with low realms actually enjoy a small part of the world. The public world is infinite, and the things inside are boundless. But what a person can really enjoy is that he can feel or understand a part of the world.

& gt& gt As far as feeling is concerned, people can enjoy different parts of the world, but the difference is very limited. Travel around the world alone, and never go abroad alone. A person has experienced many changes and lived a quiet life. Their knowledge is different, but the difference is very limited.

& gt& gt However, as far as consciousness is concerned, the world that everyone can enjoy can be very large.

& gt& gt Zhuangzi said; "Ride the dragon in the clouds and travel around the world." "Take the meaning of heaven and earth, resist the debate of six qi, and swim endlessly." It seems that they all use a poetic language to describe the enjoyment that people can enjoy in the realm of heaven and earth.

& gt& gt In the field of morality, people already have sufficient knowledge, and they have fully understood what makes people different from other animals. Intellectuality, as it knows, is not limited to the real world. Therefore, the part of the world it enjoys is bigger than that enjoyed by people in the utilitarian realm.

& gt& gt A person's realm is constantly changing. The only people whose realm remains unchanged are sages and fools.

& gt& gt Confucius said; "Going back to March is not inhumane, and the sun and the moon will rest." In other words, Yan Hui's borders will remain unchanged for at least three months. The realm of others is constantly changing.

"I don't know"

& gt& gt We can quote a sentence from Laozi; "If you don't understand, you don't understand."

& gt& gt We can quote a sentence from Laozi; "If you don't understand, you don't understand."

& gt& gt The Analects of Confucius said; "The child is absolutely four, and I don't care, I don't need it, I don't care, I don't care." Horizontal canal cloud; "If there is one of the four, it is not similar to heaven and earth." Xiangshan said; "Although you want to be different from heaven and earth, but not necessarily. This is a beautiful day. " "Similar to heaven and earth", rather than "self is different from heaven and earth", can be a footnote without self. Taoism often describes this realm as "human desire is everywhere, and justice prevails". People's desires have personal elements and personal elements.

& gt& gt In the field of morality, people are intellectual, and intellectuality can "see the true self", and "seeing the true self" can develop the "true self". In the realm of heaven and earth, only when people know the sky can they know the position of the "true self" in the universe and let the "true self" be fully developed.

& gt& gt Man's "true self" must develop in the moral realm and fully develop in the realm of heaven and earth.

& gt& gt This development is the development of "I". "I" developed from a thing between heaven and earth to "participating in heaven and earth"

& gt& gt In the field of morality, people are "without me" and "with me". In the realm of heaven and earth, people are "big without me" and "big with me". We can get a sentence from Laozi; "My husband doesn't have me, so he can become me."

& gt& gt Taoism can clearly see the difference between moral realm and heaven and earth realm. But they often can't see the difference between heaven and earth and nature clearly. Confucianism can clearly see the difference between the natural realm and the moral realm. But they often can't see clearly the difference between moral realm and heaven and earth realm.

& gt& gt Another example is two poems written by Yang Jiaoshan when he died. "Heroism returns to nothingness, and Dan Xin shines through the ages. Nothing happened in my life, leaving it to future generations. " The second is; "King since the enlightenment, historic high output. He has never repaid his kindness in his life and kept it as a loyal soul. " These two poems seem to have the same status in Jiao Shan's mind. But the first song is about the relationship between man and the bottom of the universe, and what man says in the realm of heaven and earth.

& gt& gt People are not only in the universe, but also a part of the universe. People are also in society, and society is a part of society, as it is, but people don't necessarily understand it.

& gt& gt I don't know why, everything is in ignorance, so it is everything; Knowing that everything is in the light makes it holy.

& gt& gt Everything in daily life is unified with "doing your best". You can "try your best" to do any daily thing.

& gt& gt We said in Neo-Confucianism that all things are in motion. If you move your breath, your things will come to nothing. Man must act. Man's realm is in man's actions. This is the original bottom.

On romantic feelings

& gt& gt Jin people often say that they are beyond, and Shi Shuo Xin Yu says; "Guo Jingchun poetry cloud; There are no static trees in the forest and no stopping flow in the river. Ruan Fuyun; Zheng Hong is desolate, not to speak of. Every time I read this article, I feel like a ghost. To surpass is to surpass oneself. If you surpass yourself, you can live without me. A true lover must be without me. Without me, a person's happiness or failure, as well as life or death, are not enough to explain.

The basic word in Shi Shuo Xin Yu is also "exclusive love". Shi Shuo Xin Yu means; "Huan, every time I hear Qingge, I need to call for help. Xie Gong listened; Ziye can be described as affectionate. " Huan Zi calls helplessly, because there is an emotion that he can't stand. This is why Wang wept bitterly. He will die for love, even if he can't stand it. This is a perceptual feeling of life.

& gt& gt A truly romantic person has deep feelings. But because he also has a metaphysical heart and can surpass himself, he has feelings without me. So his feelings are all about the universe and life, not for himself. Huan Wen said; "If trees are so young, why are people inferior?"

There are some famous sentences in>& gt's poems, such as "Spring grass grows in the pool, willow turns into songbirds in the garden", "Spring grass doesn't turn green at will" and "empty beams drop mud". They don't talk about emotions, but they have their own emotions.

& gt& gt If a person is confined to the perspective of "me", his personal success or failure can make him feel sad and happy. People who transcend themselves and look at "me" from a higher angle will not make them feel sad or happy.

& gt& gt If you forget your feelings, there will be no sorrow and joy, and there will be another kind of happiness without sorrow and joy. This kind of music is not opposite to sadness, but transcends it. Tao Qian has this kind of music, his poems; "Building a house in human feelings, no chariots and horses, ask what you can do, and your heart is far away. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are back. This makes sense, I forgot what I wanted to say. " The underlying music expressed in this poem transcends the underlying music of funeral music. This poem expresses the highest metaphysical heart and the greatest romantic feelings.

& gt& gt Rusong said that Ceng Zi "enjoys his place, but he has nothing to worry about, and everything is in harmony with heaven and earth, so the master sighs and promises deeply" (Zhu Xi's note).

& gt& gt However, Cheng's realm seems to be above Kang Festival, and his romantic style is also higher than Kang Festival. Cheng's poetic cloud; "The clouds are light and the wind is light, and the flowers follow the willows. When people don't know how to be happy, learning from teenagers will be called stealing time. " Say it again; "Over the years, it's nothing idle, and it's red as soon as I go to bed. Everything is complacent when you are quiet, and you are happy when you are with people at any time. Tao passes through the material world and thinking enters the abnormal situation. Wealth is not lewd, poverty is not happy, and men are heroic here. "

& gt& gt Kang Jie's poem cloud; "As soon as possible, I also dance, forget the words to eulogize. Guests and friends don't blame unrestrained inspection. I am really glad that I am helpless. " ("Beating the Earth Collection", Volume 8) "Flowers fade and flowers bloom again and again, and the wine is poured in the spring. Love is not strong and young, what can you do with your heart? "

Introduction to Selected Prose of Zong Pu's Novels

& gt& gt people should be content with fame and fortune, but they don't know enough about learning.

& gt& gt Only those who rely on academic ability can know the deficiency and be uneasy about the status quo. The higher the academic ability, the more aware of the shortcomings. If you don't know enough, you should study.

& gt& gt The three books of nature, society and life are the foundation of all knowledge and the source of all wisdom. Vast and boundless.

& gt& gt Although these three masterpieces are good, it is a pity that they are not written in words, and they can be called "wordless gobbledygook". In addition to being smart, we must also have the greatest sincerity to brew the "wordless gobbledygook" into words, so that we can read it more or less.

& gt& gt Buddhists have a saying; "Na Su Mi is in a mustard seed." What a big Sumi Mountain. It is the requirement of short stories to include it in a mustard seed. How to accept the law depends on the ability of the novelist. But in any case, the author must first have a Mount Sumi in his heart.

My experience in studying the history of China's philosophy.

& gt& gt You have to go your own way, and you have to know the truth yourself. Academic conclusions must be made by yourself.