How old is Qin Shihuang?

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to unify China. Later generations called it "an emperor through the ages." Last name won, Zheng Ming. Han nationality, Zhao people, also known as. 13 years old, king. At the age of 22, he was crowned as an adult in Yongcheng, the old capital, and officially ascended the throne. At the age of 39, he completed the historic cause of reunifying China and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first 246 years, the king of Qin won the throne because he was young, and was succeeded by the Queen Mother and Prime Minister Lv Buwei. Ping pong g? In 38 years (nine years of Zheng), Zheng Zhang ruled the country and removed Lu. Hot broadcast? What is the beauty and drama? From 30 years ago to 22 1 years ago, the six countries, namely Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, were destroyed successively, and the great cause of reunifying the whole country was completed, and the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, was established. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and he called himself the "Emperor".

Life experiences of characters

According to Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother was the daughter of general Zhao. Before she gave Qin Shihuang, she was a concubine. For political purposes, Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was pregnant, to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang). Later, Zhao Ji became pregnant in December and gave birth to Ying Zheng, but in fact she was the illegitimate child of Lv Buwei and Zhao Ji. According to the research results of modern medicine [source request], it is rare to be pregnant for twelve months; At the same time, menopause as a sign of pregnancy will also be suspected by strangers. So it is possible that Sima Qian made mistakes in Historical Records. ) Ying Zheng is an underrated son of protons. He spent his boyhood in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this time, the aliens have returned to Qin through mediation and recognized Mrs. Huayang as their mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and her son back to Qin, and Ying Zheng started his political career in Qin king Palace.

ascend the throne

In the third year of King Zhuangxiang (247 BC), King Zhuangxiang died and Ying Zheng ascended the throne as King of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was old and afraid of being discovered, he presented a false eunuch? Ready? Frog =? Hey? Pay for the aluminum reef? KINOMOTO SAKURA? Lu Qian? Coins, bottles, cherry blossoms? ばばば? ?⑻⑻? Wu Wu? Allow calibration? What's the matter with you? What's the matter with you? In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. ? Times? Hey hey hey? On the edge of the cliff What? Hey? Kejueji, try to talk about it? Hey? Jia meimeng? What is wrong with me? Hey? Grab the core of the warehouse? KINOMOTO SAKURA? What is the area of Huang Bi Temple? KINOMOTO SAKURA? Or? Drunk? Ding g stunt? Cover the gangue? Jue? Is the bureau in a hurry to build a career? Shaqianna Aiyang Palace. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu.

Later, although the nobles of the State of Qin listened to their words and issued an "expulsion order" to expel the diners from the six countries, they were discouraged by Li Si's "persuasion and expulsion" and later appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others.

fleshpots

Shortly after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to send people to design and build the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. After the unification of the six countries, the luxurious Epang Palace was built immediately, with a maximum of 720,000 workers (imaginary number means a large number).

Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, there were many palaces, but during the period of unifying the six countries, the construction was even stronger. Every time a country is destroyed, it is necessary to copy its palace buildings near Xianyang, and the total area has reached an amazing level. The whole Guanzhong area, from the north of Weihe River to the east of Yong Men, to the Jinghe area, is full of palaces.

After reunification, Epang Palace (also known as Gong Chao, formerly known as Epang Palace) was built on the south bank of Weihe River, and more than 700,000 migrant workers are employed every year. Although some people argue that these people are guilty, the proportion of 700 thousand is amazing compared with the national population of only 20 million at that time. The Forbidden City can hold100000 people, and it needs horses and chariots to transport food and wine inside. The area of only one vestibule is 693m from east to west, with a width of 116m from north to south, with a pedestal as high as11.65m and seating capacity of110,000 people. However, the archaeological team of Epang Palace, which was jointly formed by the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology of Xi City, found that Epang Palace was not built at all, and the foundation stone of this palace was laid only in the Qin Dynasty.

In addition, there are Xingle Palace and Liangshan Palace.

According to Three Ancient Stories, there are "145 Chinese and foreign temples" in the State of Qin. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the State of Qin has "300 palaces inside Shanhaiguan, more than 400 outside Shanhaiguan", in addition to "within 200 Li of Xianyang" and "270 palaces".

Where there is a palace, there must be a beautiful woman. When the Six Kingdoms perished, beautiful women from all countries were plundered and put into the built palaces. According to Sanfu's old records, there are more than 10,000 women in the harem, and they are angry. Moreover, after the death of Qin Shihuang, most of these maids were forced to die.

Lishan Tomb was built when the King of Qin ascended the throne. It lasted for more than 30 years and was built by 700,000 workers every year. The tomb now preserved has a circumference of 2000 meters and a height of 55 meters. The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, the roof is cast in copper, the mercury is the rivers and lakes, and the organs are full. Moreover, the craftsmen who built the mausoleum were buried alive after the completion of the mausoleum.

die

In the thirty-seventh year (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and fell ill. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Qin Shihuang's youngest sons, Hu Hai and Reese, forged testamentary edict and made Hu Hai Prince of Qin Ershi. And gave the prince the death penalty.

United China

From 230 years ago to 22 1 year ago, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of far-reaching and near-attacking, divided and alienated from each other, and launched the war of Qin destroying six countries. Qin Shihuang destroyed Korea in 17 years, Zhao in 18 years, Wei in 22 years, Chu in 24 years, Yan in 25 years and Qi in 26 years. Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established.

Build the Great Wall

After the Qin dynasty destroyed the six countries, it began to build the Great Wall in the north, collecting more than 400 thousand civilian workers every year. At that time, the productivity was extremely low, so men could not eat bitterness and women could not knit clothes. So many people are recruited to engage in unproductive labor, and the only result is that the death toll cannot be counted. Thousands of miles away, there are corpses everywhere, and rivers of blood are flowing. It is not surprising that five out of ten households want to rebel. The folklore of "Meng Jiangnu cried down the Great Wall" also reflects the complaints of ordinary people about the construction of the Great Wall from one side.

The Great Wall, which stretches across Wan Li, is not only a single wall, but a complete defense engineering system composed of various fortifications such as the wall, watchtower, Guancheng, Dunbao, Yingcheng, Wei Shuo and Zhencheng beacon tower. This national defense engineering system is commanded and controlled by military command systems at all levels. Taking the Ming Great Wall as an example, nine military jurisdictions, Liaodong, Yuji, Fu Xuan, Datong, Shaanxi, Yulin, Ningxia, Guyuan and Gansu, were set up on the defense line of the Great Wall in Wan Li, and the Great Wall with a total length of more than 7,000 kilometers was defended and restored, starting from Yalu River in the east and reaching Jiayuguan in the west. It is called the "Nine Borders Town", and each town has a company commander as the military chief of this section of the Great Wall, under the command of the Ministry of War. The defensive forces along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty were about 1 10,000 people. The company commanders are generally stationed in the town, while other officials at all levels are stationed in health centers, city camps, Guancheng and enemy towers and piers on the city walls.

Great wall national defense engineering architecture

The defense engineering building of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than two thousand years. First of all, in terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summarized the experience of "blocking roads because of dangerous terrain". This principle has been followed for more than two thousand years and has become an important basis for military deployment. Based on the principle of "using local materials and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", many structural methods have been created. There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, the structure of willow branches, reeds and sand grains is also adopted, which can be called "ingenuity" and has been preserved in Yumenguan, Yangguan and Xinjiang in Gansu for more than 2,000 years.

The remains of the Great Wall in the Western Han Dynasty.

The composition of the Great Wall

The walls of the Great Wall

The Great Wall is the main part of this defense project. It is built on steep mountains or plains, and it is built according to the needs of topography and defense function. Built in plains or passes, they are very high and strong, but they are relatively low and narrow in steep mountainous areas, in order to save manpower and cost. Even some of them can't be built in the steepest place, and the methods of "cliff" and "chopping gable" are conveniently adopted. The walls of Juyongguan, Badaling and the Great Wall in Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and other areas have a building wall on the top of the wall, which is more than one meter high to prevent patrol soldiers from falling. Outside is the crib wall, about 2 meters high. The upper part of the stack wall is provided with a lookout, and the lower part is provided with a shooting hole and a rolling stone hole, which are used for observing the enemy situation and shooting rolling stones. On the top of some important city walls, there are also layers of barriers to resist the enemies who boarded the city walls, just in case. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, when the famous anti-Japanese star Qi Jiguang was transferred to Yuji Town as the company commander, the fortifications of the Great Wall were greatly improved, and enemy towers or platforms were set at the top of the wall to accommodate patrol soldiers and store weapons, food and socks, which greatly strengthened the defensive function of the Great Wall.

Guancheng

Guancheng, the Great Wall, is the most concentrated defensive stronghold on the Wan Li Great Wall defense line. The position of Guancheng is very important, and it is chosen in a favorable defensive terrain, so that it can receive the effect of resisting powerful invaders with very few troops. The ancient name "one person is above ten thousand people" vividly illustrates the importance of managing the city. Guancheng along the Great Wall is large and small, with a large number. As far as the Guancheng of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty is concerned, there are nearly 1,000 Shanhaiguan, Huangyaguan, Juyongguan, Zijingguan, Daomaguan, Pingxingguan, Yanmenguan, Pianguan, Jiayuguan, Yangguan and Yumenguan in the Han Dynasty. There are many small passes near some Daguancheng. For example, there are more than a dozen Xiaoguancheng near Shanhaiguan, which together constitute the defense engineering architecture system of the Great Wall of Wan Li. Some important passes have several lines of defense, such as Juyongguan, Nanguan, Beiguan and Shangguan. Badaling, the north entrance, is the most important outpost of Juyongguan.

beacon tower

The beacon tower is one of the most important components of the Wan Li Great Wall defense project. Its function is to serve as a facility for transmitting military information. Beacon, a tool for transmitting information, has existed for a long time. After the completion of the Great Wall, it was well used and gradually improved, which became the best way to transmit military information in ancient times. The way to spread is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night, because the sun is very strong during the day and the fire is not easy to see, and it can be seen far away at night. This is a scientific and quick way of information transmission. In order to report the number of invading enemy soldiers, the number of smoke and fire is used to distinguish. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of cigarettes and torches was also increased, so as to enhance the effect of alarm and make military information transmit thousands of miles in an instant. In the absence of telephone and radio communication in ancient times, this method of transmitting military information can be said to be very rapid. The layout of the beacon tower is also very important. It is important to arrange it in a place where mountains are dangerous, or where peaks turn, and it must be that all three stations can see each other for easy viewing and transmission. Beacon Tower used to be called Pavilion, Pavilion Tunnel and Beacon Tower in Han Dynasty, and Yandun in Ming Dynasty. In addition to transmitting military information, it also protects the safety of diplomatic envoys, provides accommodation, supplies horses and other services. In some sections of the Great Wall, there are only beacon towers and pavilions without walls, which shows the importance of beacon towers in the Great Wall defense system.

burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive

At that time, hundreds of schools of thought contended in the society, which seriously hindered Qin Shihuang's thought of unifying the people of the six countries and threatened the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Qin Shihuang began to destroy all the hundreds of works except the legalists that year, and only allowed the people to leave books on medicine, divination and planting. It was not until the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC that it was called "book burning".

In the second year after the book burning began, that is, 2 12 BC, Qin Shihuang killed more than 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists in Xianyang, Qin Dou at that time, in order to further repel different political ideas and opinions, which was known as "pit Confucianism" in history.

Historical achievements

From 222 years ago, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale galloping road with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Running in the same lane, the implementation of "cars in the same track", with a width of 50 steps. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed from the 20th year of the Emperor (2 19 BC) to the 23rd year (2 15 BC). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units.

milestone

After the famous Korean family, Sean sent an assassin to assassinate Qin Shihuang in Bolangsha, but failed.

In order to seek the medicine of immortality, it is expensive to send the government to lead thousands of boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality. ("Chu Tie" means that Xu Fu and boys and girls will never return after they reach their destination (that is, today's book), and Japanese minister Qin Shi is their descendant. However, referring to historical records and the annals of the Three Kingdoms, we can see that this statement did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for Xu Fu's "On Emperor Jimmu", there is no literature to test except that it is inconsistent with the age.

Historical evaluation

He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political reunification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books on the same page", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.

1, evaluation

Positive

When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. Historically, it has been said that "a land of a hundred miles, bow to the knees" and "the king of Qin sweeps the Liuhe River". According to the map of the Warring States, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the seven heroes of the Warring States. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.

Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.

Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.

The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.

Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.

Negative; Negative; Negative; negative

Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on.

"Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny.

Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.

Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power.

The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounce the death and injury of many people in the construction process, but on the other hand, they have further developed the transportation in various places and contributed to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of all ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.