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The Old Theory was written in the eighth year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong (8 13). Han Yu is forty-six years old. He is a doctor of Guo Zixue in Chang 'an, and taught as a student. Going to school means encouraging students to study hard and make continuous progress. Explain, explain, analyze. The full text is called "Jin Xuejie" on the pretext that Mr. Wang advised students to study. Mr. Wang questioned them before answering them. It is actually a work of sighing and expressing anger.

This article is divided into three paragraphs. The first paragraph is Mr. Guo Zi's words of encouragement to students. The general idea is: Fang is a saint, a good minister, makes great efforts to govern, and pays attention to selecting and cultivating talents. Therefore, students only need to work hard in both "career" and "career", so they don't have to worry about not being hired, and they don't have to worry about the unfairness of the employing department. "karma" means learning, reading and writing all belong to "karma" "Doing" means doing things for people, and the so-called "expressing one's position" means expressing important opinions. Han Yu believes that these two aspects are important aspects of subjective cultivation. For example, he once wrote five proverbs as a warning to himself. Among them, "You Zhen" lamented that he had enough energy and energy to study when he was a teenager, and now he is older than he was then. Sad to say: "alas! Its ignorance! The abandonment of the gentleman, the return of the villain? " It can be seen that he has never forgotten the importance of learning. Also, "Xing Zhen" requires that his words and deeds conform to justice, thinking that doing so will lead to death. He also said that "thinking" requires you to think carefully about everything you say and do. It can be seen that the teaching of "karma" and "behavior" in Jin Xuejie is not a general statement, but it is indeed the great end of Han Yu's persistent position in the world. The second paragraph is about students' doubts about the above teaching. The general idea is that Mr. Wang's "career" and "career" are very successful, but they have been bumpy, so what's the use of successful career? First of all, Mr. Wang is very diligent in his studies, and all scholars of the Six Classics are familiar with it. Narrative must remember its outline, and the articles discussed must study its deep meaning, day and night, tirelessly; Mr. Di Shuo criticized the Buddha and saved the day and made great contributions to Confucianism and Taoism. In addition, Mr. Wang has also studied the characters of the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties, and he has been proficient in writing ancient Chinese. Finally, Mr. Wang is bold, well-governed and knowledgeable, which can be described as success. Of these four aspects, one and three are equivalent to "karma", and two and four are equivalent to "doing". By studying Han Yu's other poems, we can see that the disciple mentioned here is actually Han Yu's self-evaluation. As far as learning is concerned, he once said that he was "poor in the theory of a hundred schools of thought in Historical Records", "all bamboo slips compiled since Tang Yu" ... have strange meanings and are difficult to reach "(Li Zhishu, assistant minister of the Ministry of War), and he can study the mystery and reach the state of perfection. As far as writing is concerned, he boasts that "the literature is about facts, not history" ("Send Cui 26th to Li Zhi"), and he wants to learn from ancient civilizations and be immortal. As far as defending Confucianism and Taoism is concerned, he said that the unification was not passed down for a long time. Even though Xunzi and Yang Xiong still had shortcomings, they inherited Mencius and revitalized Confucianism (see The Original Road and other articles). As far as people are concerned, he claims to be "arrogant and arrogant, happy when he is evil, humiliated and bullied, and can't bear to hurt" ("Send the Poor"), that is, he adheres to principles, is honest and meticulous; He is quite conceited about his political talent. When he was young, he said that he had studied the gains and losses of the world situation and wanted to move forward to Xiang Jun (see Cui Lizhi's reply). Although some of these comments were ridiculed by later generations, for example, some people criticized him for being impure in Confucianism and Taoism, on the whole, he did make considerable achievements in these aspects. However, its experience is not smooth. Next, the student said that "the past and the future are easy to blame", which is an overview of its ups and downs. When he was young, he thought fame was at his fingertips. However, after four Jinshi examinations, he was still able to win, and then he was debugged three times in the official department. He failed to get an official position, so he had to take refuge in Fangzhen as his staff. At the age of thirty-five, he was awarded four doctorates (lower than Dr. Guo Zi). The following year, Du Jian, in the winter of the same year, was demoted to the county magistrate of Yangshan (now Guangdong) in Lianzhou. Three years later, Dr. Ren Guo Zi was recalled from Chang 'an. At that time, Xian Zong acceded to the throne to quell the rebellion of Zhou Xia and Jiannan buffer region, which showed the atmosphere of ZTE. However, Han Yu failed to show his arms, but was caught in slanderous remarks. The next year, he had to ask to leave Chang 'an and go to Luoyang to be a doctor of Guo Zi. Later, he served as a staff member of the magistrate of Henan Province and Shangshu Province. At the age of seven and forty-five, Zhiyuan became a doctor in Guo Zi. The so-called "three doctors are redundant, but they are not cured", that is, one is four doctors and two are doctors in Guo Zi. Spare, idle. Doctors are regarded as idle officials. If you don't see governance, you can't show your political talents. "From head to toe" is also a portrayal of the real situation. Han Yu aged before he was old. By the age of 35, his teeth had turned white. By the time he wrote Jin Xuejie, he was even balder, leaving only a dozen teeth teetering there. His career was frustrated and his physique declined, which made him indignant and heartbroken. In fact, a student's long speech was just "unfair" in order to spit out a piece in his chest. The third paragraph is Mr. Wang's answer to a stranger. Taking artisans and doctors as metaphors, it shows that the "prime minister's side" lies in being able to stick to one pattern and do what one can. It is said that Monk and Xun Kuang are saints, but they are not on earth. Then I was idle, and I had nothing to complain about. Finally, if you don't know enough, don't you think this is tantamount to asking the Prime Minister to use small materials? Saying that Han Yu "studied hard but didn't win reunification" is obviously not what Han Yu meant, but is actually a satire. "If you move, you will be embarrassed, and the name will follow." It means that you are often vilified, but at the same time your reputation is getting bigger and bigger. This is even more ironic. The so-called "name" here mainly refers to the reputation of writing and imparting "ancient prose". Its "five proverbs? A well-known proverb once said that because of his good writing, he was a teacher (in fact, he publicized the theory of ancient prose), which caused resentment. " Answer to Liu also said: "the more unfortunate, the more unique it is, and it exists in name only, and slander is returned." "According to Liu Zongyuan's answer to Wei Zhongli's book Shi Shuo, Han Yu was slandered for teaching after writing Shi Shuo, so he had to leave Chang 'an in a hurry. As for Meng and Xun's failure to meet at such a time, it seems to be due to the luck of masturbation; In fact, it also contains indignation at this unreasonable social phenomenon throughout the ages. He saw that, whether in history or in real life, there are always "fewer sages and more unscrupulous people", while the sages are always frustrated or even unable to survive, while the unpretentious ones are "shine on you is purple" and "full of ambition". He asked indignantly, "I wonder what the creator thinks!" " "(see" with Cui "for all) This is exactly what more upright intellectuals in feudal times often felt. What is commendable is that Han Yu did not agree. He said, "Little gentlemen, our hearts are different. Only when you are good at grasping time can you connect with the sky. "("Send the Poor ") is determined to adhere to ethics. I would rather be poor at that time and pursue the good name of" not grinding ".

Jin Xuejie shows the anguish of honest, talented and ambitious intellectuals in feudal times, criticizes unreasonable social phenomena, and has typical significance, so it is endless. In addition, the second paragraph about ancient prose writing can help us understand his ancient prose theory and literature, which is also worthy of attention. The object he cited ended in the Western Han Dynasty, because after the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more and more parallel prose elements in the articles, which did not conform to the ancient writers' idea of advocating prose. In addition to Confucian classics, there are Zhuangzi, Historical Records, Songs of the South, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong's Essays. These works are often magnificent and extraordinary, which is why Han Yu is so excellent. He once called Qu Yuan, Monk, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong "ancient heroes" (a reply to Cui Lizhi's book). This is quite different from some critics who unilaterally opposed "Tao" and the aesthetic characteristics of literature in the early days of the ancient prose movement, and even despised writers below Qu Yuan and Song Yu.

Jin Xuejie expresses the feeling of not meeting each other in the form of questions and answers, which has existed since ancient times. In the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Fangshuo wrote "Answering a Guest Difficult", and Yang Xiong wrote "Xiechao" imitating "Answering a Guest Difficult". Later, there were many authors. However, Jin Xuejie can still give people a sense of freshness. This is related to its good at change. For example, in the second paragraph, Mr. Wang's ability was written in a large section, which was vast and unrestrained; Then write down the unexpected in a few words, with a strong tone. In the meantime, a sharp turn was naturally formed, and the overall momentum of the whole section was hearty. The third paragraph is peaceful and modest, and it seems that the anger is gone; Under careful taste, I feel bitter, helpless, resentful and ironic, in contrast to the second paragraph. For another example, the whole article is sad and thought-provoking, but it is humorous in some places. If the teacher inculcates and has a solemn attitude, the students are laughing; In order to convince his disciples, Mr. Wang had to sell himself short and even claimed to steal Chen Shui-bian. These places show that Mr. Wang is really passive and funny. In short, although the structure of the full text is simple, its internal momentum and interest are varied and chewy. The reason why people feel fresh is related to the vividness and novelty of their language. For example, describing Mr. Wang's diligent study as "endless" and "easy to get", describing his mediocrity as "following the rules to get promoted, spying on Chen Bian as a thief" and describing his talent selection and training as "crawling around, picking and picking, moistening things silently" not only turns the abstract into concrete, but also makes the image conscious. As for the words "bite off more than one can chew", "don't donate too much", "full of elegance", "crooked teeth", "making different songs together", "always taking the blame" and "leaving it in an idle place", they are unique and concise, and have become common idioms today. Another example is "industry is good at diligence, and you don't think about it; What you do in your mind is destroyed in the follow-up, and so on. Refine rich life experience into short sentences, which are thought-provoking, just like proverbs. In a short article, there are so many original sentences that people can't help but marvel at the author's creativity in literary language. In addition, the system of this paper follows the introduction of Yang Xiong, adopts rhyming fu style, and uses a large number of neatly arranged sentence patterns, which makes it sound forceful and catchy, and also increases its artistic charm.

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Han Yu

This article was written by Han Yu when he was a doctor between Yuan and 1978. Under the guise of giving lectures to students and encouraging them to make progress in their studies and morality, students ask questions, and then they explain them, so they named it "academic explanation" to express their complaints about their lack of talent and career. Through the students' mouth, they vividly highlight their efforts and achievements in learning, defending Confucianism and Taoism, writing articles, etc., and effectively set off the injustice they encountered; The tit-for-tat explanation is calm on the surface, but between the lines, it is full of lingering feelings and reflects the criticism of society. According to this article, "industry is good at diligence, but pleasure is poor;" Words such as "what you do in thinking is destroyed in following" condense the crystallization of the author's knowledge and Xiu De's experience; From Immersion? This passage from Yu to Yizuo vividly shows his eclectic attitude towards the literary characteristics of his predecessors. As an essayist, Han Yu also attached great importance to Yang Xiong's Ci and Fu. The writing of this article draws lessons from Yang Xiong's Borrowing from the DPRK and Solving Problems, which are rich in words and sonorous in syllables, and are allowed to belong to Fu style. However, the momentum is bold and unrestrained, and the language is fluent, which has got rid of the shortcomings of Han Fu and Parallel Prose, which are difficult and inflexible, and piled up words. Lin Shu's so-called "light and dense alternation, patchwork and good prose" should be said to be Han Yu's prose fu, which is the predecessor of Du Mu's Afanggong Fu and Su Shi's Chibi Fu. There are many creative sentences in this article, which are used as idioms by later generations.

Mr Guo Zi entered Imperial College London in the morning and invited all the students to set up a library. He said [1]: "industry is good at diligence, but poor at interest;" What I did was thought, but it was destroyed. The sages meet today, and the fixture is completed [2]. Pull out evil spirits and worship good [3]. The ratio of small good people is recorded, and those who are famous for their technology are useless [4]. Climb, scrape and polish [5]. Guy was lucky enough to be elected. Which cloud is more popular? Not all students are proficient, and there is no ignorance of the department; If you can't succeed in doing things, you won't suffer injustice [6]. "

Before speaking, someone laughed at the column and said, "Sir, you are lying to me! Disciple, I have been here for many years. Mr. Wang never stops talking about the six arts, and his hand is constantly covered with the compilation of "A hundred schools of thought contend" [7]. The chronicler must mention his essentials, and the editor must hook his mystery [8]. There are too many things and too few donations. Burn ointment, keep poor [9]. A gentleman's business can be described as diligence. Reject heresy and repel the Buddha [10]. Make up for mistakes and make a fool of yourself [1 1]. Looking for infinite threads [12], I looked everywhere. The obstacle ran all the way to the east, and the tide turned back. Mr. Wang is a great help to Confucianism. Immersion? As an article, there are many books [13], including chickpea. Yao, Si, muddy boundless; Zhou Chen, Yin "Pan", twisted; Spring and Autumn Annals is rigorous, while Left is grandiose. " "Yi" is strange and law, "poetry" is rigid and beautiful; Catch "Zhuang" and "Sao", recorded by Taishi; Ziyun, Xiangru, Gonggong [14]. Mr. Yu Wen can be said to be in it and in it. Learn less and be brave; Long-term communication in the square is suitable for both sides. As a man, Mr Wang Can can be said to be successful. But the public does not take people, and the private does not help friends [15]. It is easy to blame the postscript [16]. Temporarily fled to Nanyi [17]. Doctor for three years, too many can't be cured [18]. Life and death, when to lose [19]. Warm in winter and cool in summer, young and strong, and my wife is hungry. It's no good to die if your head is bad and your teeth are bad. I don't know about this. Is the teacher [20]? "

The master said, "Hey, before Zi came [2 1]! Big wood is a shovel, fine wood is a shovel, and shovel, short, shovel, shovel and wedge are all suitable, and craftsmen's work is also [22]. Jade Zagreb, Cinnabar, Red Arrow, Qingzhi, Uncle Niu, Mabo, and the skin of defeated drums are all collected, and those who don't use them are good doctors [23]. Choose the public and be clear, be skillful and refined, be outstanding, be short and long, but the instrument is positive, and the prime minister is also [24]. In the past, Monk was argumentative and had a clear passage. He was old enough to walk [25]. Xun Qing is upright, and the great theory is great. He fled to the state of Chu and abandoned Lanling [26]. Are two Confucian scholars, spitting words as classics, raising enough for the law, never obeying ethics, and entering the sanctuary, and their encounter with the world is also [27]? Although Mr. Jin is diligent in learning, he is beyond control. Although he has many words, he doesn't want to use them. Although his writing is strange and useless, his practice is not seen by the public [28]. Still spend a lot of money every month, very anxious; Children don't know how to plow, and women don't know how to weave; Riding with the disciples, sitting on the mountain [29]. Take the usual way to promote and spy on Chen Shui-bian [30]. However, if the Lord does not punish, I will not see it. Isn't this his luck? If you move, you will slander, and the name will follow. It is appropriate to throw idle powder. If a man's husband commits the crime of accepting bribes in business and money, that means he respects the capital of his own class and forgets his own quantity, which refers to the defects of his predecessors. The so-called craftsman's fault, don't treat it as embarrassment, but the doctor should learn from Yang and try to enter his life [3438+0].

—— Selected from "Collected Works of Mr. Changli" published by Dongyatang School.

Mr. Guo Zi walked into imperial academy in the morning, told the students to stand under the dormitory and taught them: "Diligence in reading is wasted because of diligence, and play because of leisure;" Virtue is achieved by thinking and destroyed by conformity. At present, when saints meet saints, the legal system is sound. Get rid of all evils and be promoted to be handsome and good. Those with small advantages have been accepted, and those with skills have been appointed. Collect talents, screen, educate, cultivate, scrape off dirt, polish and shine. Probably only those lucky enough to be selected, who said that they are versatile and not honorable? You students are afraid that you can't learn, and don't be afraid that the officials in charge of the department can't see clearly; I am afraid that virtue can't be achieved, and don't be afraid of being unfair. "

Before the words were finished, someone in the queue laughed: "Sir, are you lying to us? We students have been serving your husband for several years. Mr. Wang kept reading the Six Classics in his mouth, and kept turning over the books of a hundred schools of thought in his hand. We must extract its main points from the chronicle and explore its profound intentions from the compilation of speeches. I am not satisfied with my studies in many aspects, and I have gained something from my efforts. I will never give up on major issues. I light candles day and night, often work so hard and have no rest all year round. Mr. Wang studies hard. Resist and refute heresy, reject Buddhism and Taoism, make up for the blank of Confucianism, and carry forward profound and subtle truth. Looking for the lost tradition of the ancient sage's way, looking for a long way to go. Prevent and stop running rivers and guide them eastward into the sea; Save the raging waves, although they have been dumped and submerged. Sir, you have made a contribution to Confucianism. Immersed in rich and mellow books, I savored and chewed the brilliance of the elite and wrote articles. The book is full of homes. The upward scale takes the laws and regulations of the Xia Dynasty, which is far-reaching; How difficult it is to read the letters patent of Zhou Dynasty and Pan Geng of Yin Dynasty; The language of Spring and Autumn Annals is concise and accurate, while that of Zuo Zhuan is extravagant and flashy. The Book of Changes is wonderful and regular, and the Book of Songs is correct in thought and colorful in rhetoric. Down to Zhuangzi, Li Sao and A Record of Taishigong; Yang Xiong's and Sima Xiangru's creations are equally ingenious and have different tunes. Mr. Wang's article can be said to be grand and magnificent. Mr. Wang began to learn when he was a teenager, and he was aggressive. When I grow up, I understand the truth and deal with all kinds of things. Mr. Wang's life can be said to be remarkable. However, people can't be trusted in public and can't get help from their friends in private. Both forward and backward will encounter difficulties. If you move, you will be in trouble and will be convicted. As soon as he became an empire, he was exiled to a remote area in the south. I have been a doctor for three years, but my post is idle and I can't show my achievements. Your destiny is to deal with the enemy and the enemy, and suffer failure from time to time. In the warm days of winter, your child cried and cried cold because of lack of clothes; Your wife is still crying about hunger for lack of food. Your own head is bald and your teeth are gone. What good is it to die like this? I don't know what to think about this, but teach others how to do it? "

Mr. Guo Zi said, "Oh, come to the front! You should know that the roof beams, Joinery Work rafters, bucket rafters, short rafters, door mortars, door bolts, pins and doorposts are all built according to their own conditions, which is the skill of craftsmen. Precious Sanguisorba, Cinnabar, Gastrodia elata, Ganoderma lucidum, cow urine, Morchella, and rotten drum skins are all put away and stored, and there is nothing left when needed. This is the wisdom of doctors. Promote talents, be fair and wise, and select talents with a fair attitude. Smart people and simple people have to be introduced. Some people are humble and beautiful, while others are bold and outstanding. Contrast each other's shortcomings, measure each other's strengths, and assign suitable positions according to each other's talents and personality. This is the method of prime minister! In the past, Monk was argumentative, and Confucius' method was clear. He traveled all over the world and finally grew old while running. Xun Kuang stuck to the right path and carried forward his grand theory. He fled slanderers, fled to Chu, lost his official position, and died in Lanling. These two great scholars became classics as soon as they spoke, and became laws as soon as they acted. They were far superior to others and excellent enough to enter the realm of saints, but what happened to them in the world? Now, although your husband studies hard, he can't easily follow the rules. Although his remarks are numerous, they are not in line with the main idea. Although his article is surprisingly written, it is not conducive to practical use. Although his behavior is cultured, it is not outstanding from the performance of ordinary people. He still wastes the national salary every month and consumes the grain in the warehouse every year. The son doesn't know how to farm, and the wife doesn't know how to weave; Go out by car and horse, the servant follows, and sit quietly for dinner. The bureau rushed to play cards according to the routine, squinting and stealing old books and words, copying the east and attacking the west. However, isn't it lucky that the wise monarch has not been punished or expelled by the prime minister? If you do something, you will be slandered and your reputation will be affected. It really fits in the idle position. As for discussing the existence of property, I am concerned about the level of hierarchy, forgetting how talented I am, how much weight is commensurate with what, and criticizing the shortcomings of the governor's boss. This is equivalent to asking craftsmen why they don't use small wooden stakes as pillars, criticizing doctors for prolonging life with calamus, but introducing his polyporus! (Gu Yisheng)

To annotate ...

[1] Mr Guo Zi: Han Yu claimed to be a doctor in Guo Zi at that time. During the Tang Dynasty, imperial academy was the highest institution of learning in Kyoto. There are seven schools, including Guo Zi School and Imperial College London, and each school has a doctor as a professor. Guo Zi School is for the children of senior officials. C: This refers to imperial academy. Imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty was equivalent to imperial academy in the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, the title of official position often followed the old title of the previous generation. [2] Fixtures: tools of governance, mainly referring to laws and regulations. Historical Records Biography of Corrupt Officials: "People who make laws have tools for governance." Bi: All of them. Zhang: It is to establish. [3]: Tong Jun. [4] ratio: all. Yong: Go ahead. [5] Crawl: crawl, comb and tidy. Jué decision: choose. [6] There are departments: departments with special responsibilities and their officials. [7] Six Arts: refers to the Six Classics, namely, The Book of Songs, Li, Yue, Yijing and Chunqiu. Hundred schools of thought compilation: refers to school works other than Confucian classics. History of Arts and Literature in Han Dynasty lists Confucian classics as six arts, and records the works of various schools in Zhuzi from pre-Qin to early Han Dynasty: "hundred schools of thought, there are 4,324 articles." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundred schools of thought rose and wrote books, so it was called "a hundred schools of thought contend". [8] Compile: Compile. The term "fabricator" refers to a collection of speeches and theoretical works. [9] Ointment: Grease refers to lamps and candles. √ (gu ǐ track): Sun shadow. H: often. Wu (W CuO) Wu: Thanks for your hard work. Poverty: the end and the end. [10] heresy: Confucianism calls doctrines and schools other than Confucianism heresy. "The Analects of Confucius for Politics": "If you attack heresy, you will be harmed." Zhu Note: "Heresy is not a sage's way, let alone an end, such as Yang and Mo." Jiao Xun added: "The pagans are different from each other, each at one end." Busy (r m 4 ng soil): exclude. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, refers to Taoism here. ‐ 1 1÷jūju: The grass on the sole is used as a verb here to indicate filling. Xia: Cracks. Huang: Big. Deep: deep. Smelly: tiny. [12] Xu: The cause left by predecessors here refers to orthodoxy. Han Yu's "The Original Way" holds that the Confucian way spread from Yao and Shun to Confucius and Mencius, and was later lost. He claimed to have inherited this tradition. [13] English and Chinese: both mean flowers, and here refers to the essence of the article. [14] Yao: Heir: According to legend, Yu Shun's surname is Yao and Heir. Zhou patents: Shangshu includes patent of Da, patent of Kang, patent of wine, patent of Zhao and patent of Luo. Patent is an ancient declaration of warning and encouragement. Pan Geng in Panshang Patent and Shangshu is divided into three parts. Buckling: Buckling. Bite your teeth: hard to describe. Spring and Autumn Annals: A historical book of Lu, which records the historical events from the year of Lu Yinnian (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). According to legend, it was abridged by Confucius, and the narrative was concise and accurate, often with a word of praise or criticism. Zuozhuan: refers to Zuozhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as Zuozhuan for short. According to legend, Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu, is a book that explains the Spring and Autumn Annals in detail. Yijing: Yijing is an ancient divination book, which is said to have been written by Zhou people. Calculate the laws of nature and personnel through the changes of gossip. Poetry: The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, which preserves 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Spring and Autumn Period. Catch: and, to. Zhuang: Zhuangzi is the work of Zhuang Zhou, a thinker in the Warring States Period. Sao: Li Sao. Long poems by Qu Yuan, a great poet in the Warring States Period. Taishigong: It refers to Sima Qian in Han Dynasty, who once served as Taishiling, also known as Taishigong, and wrote history books. Ziyun: Yang Xiong, a writer in Han Dynasty, was named Ziyun. Xiang Ru: Sima Xiangru, a poet in the Han Dynasty. [15] Helping others by believing: being trusted and being helped. "See" means passive before the verb. [16] Postscript (Baba): Step on. Rudder (Zhi Zhi): Travel. Language "Book of Songs, Wind, Postscript of the Wolf": "The Postscript of the Wolf is its Hu and its tail." The wolf stepped on the meat (Hu) hanging under his chin when he walked forward, and tripped over his tail when he retreated. Advance and retreat are hard to describe. Mo: Often. [17] Run away: Run away and be demoted. Nanyi: Four doctors in the 19th year of Hanyu Zhenyuan (803). The following year, he was transferred to the censor. In winter, he wrote a letter about the disadvantages of the palace market, which angered Dezong and was demoted to Lianzhou Yangshan Order. Yangshan is in Guangdong today, so it is called Nanyi. [18] Three-year doctor: Han Yu was a doctor from June to April in Xian Zongyuan and the first year (806). Say "three years" as "three acts" Han Yu wrote this article for his third doctorate (Yuanhe February 7-March 8). Redundancy (rǒng Rong): Idle. See: preach "now" Show, show [19]: From time to time, not necessarily when, but at any time. [20] Yes: auxiliary words, expressing doubts and rhetorical questions. [2 1] Xu: interjection. [22] Dike (máng is busy): roof beam: rafters (jué jue): rafters. Bó lú Bolu: Dougong, the square timber supporting the pillar at the top of the pillar. Jurassic Confucianism: short columns on beams. Xie (Wei): The door is rotating. Niè nie: Short wood standing in the center of the door, at the intersection of two doors. Yi (diàn shop): Bolt and the like. Xiè chips: long wooden columns on both sides of the door. [23] Jade residue: Sanguisorba officinalis. Cinnabar: Cinnabar. Red arrow: Gastrodia elata. Orchid: Orchid. The above four kinds are precious medicinal materials. Oxtail: cow urine, once said to be plantain. Mabo: Flattery fungus. The above two kinds and "Defeated Drum Skin" are cheap medicinal materials. [24] Yu Yu Yan: beauty. Zhuolu: Outstanding, outstanding. School (jiao comparison): comparison. [25] argumentative: "Mencius under Teng Wengong" contains: Mencius is famous for his argumentative, he said: argumentative is difficult to argue! I have to do this. It means: I must argue because I defend the sacred road. Zhe: Wheel prints. [26]: Xun Kuang, a master of Confucianism at the end of the Warring States Period, respected as Qing. He once made a drink offering in Qi State, and was later slandered and fled to Chu State. Chun Shen Jun of Chu appointed him as the satrap of Lanling (now Zaozhuang, Shandong). After the death of Chun Shen Jun, he was also abolished, died in Lanling and wrote Xunzi. [27] Separation and transcendence: both mean transcendence. Karen and Lei: Both of them mean "Lei", which means ordinary people. [28] Yao: Pass on "You". [29] luxury: waste, consumption. Lin: The granary. [30] Heel (swollen zhǒng): Heel, which means following here. Push: a stiff and cramped look. Peep: to look through a small hole, gap, or hidden place. Chen Shui-bian: Old books. [3 1] Financial bribery: property, here refers to wages. Class capital: rank, qualification. Death: preach "nothing". à (bēi humble): Pass "humble", humble. Senior: refers to people who are at the forefront of their posts. Xixia: spots on jade. Defect (cρ female): disease. Defects are metaphors of human shortcomings. As mentioned above, "unfair" and "unknown". Spoon: a small stake. Ying Ying: Pillars. Zi (zǐ purple): Defamation and criticism. Changyang: Changpu. In the name of medicinal materials, it is said that people can live long after taking them for a long time. Φ (xρ xi) Ling: also known as Polyporus, diuretic. Don't be overqualified, don't care about the amount and level of treatment, and don't blame the officials in charge for any problems.