Who knows the profile of Sima Qian?

Sima Qian (former 45 1-? ) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was sealed for three years, and his stepfather was appointed Taishiling. A few years later, he began to write history books. Later, he was imprisoned because of the Liling incident, and he continued to write historical records after he was released from prison. He died when the work was basically finished. Historical Records is divided into five parts: biography, biography and book list, with more than 520,000 words. It describes the history of about 3000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the earliest biographical history of China. It is a model of China's historical biography literature, which Lu Xun once called "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without injustice."

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There's another way of saying it.

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Sima Qian (former 135 ~ former 87)

Zichang was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi). He was born into a family of historians, and his ancestors have been royal government officials since the Zhou Dynasty, in charge of literature and history. After his father Sima Tan succeeded to the throne, he served as Taishilingda for 30 years. Sima Tan is well-read and proficient in astronomy, the Book of Changes and the study of Huang Lao. At the age of ten, Sima Qian began to read "Ancient prose" and received his father's enlightenment education. His long-term family research had a far-reaching impact on his later academic career. After that, he went to Chang 'an with his father, and studied the history of ancient Chinese literature and the Spring and Autumn Annals with the famous Confucian classics masters Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu at that time. Nineteen is a doctor's child. At the age of 20, he started his travel life with six people including Dr. Tai Chu. His footprints reached Huiji, visiting the ruins of Yu Xia; I have been to Gusu, overlooking the five lakes where Fan Li rowed. The story of visiting Han Xin in Huaiyin; I have been to abundance and visited the hometown of Liu Bang and Xiao He. Go to Daliang, visit Yimen, and inspect the irrigation of Daliang by the river from Qin Jun; I have been to Chu State and visited the palace ruins of Chun Shen Jun. I have been to Xuedi to inspect the fief of Meng Changjun; I have been to Zou Lu and visited the hometown of Confucius and Mencius. In addition, he also crossed Zhuolu in the north, climbed the Great Wall, traveled to Yuanxiang in the south and reached Kongtong in the west. Intense travel broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge. After returning to Chang 'an, Emperor Wu attached great importance to this well-informed and knowledgeable young man, appointed him as a doctor, and sent him to Bashu with the emperor's orders to the southwest of Kunming today.

Reading thousands of books and walking on Wan Li Road laid a solid foundation for Sima Qian to write a book. In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1 10), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Mount Tai, and Sima Tan died of anger because he was appointed Taishi Gong. On his deathbed, he said sadly to Sima Qian, "After I die, you will be too old. Don't forget my last wish when you are a teacher. Today, great men are prosperous and the whole country is unified. There are wise teachers and sages in the world, and loyal ministers and righteous men in the world. As an official, I regret that I can't record it. You must finish my unfinished business! After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian's stepfather was Taishiling, which gave him the opportunity to read all the literary and historical classics, schools of thought contend and various archival historical materials collected by the Royal Library. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), he reformed the calendar with Luo and astronomers. With the joint efforts of these experts, after repeated calculations and choices, a new calendar was finally created in May this year, which is the famous taichu calendar method. " Taichu calendar corrected the month as the first year (early October of the first year of Qin Dynasty), with 29.53 days in January and 365.25 days in a year. This was the most advanced calendar in the world at that time, and it was also the first major reform in the calendar history of country A. Since then, he has been preparing to write Taishi Gongji according to his father's wishes.

In the second year of Tian Han (99 BC), Li Ling, a colleague, was besieged when he went to Xiongnu, and all his food was surrendered to Xiongnu. When the news reached Chang 'an, Emperor Wu was furious. All the officials in the imperial court cursed Li Ling for his shameful surrender. Sima Qian kept silent. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked him what he thought, and Sima Qian, who was full of economy and knowledge, said bluntly: "Li Ling fought for thousands of miles, and his arrows were exhausted, and he was also a famous ancient name." Although he surrendered, he was excusable. I thought that as long as he didn't die, he would still be loyal to the Han Dynasty. The angry Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty heard Sima Qian's remarks, thinking that he was defending Li Ling and deliberately belittling Li Guangli, who was fighting against Xiongnu at that time. He was very unhappy, so he ordered Sima Qian to be sentenced to death (or replaced by corruption). In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people sentenced to death could pay 500,000 yuan to mitigate the death penalty. However, Sima Qian, whose family was not rich, could not afford the money, so he had to be punished by "corruption" (castration) and chose the road of "drag out an ignoble existence". Unfortunately, Sima Qian's spirit was greatly stimulated and he once wanted to commit suicide. But he remembered his father's last words, encouraged himself with the anger of Confucius, Qu Yuan, Zuo Qiuming, Sun Tzu and Han Fei, and finally survived with amazing will. Exhausted physically and mentally, Sima Qian, who endured a dirty life, knew that "people are inherently mortal, and death is heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." He is determined to finish the history book that his father asked him to finish in his later years. After six years in prison, Zheng He was finally released from prison in the first year (the first 93 years). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty still attached great importance to Sima Qian's talent and appointed him as the secretary-general. Since then, I have devoted myself to writing, and finally completed the masterpiece Historical Records, which is a masterpiece of "studying heaven and man, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and becoming the words of the Chinese nation".

Historical Records was originally named Taishi Gongshu, also known as Taishi GongGong Ji and Taishi Gongji, and was not called Historical Records until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sima Qian intended him to be "a famous mountain in Tibet, an assistant minister in the capital, and a sage and gentleman for later generations." When Xuan Di was proclaimed emperor in the Han Dynasty, Yang Yun, the grandson of Sima Qian, announced it. At that time, there were several missing articles, which were supplemented by later generations. Historical Records is the first biographical general history in the history of China, which is a grand precedent. There are 12 biographies and 70 biographies in Historical Records, in addition to 30 aristocratic families, 10 tables, 8 books, 130 articles and 525,600 words, which records the historical events from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for about 3,000 years. Biography is the general program of the book, which records the lineage of emperors in past dynasties in chronological style. The oldest is dominated by dynasties, and the younger is dominated by emperors or actual authorities. Chronicle is essentially a national chronicle, which plays an important guiding role in the outline.

"Family" also takes chronicles as the body, describing the vassals who sealed the country, the founding heroes and people with special status and influence. It may not involve the whole country, but it has great influence on a certain aspect of social life in a certain country or the whole country, and most of them can be regarded as "national history", such as "Jin's family", "Chu's family", "Kong's family" and "Chen She's family".

Biographies occupy the most space and can be divided into two categories: one is biographies of people, the other is a special biography of one person, and the other is a joint biography of two or more people, arranged according to the nature of the characters. The figures recorded are extremely extensive, involving aristocrats, bureaucrats, politicians, economists, militarists, philosophers, writers, scholars, strategists, hermits, lobbyists, assassins, rangers, doctors, fortune tellers, Xi You and other social classes. The other is the records of foreign or domestic minorities, involving the history of Sino-foreign relations and the history of domestic ethnic relations. The former biographies include Biography of Boyi, Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qi, Biography of Assassins and Scholars. The latter category includes biographies of Xiongnu, Nanyue, Southwest Yi and Korea. Biography enriches and concretizes the subject.

"Table" lists the lineage, titles and short-lived achievements of emperors, princes, nobles and ministers, and takes the distance of the year and the complexity of historical events as the world table, chronology and monthly table. Modern people's views can also be divided into two categories: the event table and the character table, such as the chronology of the Three Represents, the twelve princes, the chronology of the heroes of Gaozu, and the chronology of the famous ministers since the Han Dynasty. The function of "table" is visual, intuitive and easy to read. It can make up for the shortcomings of Historical Records, Shi Jia and Biography, and also save a lot of words, so that records can get rid of cumbersome.

Book is a very important part of Historical Records, which describes the calendar, rites, meditation, water conservancy and economy in different categories, and reflects all aspects of social life, such as Book of Rites, Le Shu, Calendar, River Book and Pingshu. Among them, Pingshu is the most wonderful, which records the social and economic situation of the Han Dynasty, especially the evolution of economic policies, and opens a precedent for the official history of later generations. People have always called Historical Records a biographical history book, emphasizing the importance of biographies. In fact, as a part of the whole book, watches, books and aristocratic families all have independent values that cannot be replaced by discipline and biography. Strictly speaking, it should be Ji Chuanzhi's writing style and a comprehensive history book.

Sima Qian not only recorded a lot of historical facts in Historical Records, but also wanted to "test his actions, sum up his life and record his history of success or failure" in order to "study the relationship between heaven and man, learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and get married." He wants to explore some truths from complicated historical facts and put forward his own views. Therefore, he is not only the organizer of historical events, but also a great thinker.

The essence of Sima Qian's historical philosophy is embodied in the theme of "exploring the relationship between man and nature and dredging the changes of ancient and modern times"

Sima Qian first emphasized the separation of heaven and man, that is, he thought that heaven had nothing to do with personnel. In the Biography of Boyi, he criticized the saying that "Heaven has no relatives and often works with good people" by taking Boyi, Shu Qi and Yan Yuan as examples, saying, "What if Heaven does good to people?" "In modern times, those who have bad conduct and specialize in taboos are all" enjoying it and being rich all their lives "; On the contrary, just and angry people often "it never rains but it pours." From this, he wrote deeply: "I am very confused. If the so-called heaven is evil, is it evil? "He is a hero of Xiang Yu's life, but he never checks himself. Before he died, he repeatedly said, "It is not a crime to kill me on such a day." He said with a serious and critical attitude, "Isn't it ridiculous? He profoundly exposed the profligate activities of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in offering sacrifices to Zen Buddhism and praying for immortals. He believes that such activities have poisoned the social atmosphere, but the effect is obvious and has been strongly satirized. When writing about people's activities, he deliberately wrote about the important role of personnel in historical development. In the preface to Taishi Gong, it is said that thirty schools should write "loyalty to the Lord". Biography of Seventy is the activity of people who write "Helping others, not wasting their time and making contributions to the world". This is the first time in the development of China's historiography that human activities have been placed in such an important historical position. He also linked people's activities with the rise and fall of the country, thinking that "a gentleman uses it, a villain retreats it", which is a sign that "the country will prosper"; And "the sage is hidden, and the chaotic minister is expensive" is a sign that "the country will die." Then it is pointed out that "yes", safety is in order, and life and death are on the job. "Sincerity is a saying!" (Wang Jiashi, Chu Yuan) After the first discussion, he profoundly pointed out: To make the country strong and peaceful, "only when selecting leaders! Only the choice will be awkward! " (After the Huns Biography)

The Change of Ancient and Modern Times contains rich contents of Sima Qian's historical philosophy. First of all, he put forward a relatively complete view on the process of historical evolution, which can be seen from the preface of Five Emperors to the preface of Gao Ancestral Family, from the preface of Three Generations to Qin Chu Yue Biao. The history of the Five Emperors and Three Generations is too long to be dated. Chronology of Three Generations to Chronology of Twelve Governors covers the period from * * * to Confucius, and is characterized by the dictatorship of governors and the rise and fall of five tyrants. Then came the Chronicle of Six Kingdoms, which began in Zhou Yuanwang (475 BC) and ended in Qin Ershi (207 BC). Its historical characteristics are "co-administration with ministers", "winning the meritorious military service at home" and "talking about uniting with the enemy and plotting fraud in Qiang Bing". Qin Chu's monthly calendar began in July of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC) and ended in September of the fifth year of Gaozu (202 BC). For this period of history, Sima Qian wrote: "The first difficulty is in Chen She; Abuse and destroy Qin, since Xiang's; Bring order out of chaos, punish evil and promote good, pacify the seas and seas, practice the emperor to death, and become a Han family. " These four tables not only run through ancient times and modern times, but also outline the characteristics of each historical era, reflecting Sima Qian's outstanding views on the historical process.

Secondly, in the process of describing historical changes, he also expounded his own viewpoint of historical evolution. His view is particularly prominent in Eight Books.

Thirdly, it puts forward the historical proposition that "when things rise, they will decline, and when times turn, they will be extremely extreme". When talking about the compilation of this subject, Taishi Gongxu puts forward that "the merits of emperors in previous dynasties should be tested in the original way and the ups and downs should be seen", that is, why it started and why it ended in detail; At its peak, we should see signs of its decline. In Sima Qian's philosophy of history, history is always changing: either from prosperity to decline or from decline to prosperity. It is this historical philosophy that he used to observe history, "to examine history and take actions accordingly, and to examine the reasons for its success or failure."

In addition to historical records, Sima Qian also wrote eight poems, all of which have been lost. Only the 30th volume of "Literary and Art Newspaper" has a section of "Mourning for the Past". His letter to Shao Qing is a famous essay. This paper describes the process of his imprisonment because of the Liling Incident. Expressed the indignation of loyalty, suspicion and innocent punishment, and exposed the tyranny and cruelty of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the cruelty of politics at that time. Finally, I expressed my determination to write a book and create a historical record.

Sima Qian's academic thought occupies an important and prominent position in the history of China's ancient ideology and culture. Historical Records was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme", and it really deserved its name.

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There is another saying.

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Sima Qian

Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135 ~? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), the date of death is unknown. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.

Sima Qian was born in Longmen in 145 BC (the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty).

I was six years old in BC 140 (the first year of Jian Yuan of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) and studied in my hometown.

Father Sima Tan served as Taishiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Talking about Taishi Gong is between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng. Taishigong is in charge of Tianguan and does not treat the people. "

BC 136 (the fifth year of Jianyuan) was ten years old, in my hometown.

Preface of Taishi Gong: "Recite ancient prose at the age of ten." Press: Sima Qian was about ten years old, that is, he lived a part-time life in his hometown.

BC 135 (the sixth year of Jianyuan) was eleven years old.

After Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty broke the reputation of Huang Lao's punishment and renewed his respect for Confucianism.

BC 134 (the first year of Han Yuanguang) was twelve years old.

It is Dong Zhongshu's "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Sima Qian studied in xia yang and Chang 'an.

He was nineteen years old in 127 BC (the second year of Han Yuanshuo) and moved from xia yang to Chang 'an.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty suggested moving people from their father Yan to Maoling. Sima Qian moved to Beijing with his family. Learn from Kong Anguo's Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Chunqiu. Kong Anguo served as an assistant.

BC 126, he was twenty years old and traveled around the world.

Sima Qian roamed Jianghuai, went up to Huiji, crossed Yuanjiang River and Xiangjiang River, crossed Wenshui and Surabaya in the north, watched the ceremony in Shandong, crossed Xue (now southeast of tengxian, Shandong Province) and Pengcheng in the south, and returned to Chang 'an several years later to prepare for his father's historical records.

He was twenty-two years old in BC 124. Palace is the prime minister. Please appoint 50 disciples for the doctor. Sima Qian was a doctoral student.

BC 123 (the sixth year of yuanshuo), 23 years old, doctor. Get a doctorate with excellent exam results, that is, the emperor's bodyguard officer.

BC 122 (the first year of Han Yuanshou), 24 years old, doctor.

Sima Qian's retinue, Emperor Wudi, visited Yong and sacrificed Wu Zhi. Go find leitian. Sima Dan began to write Taishi Gongshu.

Historical Records was originally planned to be closed this year. Taishi Gongxu: "Since Taotang, as for enlightenment." Later, Sima Qian revised the lower limit in his early and later years.

+0 19 BC (five years of yuanshou), 28 years old, Langzhong.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty traveled from Dinghu to Ganquan (now Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province), and Sima Qian served as a doctor.

1 13 BC (the fourth year of Ding Yuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), aged 33, was a doctor.

Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to worship the five emperors in Yong (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) and Hedong (now Northeast Xia County, Shanxi Province).

You Si consulted with Taishi Gong Sima Tan and Guan Shu to offer sacrifices to Houtu Temple. Houtu Temple was built in Fenyin (now Wanrong County, Shanxi Province). In October of winter, "Emperor Wu was lucky to be separated from Xia Yangdong", and Sima Qian went back to his hometown in xia yang with Emperor Wu.

BC 1 12 (the fifth year of Ding Yuan), he was thirty-four years old and a doctor.

In October, Sima Qian, as a servant, served Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and toured Fufeng, Pingliang and Kongtong in the northwest. Guan Shu, an official of Tai Shi Gong Tan and Tai Shi Gong Temple, suggested to Emperor Wu that an altar should be set up in Tai Chi. Tai Shi Gong talks about the ceremony of knowing too much.

In 65438 BC (the sixth year of Ding Yuan), he was thirty-five years old and a doctor.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty discussed Mount Tai meditation with ministers and students. Sima Qian was appointed as a doctor. As the emperor's special envoy, he went west to the south of Bashu, arrived in Qiong (now Xichang, Sichuan), Yan (now Hanyuan, Sichuan) and Kunming (now Qujing, Yunnan) to appease the southwest ethnic minorities and set up five counties.

BC 1 10 (the first year of Emperor Yuan Feng), he became a doctor at the age of 36.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty meditated in Mount Tai, accompanied by Taishi Gong Sima Tan, and arrived in Nan Zhou (now Luoyang, Henan), where he was critically ill. Sima Qian returned to Nan Zhou from the southwest to see his father. On Sima Qian's dying entrustment of Confucius' follow-up Spring and Autumn Annals.

As a doctor, Sima Qian accompanied Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Mount Tai and then to the seaside, from Jieshi to western Liaoning. Pass through North and Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou City) and return to Ganquan in May.

BC 109 (the second year of Yuanfeng), 37 years old, doctor.

In spring, Sima Qian went to Gou Jian's home (now Yanshi, Henan Province) with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and then to Donglai. In April, when the Yellow River burst, Sima Qian went from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Puyang. He and his ministers were paid by officials to block the Yellow River burst.

BC 108 (three years of Yuanfeng), 38 years old, Taishiling.

Sima Qian's stepfather was appointed Taishiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Taishi Gong died at the age of three, moved to Taishi Ling, and was the book of the nobles." Write back with friends, encourage them to abandon seclusion and aspire to a career, so as to establish morality, make a statement and make contributions.

BC 107 (four years of Yuanfeng), 39 years old, Taishiling.

In October, Sima Qian went to Yong with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to offer sacrifices to the five emperors. After returning to Zhongdao, it left Xiaoguan in the north (now southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia), passed through Zhuolu, returned from Dai Di (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province), and returned to Chang 'an via Hedong.

BC 106 (the fifth year of Yuanfeng), aged 40, was appointed as Taishiling.

In winter, Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu to the prosperous Tang Dynasty in Nanjun (Lujiang) and watched Yu Shun's sacrifice in Jiuyi Mountain. Xunyang (now southwest of Huangmei County, Hubei Province), crossed the Yangtze River, climbed Lushan Mountain, reached Langya (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) in the north, sealed Mount Tai, and traveled along the coast.

BC 105 (Yuanfeng six years), 41 years old, Taishiling.

In winter, Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Zhong Hui (now northwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province). The third menstrual period is from Xiayang to Hedong, and it is sacrificed at Houtu Temple.

BC 104 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), 42 years old, was appointed as Taishiling.

Sima Qian proposed and worked out the taichu calendar with the doctor Hu Ai, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty announced the abolition of the Zhuan Xu calendar and replaced it with this calendar. Taichu calendar had a great influence on later generations. In October, Sima Qian and Emperor Wu offered sacrifices to Mount Tai. Sima Qian began to write historical records.

BC 103 (the second year of Taichu), at the age of 43, was appointed as Taishiling.

Sima Qian concentrated on writing. "Never know the guests, forget the things at home, think about it day and night, and work hard."

BC 100 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), 46 years old, was an official.

Su Wu's mission to Xiongnu was detained, and Emperor Wu sent his troops to crusade against Xiongnu. Li Ling is a general, please "be a team".

In 99 BC (the second year of Tianhan), at the age of 47, he was appointed as Taishiling.

In March, Sima Qian and Emperor Wudi went to Hedong to offer sacrifices to Hou Di. In November, Liling was defeated by the Huns. Sima Qian was arrested and sentenced to death for speaking for Liling.

He was forty-eight years old in 98 BC (the third year of Tianhan).

Liling was extinct. Sima Qian put up with humiliation for the historical records of his works and invited himself to jail. "Sad men are unlucky" is about this year.

In 97 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), he was 49 years old and served as a secretariat.

Sima Qian was pardoned and released from prison and was appointed secretary of the Central Committee. Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty: "After I moved, I was ordered to be a secretary in a middle school." Angry at historical records.

In 93 BC (the fourth year of Taishi), at the age of 53, he served as a secretariat.

In April and May this year, Shao Qing wrote a letter to Sima Qian.

9 1 year BC (the second year of Emperor Han Zhengdi), 55 years old, served as a secretariat.

Sima Qian's "Reporting as Shao Qingshao" was written in the following year. Sima Qian finished Historical Records. "Bao Ren" said: "The servant relies on nothing to say, and the old news loses the world. Test it and find out the reasons for its success or failure. There are 130 articles. " "I wrote this book, a famous mountain in Tibet, and passed it on to my people." .

When Emperor Wu was ill, treacherous court official Jiang Chong lied that someone had buried a puppet in the palace to curse Emperor Wu, and Emperor Wu asked Jiang Chong to investigate. Jiang Chong had a conflict with the Prince, forcing the Queen to commit suicide and threatening the Prince. The prince killed Jiang Chong, and Emperor Wu sent troops to crusade against the prince. The prince rebelled, the soldiers fled and committed suicide. This is the famous witchcraft case in history.

In 90 BC (the third year of Zheng He), he was 56 years old, and Sima Qian died around this year.

Sima Qian's death year is unknown. Notes on History of Han Dynasty: "The Story of Jingdi, written by Sima Qian, was extremely short, and was criticized by Emperor Wu, who was angry and abridged. Later, Li Ling was taken, and the mausoleum fell to the Xiongnu, so he moved to the silkworm house and complained that he died in prison. " Guo Moruo's "About the Death of Sima Qian": "The death in prison is bound to spread to the world, so Wei Chong and Ge Hong both wrote about it, and dare not make it out of nothing to distort historical facts."

(before 145 or before 135 ~? )

Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), the date of death is unknown. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu.

After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.

Sima Qian is a great historian in the history of China. "He was imprisoned for his outspoken advice, but he was even more angry because of it. His Historical Records, a famous historian at all times and at all times, left a valuable cultural heritage for the people of China and the people of the world. One, stepfather, is a historian.

Sima Qian, born in five years (BC 145) at the foot of Longmen Mountain (now Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province), was born in the Han Dynasty.

In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Qian inherited his father Sima Tan's legacy and became an official, and began to sort out and select the historical classics of the Royal Library. Sima Qian's ancestors were not very prominent, and the family was in charge of Taishi's position for generations. But Sima Qian and his father were proud of it. In their minds, compiling history is a lofty cause. They devoted their lives to it.

Sima Tan has been preparing to write a history book linking the past and the present. Under the direct guidance of his father, Sima Qian began to learn ancient Chinese at the age of ten. Later, I studied Chunqiu from Dong Zhongshu and Shangshu from Kong Anguo. Sima Qian studied hard, made rapid progress and was full of learning spirit.

When Sima Qian's father died, he took his son by the hand and said to him with tears: "... after I die, you must continue to be a teacher." Don't forget that my lifelong wish is to write a general history. You must inherit my career, don't forget! " This earnest entrustment greatly shocked Sima Qian. He saw his father's rare sense of mission and responsibility as a historian, and he also knew that his father had pinned his unfinished business on himself. Sima Qian lowered his head with tears and replied sadly and firmly, "Son, although I have no talent, I will definitely fulfill your wish."

After Sima Qian made the Taishi Order, he had the opportunity to read books and important materials that could not be seen by the outside world. This provided good conditions for him to write historical records in the future. However, data sorting is very complicated. Due to the confusion of books and national archives at that time, even there was no catalogue to consult, Sima Qian had to look for clues from a large number of wooden slips and silk books, and sort out and textual research on historical materials. Over the past few years, Sima Qian has racked his brains and made great efforts to sort out and textual research historical materials almost every day.

Sima Qian has always remembered his father's legacy and is determined to follow Confucius' example in compiling Spring and Autumn Annals and write a historical work that can also be immortal. In BC 104, Sima Qian presided over the revision of the calendar, and at the same time officially began to write the first part of his masterpiece Historical Records.

Second, the truth of castration.

In the second year of Tianhan (99 BC), Sima Qian, while writing historical records wholeheartedly, encountered unexpected troubles, namely the Liling incident.

This summer, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent his favorite younger brother, General Li Guang of the Second Division, to crusade against Xiongnu, and another sent Li Guang's grandson Li Ling to accompany Li Guangli to escort the trench. Li Guang led five thousand foot soldiers out of Juyan, and went deep into Jishan alone, suffering from Khan. Xiongnu besieged Li Ling with 80,000 cavalry. After eight days and nights of fighting, Li Ling killed more than 10,000 Huns, but because he could not get the support of the main force, he ran out of ammunition and was unfortunately captured.

After the news of Li Ling's defeat reached Chang 'an, Emperor Wu hoped that he could die. Later, when I heard that he surrendered, I was furious. The civil and military officials of the Qing Dynasty watched and listened. A few days ago, he praised Li Ling's bravery, and now he echoes Emperor Wu and accuses Li Ling of sin. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the Taishi for Sima Qian's advice. On the one hand, Sima Qian comforted Emperor Wu, on the other hand, he hated those ministers in have it both ways and tried his best to defend Li Ling. He believes that Li Ling is filial to his mother, loyal to his friends, courteous to others, loyal to the soldiers, and often worried about the country's urgent needs regardless of everything, which is an example for a national scholar. Sima Qian hated ministers who only knew how to protect themselves and their families. Now they see that Li Ling's invasion is unfavorable, so they blindly hit people when they are down and exaggerate the charges. He said to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "Li Ling led only 5,000 infantry, went deep into the Huns, fought alone, and killed many enemies, which made great contributions. Without reinforcements, ammunition and food, and desperate, we still fought bravely to kill the enemy. Even the famous soldiers in ancient times were so powerful. Although Li Ling himself failed, he killed many Huns, which is famous all over the world. The reason why he did not die, but surrendered to the Huns, must be to find a suitable opportunity to repay the Han family. "

Sima Qian seems to mean that Li Guangli, the general of the Second Normal University, failed to fulfill his responsibilities. His outspoken remarks angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who thought that he was defending Li Ling and satirizing Li Guangli, who returned from the failed expedition, and ordered Sima Qian to be put in prison.

After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? " I am a courtier, so I can't express my opinion. "Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led the Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident.

According to the provisions of the criminal law of the Han Dynasty, there are two ways to reduce the death penalty: one is to make amends with 500,000 yuan, and the other is to punish the crime of corruption. Sima Qian's official family is poor, and of course he can't afford so much money for atonement. Corruption not only cruelly destroys people's body and spirit, but also greatly insults people's personality. Sima Qian certainly didn't want to endure such punishment. He even thought of suicide in grief. But later he thought that people always die, but "death is heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather", and the meaning of death is different. He felt that if he "died before the law" in this way, if a cow lost a hair, it would be worthless. He thought of Confucius, Qu Yuan, Zuo Qiuming and Sun Bin, their humiliation and their impressive achievements. Sima Qian suddenly felt full of strength, and he resolutely chose corruption. In the face of the most cruel punishment, Sima Qian suffered to the extreme, but at this time he had no resentment and fear. He has only one belief, that is, he must live and finish Historical Records. "If you live in the intestine nine times a day, you will die suddenly, but you don't know where to go when you go out." Every time I think about my shame, I feel sweaty and have clothes on my back. "It is because he didn't finish the historical records that he survived the humiliation.

Third, make a determined effort to write history books

Sima Qian began reading, sorting out historical materials and preparing for writing after the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), and basically completed all the writing plans in the fourth year of Taishigong (BC 93), which lasted for 16 years. This is a great work written by him with all his life energy, painstaking efforts and great physical and mental pain, which always shines brilliantly.

The book includes twelve biographies, thirty aristocratic families, seventy biographies, ten tables, eight books and five parts, about 526,000.