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University is a form of education based on professional skills, which is different from undergraduate courses based on academic research.

undergraduate courses

Undergraduate course is the most basic level degree training based on research.

Undergraduate course: to cultivate senior talents who have a solid grasp of the basic theory, professional knowledge and basic skills of this subject and have the initial ability to engage in scientific research or undertake professional and technical work. Students are required to have a reasonable knowledge structure, master the general methods of scientific work, correctly judge and solve practical problems, have the ability and habit of lifelong learning, and be able to adapt to and be competent in changing professional fields. The teaching of undergraduate education knowledge should not only develop to the depth of disciplines, but also pay attention to the horizontal connection between disciplines. At the same time, undergraduate education should focus on cultivating students' scientific thinking ability, creativity, innovative spirit and entrepreneurial spirit. It will issue diplomas and degree certificates after graduation (of course, according to regulations,

The length of undergraduate education is longer than that of junior college, generally three years, and four years of undergraduate education (including five years of medicine) is a junior college, referred to as junior college;

A bachelor's degree is an undergraduate course in a university. Generally called a university, it means an undergraduate course, and a bachelor's degree can be awarded. There is no degree in a junior college. Of course, there is still a chance to go to a junior college, and you can also go to a junior college for adult education after employment. A college is based on professional technology to cultivate middle and senior talents with certain professional knowledge and skills; Cultivate technical application-oriented talents who can adapt to the front line of production, management and service and the vast rural areas; University graduates issue diplomas; )

The main difference between undergraduate and junior college is actually in specialty and scholarship. (However, the imbalance between supply and demand in talent training has led to the recruitment unit raising the threshold. In fact, from the perspective of work specialty, a junior college should be more competitive than an ordinary undergraduate course. The so-called "one book with two copies" refers to the level of a university, that is, a kind of university, which we often say, has nothing to do with majors.

The title of master originated in the Five Dynasties, and it also refers to people with noble moral character and profound knowledge, but it is never an official position. The ancients said that a master is great. In ancient times, those who were learned were often called "masters of old age" and "masters of Confucianism", meaning similar to masters.

China's national education sequence is divided into basic education and higher education. Basic education is the basic education of the people, including preschool education, primary education, junior high school education and senior high school education. Higher education is the education to cultivate high-level talents in society, including junior college, undergraduate and postgraduate education.

Postgraduates are divided into three levels: master, doctor and postdoctoral. Because postdoctoral researchers are often special researchers and basically do not belong to the category of "students", we often refer to "graduate students" as master students and doctoral students. For undergraduates, the reference to "graduate students" usually refers to master students. The graduate students mentioned in this manual also refer to master students.

In Chinese mainland, ordinary people generally call master graduates "graduate students" and doctoral graduates "doctors". Therefore, according to the common name, it has become the ladder of "college students"-"graduate students"-"doctors".

At present, the types of graduate students in China are complicated, which can be divided from the following angles.

● According to the different student status management, it is divided into graduate students with academic qualifications and non-graduate students. The former refers to taking the entrance examination organized by the state (including the recommended exemption for fresh graduates and the separate entrance examination organized by some colleges and universities approved by the Ministry of Education), and obtaining postgraduate status after being admitted. Upon graduation, if the course study and thesis defense meet the requirements of the Academic Degrees Regulations, you can get a master's diploma and a master's degree certificate. The latter refers to not taking the entrance examination organized by the state and having no student status. Students take part in postgraduate courses, complete the courses according to the teaching plan, and apply for the national unified examination of foreign language level and subject comprehensive level of postgraduate students through the equivalent academic personnel organized by the state, and obtain the qualification for degree application. Then they can get a degree certificate by defending their master's thesis, but they don't have a graduate diploma.

● According to the different channels of learning funds, it is divided into national planned graduate students, entrusted graduate students (referred to as entrusted graduate students) and self-funded graduate students. The national planned postgraduate training funds are provided by the state, and the entrusted postgraduate training funds are provided by the entrusting unit. You must sign a contract when you enter school and work in the entrusting unit after graduation. The training funds for self-funded graduate students are provided by themselves, and sometimes they can be spent from the research funds of tutors or sponsored by the society. The proportion of self-funded graduate students is expanding year by year. In the long run, it is an inevitable trend to charge for postgraduate education, but there is no complete plan that can be implemented immediately. Therefore, it is unlikely that the state plans to pay tuition for graduate students next year.

● According to different majors and uses, they are divided into ordinary graduate students and special types of graduate students. Among them, ordinary graduate students account for the vast majority. At present, the mature specialized graduate students in China mainly include MBA and JM. Recently, the Master of Management (MPA) appeared again. There are great differences between special graduate students and ordinary graduate students in qualification, academic system requirements and learning content. Therefore, at the end of this article, the MBA and the Master of Laws will be introduced respectively.

Master students implement the credit system. Courses, like undergraduate courses, include compulsory courses and elective courses. The academic system is generally two to three years, most of which are three years, and some are two and a half years. Generally speaking, the first two years are the study time of basic courses and professional courses, and most of the credits can usually be completed; The third year is used to finish graduation thesis, practice and find a job. Many schools stipulate that if you complete the required credits in advance and meet certain conditions, you can apply for early graduation. According to the regulations, the study period of in-service postgraduate students can be extended by one year accordingly.

The doctor's explanation:

1, the highest degree level. The former Soviet Union has an associate doctor's degree, which is one level higher than that of China.

In ancient times, it was a person who specialized in a certain skill. Example: Dr. Tea, Dr. Wine.

3. An ancient official who taught Confucian classics.

Note: There are also "postdoctoral postgraduates" in China, not degrees. So even postdocs are collectively called "doctors".

The origin of "doctor":

"Doctor" was an official name at the earliest, which appeared in the Warring States period more than 2,000 years ago. Responsible for keeping documents and files, compiling works, mastering ancient and modern times, imparting knowledge and cultivating talents. There are seventy people in Qin. At the beginning of the Han dynasty, I followed my family. Rank more than 600 stones, belonging to Fengchang. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the doctor of Five Classics was established, and the doctor became a scholar specializing in teaching Confucian classics. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, there was a doctor in Yi, Shu, Shi, Li and Chunqiu, so it was called Doctor of Five Classics. Sima Qian wrote in Records of the Historian Biography of Officials that "the official ceremony was suspended, and the doctor of Lu also took Lu Xiang as the priority."

During the Qin dynasty, the doctor was in charge of the national ancient and modern history and book laws and regulations. In the Tang Dynasty, people who specialized in a certain profession were called "doctors", such as "doctors of medicine" and "doctors of arithmetic". In the Song Dynasty, waiters in the service industry were also called "doctors". Feng Wen Jian Ji's "Drinking Tea" section records: "Order my slave to take 30 yuan and reward the doctor for frying tea."

During the Qin Shihuang period, due to dictatorship and brutality, Chen Sheng and Guangwu revolted, and the peasant army attacked the city and plundered the land and occupied the government. The news reached the palace, and the dissolute and incompetent Qin Ershi and Hu Hai called ministers to discuss countermeasures. Everyone said that we should send troops to suppress the peasant uprising as soon as possible. But only Uncle Sun found the displeasure on the emperor's face, so have it both ways said in a low voice, "The emperor is wise, caring, dignified and respectable, and nothing can be accomplished by people who make trouble. Why should this disturb the emperor? " When the emperor heard his uncle Sun Tong's words, he became more arrogant, arrested the person who made the suggestion, greatly rewarded his uncle Sun Tong, and promoted him as a "doctor".

The word "doctor" refers to academic senior talents who have obtained advanced degrees. Even if this person is not an academic, but a business, he is still a doctor with a doctorate. Academic senior talents with master's degrees are still not called doctors.

Refers to a person who has obtained a "doctor's degree".

The degree system is: bachelor-master-doctor. From low to high. (If it is not just a degree, the order is: Bachelor (who passed the undergraduate course)-Master-Doctor-Postdoctoral). In the United States, postdoctoral students studying this major may be awarded Ph.D., literally translated as a doctor of philosophy.

Some "doctoral students" (people who are studying for doctoral degrees) are also called doctors, which is a compliment to them. In fact, they shouldn't be called doctors.

Chinese name: doctor

Mbth: Doctor\PhD: Doctor of Philosophy.

In ancient China, the title of doctor had several meanings. As an official name, it first appeared in the Warring States Period. Xu Shen's Five Classics: "In the Warring States Period, doctors were appointed." According to "Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao", "Doctor, Qin Guan, knows ancient and modern things." For example, Dr. Qin is knowledgeable, especially in history books. By the time Emperor Wendi was in his nineties, he could still dictate twenty-eight chapters of Shangshu. Jia Yi, an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, was able to recite poems by heart at the age of eighteen. At the age of twenty, he learned the words of a hundred schools and was called a doctor by Emperor Wen. Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar in Han Dynasty, studied diligently since childhood. He said that he had not seen the garden for three years. Because of his profound knowledge, he was promoted to a doctor by Emperor Jing.

From Qin dynasty to Han dynasty, the doctor's duty was mainly to manage books and be a consultant. There were 70 doctors during Qin Shihuang's reign. Doctors in the Han dynasty were too often officials, with a rank of 600 stones and as many positions as 10. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the suggestion of the palace and established a doctor of the Five Classics to teach classics. In the Tang Dynasty, doctors such as Guo Zi, imperial academy and Simen were established. Another doctor of law, a doctor of writing, a doctor of arithmetic, a doctor of politics and law, is a professor at the county level, not the official name of Confucian scholars in the central religion. For example, after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Dr. Tai Chang, who was good at etiquette, had been in charge of court etiquette. Appoint Dr. Taylor, who is familiar with temperament, to be in charge of court sacrifices and enjoy banquets, songs and dances; Appoint people who are proficient in medical skills as doctors in surgery and internal medicine; Appoint people who are proficient in astronomy, ephemeris and divination as Dr. Astronomy, Dr. Missing Engraving, Dr. Calendar, Dr. Taibu, Dr. Bo, etc. Specializing in astronomy, calendar, divination, etc.

Before the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, doctors were selected by soliciting and recommending, and there were certain standards. As Hanshu said, doctors should be people who are "familiar with the past and the present, review the past and learn the new, and be familiar with the national system". During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dr. Ren had to pass the examination, and only those who were proficient in the Book of Changes, the Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius could be recommended as doctors.

In the history of China, there is another situation in which people engaged in a certain profession are also called doctors. Meng Yuanlao's Tokyo Dream Record Diet Fruit: "Anyone who sells wine in a shop is called a tea drinking doctor." This situation is more common in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The doctoral supervisor should be a professor with deep academic attainments in this discipline or a teaching and scientific researcher with equivalent professional and technical positions. His academic level is in the forefront of this subject in China, and in some respects it is close to or reaches the international advanced level. Have experience in training graduate students, and have trained at least two graduate students. He can stick to his normal work and shoulder the responsibility of actually guiding doctoral students. He has an academic team to assist him in guiding doctoral students. The quality of graduate students trained is good; Undergraduate or master's courses with teaching experience and undertaking or undertaking a certain workload.

Young professors who apply to be doctoral supervisors (graduated from university after 1972) should generally have a doctorate in addition to the above conditions. They must have trained at least one master's degree at home and abroad or assisted in guiding doctoral dissertations.

The specific requirements are as follows:

A professor engaged in basic research.

In the past five years, he has published at least eight papers in core journals at home and abroad (the first author or his graduate students are the first author) or officially published academic monographs. Published papers or monographs have been cited by peers for many times or won the second prize at the provincial and ministerial levels.

At present, he undertakes national or ministerial key scientific research projects or key research topics, and is responsible for national natural science foundation projects or other research projects of great value. The research funding is not less than 30,000 yuan (a single basic research project is not less than 6.5438+0.5 million yuan).

Professors engaged in engineering research:

In the past five years, he has published at least five papers in core journals at home and abroad (the first author or graduate students under his supervision is the first author), or officially published academic monographs, or has important technical achievements. Published papers or monographs have been cited by peers for many times or won the second prize at the provincial or ministerial level, and obtained two provincial or national achievements registration or two invention patents (authorized).

At present, he is responsible for national or provincial key scientific research projects or key research topics, and is responsible for national natural science foundation projects or other research projects with important value. The research funding is not less than 60,000 yuan.

Description:

The above requirements may be too loose for the main members who are responsible for major basic research projects with funds of more than 300,000 yuan, or major engineering and technical research projects with funds of more than 600,000 yuan, or projects that have won the second prize of the state.

Papers published in international first-class academic journals (such as Nature, Science and Journals Collected by SCI and EI) (the first author or graduate students supervised by me are the first author) may be required to reduce the number of papers published.

The works and achievements in the above indicators only consider the main contributors with sufficient evidence.

1983 On May 27th, the first batch of doctors were born in China.