Roman civilization

What are the achievements of Roman civilization?

The official birth of the reputation of Roman literature was attributed to a Greek named Androni Kush. He was a Greek slave who was captured when the Romans conquered southern Italy. He worked as a tutor for the Romans all his life, translated famous Greek dramas and epics into Latin, and wrote the earliest Latin literature after imitating these masterpieces.

Androni Cousy's works did not survive, but a number of Roman playwrights were born. Rome's own literary creation.

It was from the beginning of drama that Roman civilization was in a harmonious period, so it was also called the "harmonious era". Since then, Roman literature has experienced the development of "Golden Age" and "Silver Age".

The "golden age" (BC 100 ~ AD 17) is the peak of the development of Roman literature. In this era, Roman literature has made great achievements in the creation of poetry and prose.

The representative figure is Catullus, a poet who wrote lyric poems. First of all, he got rid of the myth and historical tradition of poetry and revealed his personal feelings in his poems. There is also the great poet Horace, who expressed his desire for human society in his poems in the face of the turmoil in Rome in the later period. Virgil and Ovid are outstanding representatives of this period.

The essayist of the golden age, Cicero, of course. He wrote classic works such as On Friendship and On Responsibility. His style was named Cicero style, and almost all Latin writers in the Middle Ages imitated his style.

These "golden age" writers have made immortal achievements, but they have experienced a tragic fate. Horace died young at the age of 30, Cicero died in * * *, and Ovid was exiled to the distant Black Sea for offending Octavian.

What are the ancient Roman civilizations?

Rome is located in the lower reaches of the Tiber River in central Italy.

This river flows slowly in the low mountain area and bends to the coastline in the swamp area, which is an ideal passage for people coming down from the Apennine mountain area to reach the sea. From the 10 century BC to the 7th century BC, the Italian peninsula was in a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural period.

"Ancient Italians" are the most important group. During the Bronze Age of 1000 BC, they crossed the Alps and Adriatic Sea in the north and east and came to Italy, brutally forcing many local indigenous tribes to migrate.

They lived a nomadic life at first, but they have mastered the skills of making bronzes and using horses and wheeled carriages. After arriving in Italy, they formed a lifestyle dominated by agriculture.

This way of life became the main way of life of its descendants in the following centuries until the decline of Roman civilization. "Ancient Italians" are made up of several nationalities, including Sabine, umbria and Latin.

In the 9th and 8th centuries BC, two new nationalities appeared on the Italian peninsula: Serus and Greeks. The ancients believed that the Cyrus came from Anatolia in the east, and some archaeological discoveries today have confirmed this.

From the origin, it seems that they are not ancient Italians, just as their language is not Indo-European, and their civilization is a mixture of various factors from the East and the West. The famous Villanova civilization represents the initial development stage of the Serus people, from which we can see their extraordinary cultural progress in new fields.

This new territory is located in the coastal plain between the Apennines and tyrrhenian sea in the northeast of Italy. These people live in independent and powerful city-States, which usually form alliances.

These city-states were originally ruled by a monarch, and later became oligarchy ruled by parliament and elected officials. Serus were originally farming tribes, and they had well-organized troops. They use these troops to rule the surrounding ethnic groups, and they also like to run enterprises and engage in handicrafts.

Tuscany and Latin America in the north should be the earliest settlements of Serus. A small number of Latin people flourished at the southern end of this territory, and the city of Rome was finally established here.

Therefore, the Romans, who were only villagers in the heyday of Serus civilization, were closely related to Serus' language, thought and religion: Serus had a unique and most important influence on the transformation of Roman culture into civilization. On the other hand, during the Mycenae civilization from16th century BC to 1 1 th century BC, the Greeks sailed vertically and horizontally in the coastal areas of southern and central Italy, and the subsequent stagnation period brought their navigation to an end.

Forced to compete with the Phoenicians on the western trade routes, they established a new trade base, which further enabled the colony to develop in an all-round way in the 8th century BC. They first established a colony in Piisku, Italy (Iskiel Island in the Bay of Naples), and then pushed their forces slightly northward to the Kumi continent in Sicily and the southern coastal areas of Italy.

With the contact with the Greeks, the Cyrus people soon became more mature. They created letters according to Greek characters, formed their own sculpture and painting styles, developed religious beliefs based on Greek anthropomorphic gods, and carefully formulated a set of rituals for divining the future. All these were later inherited by the Romans.

The date of the establishment of the city of Rome is uncertain, which is traditionally believed to be in 753 BC, which has been widely confirmed by archaeological discoveries, although people may have lived there before. Traditionally, the Romans attributed the establishment of Rome to the hero Romulus.

He and his twin brother Remus are descendants of the hero Aeneas. Aeneas, the son of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, came to Italy after the Greeks occupied Troy.

Roman historian Titus Levi described this myth as follows: The grandfather of the twin brothers was Numito, who was the king of Alba in the Alba Mountains in the southeast of Rome. Amulius, the evil brother of the king, deported the king and made Leia Silvia, the only daughter of the king, a virgin to prevent her from bearing children (virgins are not allowed to bear children), in order to prevent the descendants of the king from taking revenge.

But Leia Sylvia violated his constraints, fell in love with Mars and gave birth to twins. When the twins were abandoned in the Tiber River, a female wolf nursed them. Later, a shepherd found out that his wife raised them.

When they grew up, the twin brothers became the leaders of the greenwood. After remus was captured and brought to King Amulius, romulus led his men to rescue him and killed Amulius.

At this time, the life experience of the twin brothers was revealed to the world, and their grandfather Numeitu reigned. The two brothers left their grandfather and set up their own city where the shepherd found them.

When deciding who will be the master of the city, the Oracle told them to decide according to the birds they saw that predicted success. Remus saw six vultures standing on Revenge Mountain, and romulus saw 12 vultures standing on Baladin Mountain.

The latter figure is luckier, but Remus is the first sign to see it. As a result, there was a quarrel between the brothers, and romulus finally killed Remus and became the king of the new town.

He ruled for a long time, was accepted by the gods after his death, and became a respected god of war, Quirinus. In the process of Rome developing into a city and establishing its own politics and culture, the Romans imitated the neighboring Serus civilization.

The earliest extant writing in Italy was found in the cemetery of the ancient city of Ossa Inn near Rome in the early 8th century BC. The four Greek letters carved on the clay pot show that the Latin who just founded Rome learned to use these letters soon after the Greeks adopted the Phoenician letters.

The early Roman politics was the era of kingship, and the king held absolute power. He is a great legislator, the leader of the army and the chief priest of * * * * * *, and his power is only restricted by the Senate and the citizens' assembly.

The Senate is the Senate Council, which is composed of different tribal leaders. According to the Constitution and traditional customs, the Senate has the right to pass or veto the appointment of the king and to judge the king's legislation and litigation.

The conference was held in Rome.

Why is it called the "dark age" after Roman civilization?

Roman civilization, which lasted for 12 centuries, finally perished under the internal uprising and turmoil and the attack of foreign enemies.

The ancient history of western Europe ended, and the classical civilization declined with the demise of Rome. Western civilization has entered an era called the Middle Ages.

In the first few hundred years of the Middle Ages, almost no documents were handed down, and this history became obscure, so it was called the "dark age" by historians. In this era, Europeans have no cities.

"Manzhan" still lives a life of farming and grazing, and this splendid city is meaningless to them. They tear down buildings and sculptures in the city and use these stones to build simple houses and walls.

With the decline of cities, trade and commodity economy. "Barbarian War" leads a self-sufficient life, and the treasures plundered by a few "barbarian" nobles are used to buy luxury goods from the East, which will soon be exhausted.

Western Europe resumed its closed natural economy, and many people were buried hundreds of meters away from their birthplace after their death, and they never left their villages for life. At the same time, there is the decline of culture. In this era, most nobles and civilians are illiterate. They are illiterate and have no interest in culture.

Miao Ran will not rule and manage with wisdom and technology. They fought endlessly and defended their country through fear of foreign enemies and respect for their own people.

A few literate priests lived in seclusion in mountains and islands, copying ancient scriptures. The concept of history has also declined.

The Barbarian King of Britain looked at the remains of Roman architecture hundreds of years ago and thought it was the work of a mysterious giant race.

Do you know anything about Roman civilization?

The ancient Roman city was founded in 753 BC. The city was initially limited to the Tiber River, and then gradually expanded to the whole Italian peninsula and the vast areas around the Mediterranean.

At first, Rome practiced kingship, and the historical stage from Rome's entering the historical stage to the establishment of the Republic was called the era of kingship. The era of monarchy is the transition period of Rome from clan commune to city-state.

509 BC? In the first 27 years, Rome was in a period of slavery. The establishment of the Roman Republic marks the abandonment of the traditional concept of kingship, which has been excluded from the Roman political system for hundreds of years.

In the late Republic of China, the slave economy developed rapidly. In 27 BC, Octavian established the head of state system, and Rome entered the imperial era.

Compared with the previous two periods, the Roman Empire made great progress in economy, politics, culture and military affairs, and Rome reached its peak. AD 1？ The 2nd century was the most powerful period of Roman Empire, and Rome became the largest empire in ancient western history.

From about the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire began to decline. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West.

In 476 AD, romulus, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire? Augustus was deposed, the Western Roman Empire officially perished, and the Eastern Roman Empire entered the feudal Byzantine period. The long and splendid history of civilization in ancient Rome seems a little far away, but it is still dazzling.

This book opens a window for us to have a panoramic view of ancient Roman civilization. This paper introduces in detail the glorious history of ancient Rome and its brilliant achievements in philosophy, religion, architecture, law, natural science, literature and art, and shows us the glory and elegance of the ancient Roman empire.