How did this book come from?

The origin of books

First, the generation of Chinese characters.

The appearance of Chinese characters plays a decisive role in the development of China culture. How did Chinese characters come into being and who invented them? There have been different opinions on this issue, and the most popular one is "Cang Xie's theory of coinage".

(1) The word "Cang Xie".

The legend of "Cangjie creating characters"; It was widely circulated as early as the Warring States period. Han Feizi, Huai Nanzi, Shuo Wen Jie Zi and other books all think that Cang Xie created the characters. Historians such as Sima Qian and Ban Gu believe that Cang Xie is the official historian of the Yellow Emperor. There are also historical records, such as Lun Heng, which said that Cang Xie had four eyes. "Looking up at the round curve of Kuixing, the government observes the image of the turtle-patterned bird, absorbs all the beauty and combines it into words." However, it is impossible for a person to invent an independent script with a long history. In primitive society, the level of production and education is extremely low, and it takes a long process to produce characters. No one can go through such a long process. Therefore, it is not credible for Cang Xie to create characters. We can also give a simple example to illustrate that early writing became the hands of many people; Instead of being original by one person. China's early writings, whether Oracle Bone Inscriptions or inscriptions on bronze, have many variations. In other words, there are several or even a dozen different ways to write the same word. If Cang Xie invented it alone, why did he create so much trouble for himself and others? Gou Zi once thought that in ancient times, there were many people who created characters, and characters were jointly invented by everyone, but why did Cang Xie's name survive? Because he did some tidying up. That is to say, before the pale jaw, the characters had already appeared, but at that time, the characters were still in the primary stage, with special shapes and no customization, and Cang Xie's contribution was in the unified work of these characters with different forms, so his name was praised by generations.

From the statement that "Cang Xie is the historian of the Yellow Emperor", we can also analyze the close relationship between written records and ancient historians. As for the scope of Cang Xie's activities, now, in Shouguang, Shandong, Kaifeng, Henan, and Nanle, Hebei; Chang 'an and Baishui in Shaanxi Province have relics such as Cangjie Tomb, Cangjie Temple and Cangjie Word-making Platform. Among them, Cangjie Temple in Baishui County, Shaanxi Province is the largest, and Cangjie word-making platform in Chang 'an County is well preserved. Although these monuments were built by later generations according to legends, they also show from another side the wide geographical spread of word-making activities and people's reverence for the inventors of words.

Cang Xie himself was once deified by people. Lun Heng said that Cang Xie had four eyes, and Huai Nan Zi said that Cangjie made words, millet fell in the sky, and ghosts cried at night. Although this kind of imagination is bizarre and absurd, it is pregnant with profound meaning. Everyone has only two eyes, but Cang Xie has more eyes than ordinary people. No wonder he can look up at astronomy, overlook geography, distinguish birds and animals, see things that ordinary people can't see, and create words. After Cang Xie created career writing, people's ability is empty. People can not only see what happened thousands of miles away, but also see what happened thousands of years ago with a pair of eyes beyond ordinary people. Doesn't this add a pair of magical eyes to the world? As for "rainy millet, ghosts cry at night", it is a visual hymn to the power of words. The invention of writing has spread the experience of millions of people, and also made those ghosts who are active in the dark have nowhere to escape and nowhere to hide. In literature and history, their evil deeds and sins will be recorded forever. How can a ghost not hide in a dark corner and cry? Therefore, we can neither regard Cang Xie's book as a historical fact, nor simply abandon it as superstition, but should regard it as an unrealistic reflection of real things. This reflects the people's infinite admiration and admiration for the ancestors who invented Chinese characters, and also expresses their high evaluation of the emergence and value of Chinese characters. The invention of writing is attributed to Cang Xie, just as Fuxi invented animal husbandry, Hou Yi invented bow and arrow, Shennong Hou Ji invented planting, and Yu Xia's father invented fortification with a gun. It's not that they didn't have such activities and achievements before, but that future generations personified the creativity of their ancestors and gave them. These legends are so magical and moving that they are circulated constantly.

(b) Basis of the text.

We believe that the appearance of characters is the need of social development first, and it must have two foundations: language and objects. Without language, there is no writing. It has long been a well-known truth that words are attached to language and are tools for recording and spreading language. ......

How did Chinese characters and books come from?

Nowadays, Chinese characters are developed from ancient Chinese characters such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and originated from pictograms. The earliest Chinese books should be bamboo slips in the Warring States period, and only paper books were available in the Han Dynasty.

I want to know how the price of a book comes from, such as a Xinhua dictionary of the sixth edition. How much does it cost and why is it so expensive?

The publishing house sets the price, reports it to the Price Bureau, and issues and sells it at the approved price after approval.

What is the origin of books? How did it come from?

Words: books-that is, printed and bound books and words.

In a narrow sense, a book is a * * body of paper with words and images. Books in a broad sense are all media for spreading information. However, some people think that Zishu is the abbreviation of "River Map" and "Luoshu".

An important part of books. In China, it originally referred to classics. Books include books, picture albums, pictures and other publications. A book is a work that records all kinds of knowledge on certain materials with symbols such as words and pictures, clearly expresses ideas, and makes a book. They are important tools for spreading all kinds of knowledge and ideas and accumulating human culture. With the development of history, it is constantly changing and changing in writing methods, materials used, binding forms and forms.

The origin and development of books are closely related to the development of writing, language, literature, art, technology and science. It can be traced back to the inscriptions on stones, wood, pottery, bronzes, palm leaves, bones, birch bark and so on. The use of papyrus greatly promoted the development of books. Around the 30th century BC, Egyptian papyrus scrolls appeared, which was the earliest embryonic form of Egyptian books. The papyrus scroll is closer to the concept of modern books than the clay tablets of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria and Hittite. The earliest official book in China was The Concise Strategy, which appeared around the 8th century BC. Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty said in the Preface to the Spring and Autumn Classics: "The book of great events is based on policy, and the small things are simple." Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were the main form of books in China. Bamboo and wood are cut into long and narrow bamboo chips or wood chips, which are collectively called Jane, and slightly wider rectangular wood chips are called "squares". Several compendiums are called "policies" (volumes) and also called "simple policies". A belt or rope used for weaving is called weaving. China's ancient records, such as Shangshu, Shijing, Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography, Guoyu, Shiji, the chronology of bamboo books unearthed in the Western Jin Dynasty and Sun Tzu's Art of War unearthed in Linyi, Shandong Province in recent years, are all written in bamboo and wood. Later, people wrote in silk, which was called silk book. "Mozi" has a record that "the book is on the silk and engraved on the stone". Silk is made of special silk, which is called "Silk Book" or "Silk Book", so it is also called "Silk Book". In the 2nd century BC, paper made of plant fibers appeared in China, such as Baqiao Paper unearthed in Xi 'an in 1957. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Cai Lun summarized the previous experience and improved it to make Cai Hou Paper (AD 105), paper became the main material of books, and the scrolls of paper gradually replaced bamboo and silk books. China first invented and actually applied woodcut printing. As early as the beginning of the 7th century, China had used woodcut to print books. Before the invention of printing, China's books were mainly scrolls. In the 10 century, books in the form of leaves appeared in China, which gradually replaced scrolls and became books in the same form all over the world. 165438+In the 1940s, Chinese movable type printing first appeared in the world and gradually spread to all countries in the world. East to Korea and Japan, south to Southeast Asian countries, west to the Middle and Near East to European countries, which promoted the production of books and the exchange and development of human culture. /kloc-in the 4th century, China invented overprint color printing. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/5th century, the German J. Gutenberg invented metal movable type printing. Movable type printing accelerates the production process of books and is widely used in European countries. From 15 to 16 century, an economical, beautiful and portable book was made. Elsevier, a Dutch company, printed pocket-sized books. From 15 to 18 century, China compiled, edited and published a large number of encyclopedias and series-Yongle Dadian, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Sikuquanshu and so on. At the end of 18, the invention of paper machine promoted the production of paper and created favorable conditions for the mechanization of printing technology. At the same time, the emergence of lithographic printing with illustrations laid the foundation for offset printing. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the appearance of the fast cylinder platform printing machine and the invention of other printing machines greatly improved the printing capacity and adapted to the increasing demands of social politics, economy and culture for book production.

How did a book come into being?

1. Split bamboo floating pool

Chop tender bamboo, put it in a pond, soak it for more than 100 days, decompose it with natural microorganisms, and wash off the green skin of bamboo.

2. Cook your feet.

Put the bamboo obtained from the above into a "Lu" bucket and cook it with lime for eight days and eight nights.

3. Mortars

Take out the treated bamboo, put it in a stone mortar and beat it with a stone hammer until it is smashed into mud.

4. Throw the material into the curtain

Pour the mashed bamboo material into the sink and swing the material in the water with a bamboo curtain. The bamboo material becomes a thin layer and sticks to the bamboo curtain, and the remaining water flows down the water tank from the four sides of the bamboo curtain.

5. Cover the curtains and press the paper.

Then repeatedly through the curtain, so that the wet paper falls on the board, that is, to form a piece of paper. In this way, the steps of placing materials and covering curtains are repeated, so that thousands of wet papers are stacked, and the boards are added to squeeze out most of the water.

Bake with fire

Spread out the wet paper one by one and bake it. The equipment for baking paper is to build an alley with adobe bricks and make a fire in the alley. After the temperature of adobe brick rises, wet paper is pasted one by one and baked. After drying, the paper is obtained by uncovering the cover.

Write words

Write on paper

8. Bind into a book

Sew a piece of paper full of words. be bound into book form

Where do the books in the bookstore come from?

Generally, they are imported from publishing houses, while the downstream books are imported from those black printing houses, so they are cheap.

How did the benchmark book come from?

This is a common saying of Japanese and Korean enterprises, which corresponds to China's inspection standards, inspection instructions and inspection specifications ... mainly to determine the inspection items, methods, frequencies, standard requirements, testing instruments and sampling schemes of products.

How did the book come from?

About how the book came from:

(A) The Legend of Hutuluo

There is also a myth-like legend about the appearance of China's books, that is, the Hutuluo Book in Shangshu, the earliest ancient book in China, also has the same statement. Someone further explained: "When Fuxi ruled Fu Cha, Yi Long appeared from the Yellow River with the River Map; A turtle appeared from Luoshui, carrying "Luoshu". Fuxi drew eight letters according to this "picture" and "book", which is the source of Zhouyi later. The river map and Luo Shu that we see today are digital phalanxes composed of a series of mysterious symbols. It was processed by Zhou, Qin, Han Confucian scholars and alchemists, and its original appearance is unknown. Some people think that it is a three-dimensional sky map drawn by ancient nomadic people (Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University1No.6, 999); Others think that it is an abstract symbol developed from tortoise shell, a lingering trace of nature, and the first book of China (Newsletter of University Library 1988 No.4). They think that River Map and Luoshu have an important position in the history of China civilization. The source of China culture can also be said to be "Heluo Culture", and "River Map" and "Luoshu" are the initial basis of Heluo Culture. The dialectical thinking mode established by it has an important influence on later generations' thought, philosophy, literature and science. Confucius once said, "If the river doesn't draw pictures, Luo can't publish books, and I am a husband." ? (Historical Records Confucius Family)

? Legends and myths are not history, but they are the products of history and reflect history to some extent. To this end, we can get some enlightenment: before the invention of writing, there were pictures and some simple symbols as tools to spread information. The earliest place where Chinese civilization took place was in the Central Plains area around Luoshui of the Yellow River.

? (2) The age of books.

? With words, there are basic conditions for creating books. Of course, there were no books from the beginning of writing. At first, people used words to make up for the lack of language in life and labor, to promote the exchange of thoughts and feelings and the transmission of information, thus arousing people's actions. Books began to appear when people began to consciously carve words on various materials to record experiences, elaborate ideas and spread them for a long time.

? When did China's book first appear? It is difficult to draw an accurate conclusion now. So far, we haven't found the words and documents of the Xia Dynasty. According to other documents, it is probably in the historical period of Xia Dynasty, that is, from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century BC, the historical transformation from writing to literary classics was completed. There are seven parameters: 1. Both Historical Records and Annals of Bamboo Books contain the genealogical tables of the Xia emperors. It's different, but it's similar. This shows that both are based on the same original document record. Moreover, after the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, Wang Guowei verified that the "three generations of world tables" in Historical Records were "faithful history" according to the ancestry of Shang ancestors in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, because the kings of Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty happened to be contemporary, all about 4,000 years ago. 2. There is such a passage in the earliest existing history book "Shangshu Todos" in China: "Only Yin Zu; There are books and books, and Yin Ge gives orders. " This is the lecture given by the Duke of Zhou to the nobles of the Shang Dynasty after the destruction of the Shang Dynasty by the King of Wu. Your ancestors of the Yin Dynasty had books to record this historical fact when they overthrew the Xia Dynasty. 3. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins is a relatively systematic and mature writing. Its quantity, scale and completeness show that it is not an early primitive script, and it must have been developed for several years. In particular, in 1983, a batch of earlier Oracle Bone Inscriptions was excavated in a primitive social site in the western suburbs of Xi, which was 4500-5000 years ago. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions fonts are as fine as mosquitoes' feet, with clear fonts and firm and rigorous structures, which have updated people's traditional concepts. According to textual research, these early Oracle Bone Inscriptions were 1200 years earlier than Yin Ruins and more than 500 years earlier than Xia Dynasty. 4. In Xia Dynasty, in order to develop agricultural production, people summed up and mastered certain astronomical calendar knowledge. Twelve months is a year, big and small, with 30 days in the big month and 29 days in the small month. They also learned that 19 has seven leap years. The calendars of the Xia Dynasty were called "Li Xia" and "Xia Zhengxiao", and the Xia calendar began in silver moon. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius advocated "going to Xia Zhishi" (The Analects of Wei Linggong). 5. Among the ancient books such as Bamboo Slips and History Books, there are records such as "Seven years in summer, Mount Tai shook" and "Ten years in Xia Jie, the starry night fell like rain", which are also the earliest written records about earthquakes and meteorite shower in the world and can be used as documents of Xia Dynasty. ......

How did World Reading Day come about?

The full name of World Book Day is World Book and Copyright Day, which is also translated as World Book Day. The original idea was attributed to the International Association of Publishers. 1972, UNESCO issued a call to the whole world to "move towards a reading society", requiring all members of society to read, and reading has become an indispensable part of everyone's daily life.

How did Chinese characters and books come from? 15 point

There are many sources of Chinese characters, such as knots, gossip, pictures, books and contracts, etc. Ancient books recorded the legend that Cang Xie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor, created characters. In my opinion, a systematic work can't be created by one person, and Cang Xie (if he really exists) is just a text organizer or publisher.

You said hieroglyphs, pointers and so on. It's just that Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty summarized the form of Chinese characters in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which is the so-called "Six Books".

China script has a history of 5000 years, but the early script is gone. The earliest script handed down today is Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Wen Jia for short) unearthed from Yin Ruins in Shang Dynasty.

The so-called Oracle Bone Inscriptions, is carved or written on tortoise shells and ox bones. These characters have a history of more than three thousand years. In addition, many bronzes from Shang and Zhou Dynasties were unearthed underground, on which many inscriptions were cast, and they were called Zhong Dingwen. These two kinds of characters are also called "ancient prose" because they are the earliest characters that can be seen now.

Zhou Xuanwang Taishi Shuan once wrote Wen Zhuan (also known as Da Zhuan), and some forms of Wen Zhuan can also be seen in the interpretation of the text. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, Lisi played the same script, so Xiao Zhuan became popular. The book Shuo Wen Jie Zi is based on explaining Xiao Zhuan.

After the Han Dynasty, writing became easier and easier, and official script became the common writing in the Han Dynasty.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font was changed to regular script, which was convenient to write and remained quite stable after transmission, and it has been used ever since. At the same time, for the convenience of writing, running script and cursive script also appeared, which are variants of regular script.

Inscriptions on pottery

The ancestor of Chinese characters. In the prehistoric period and early historical period of China, before the appearance of Chinese characters, the symbol that most resembled characters was Wen Tao. Wen Tao has unearthed a lot of materials, but it has no writing space like Oracle Bone Inscriptions's, only a single symbol. From the Neolithic Age to the late Shang Dynasty, the earliest unearthed Wen Tao was Banpo, Wen Tao, about 4800-4300 BC. In addition, Wen Tao also exists in Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and Liangzhu culture. Tao Wen is mostly engraved on the black wide band pattern and black inverted triangle pattern on the outer edge of the pottery bowl, and a few are engraved on the outer wall and the bottom of the pottery bowl. Generally speaking, there is only one Wen Tao on the vessel. Academic circles have different views on the nature of these Wen Tao. Qiu Xigui thinks it is a "symbol", Guo Moruo thinks it is a "symbol with the nature of words", while Yu and other scholars think it belongs to the category of words. Mr. Tang Li 'an (Lan) said that Dawenkou culture is "the ancestor of existing characters with a history of about 5,500 years". It is very difficult to decipher Wen Tao. So far, only a few words can guess that it is equivalent to a certain word in later generations. However, Wen Tao is related to Chinese characters, which should be affirmed.

oracle bone script

Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is the real writing of China.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions was written in Shang Dynasty (BC 1400). These characters are called Oracle Bone Inscriptions because they are carved on animal bones or tortoise shells. Characters are carved with a knife, so they are also called "Wen Qi" and "Qike". Except for a few notes, most of the words belong to the records of the divination by the princes at that time, so they are also called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" or "divination words". In addition, because Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed in Anyang County (the former capital of Yin), it is also called "Yin Ruins". Strictly speaking, it can only be called calligraphy in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions has possessed the three basic elements of China's calligraphy: writing with a pen, writing with Chinese characters, and composition. However, not all previous picture symbols have these three elements.

Ancient bronze inscriptions

In ancient times, copper was called gold, so people called the inscriptions on bronzes bronze inscriptions. Bronze first appeared in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, forming a splendid bronze culture in China history. Bronzes can be roughly divided into more than ten categories, mainly including food containers, wine containers, water containers, weapons, chariots and horses, and various tools.

Since the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, bells of different sizes have appeared on bronzes, which are the main ritual vessels for sacrifices and banquets. Dings in bronzes were mostly used as ritual vessels for cooking animals to worship heaven and ancestors. Later, Zhong Ding became a symbol of state power. Because Zhong and Ding are important ritual vessels in bronzes, bronze inscriptions are also called Zhong Dingwen.

Bronze inscriptions are important historical materials, and the calligraphy art of inscriptions and the plastic arts of bronzes are a whole. It is the calligraphy art of bronze inscriptions and the magnificent plastic arts that complement each other, making bronze ware the embodiment of beauty.

Since the mid-Shang Dynasty, bronzes have been engraved with inscriptions. From the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, bronzes became heavy and delicate. Clouds and thunder patterns are often used as backgrounds to set off gluttonous patterns and Kuiwen, giving people a deep, mysterious, ferocious and dignified atmosphere. ......