Nature, human geography, river hydrology, vegetation and climate of Japan, Brazil, USA, India, Russia, Germany, Egypt and Australia.

Japan spans 25 degrees latitude, and the temperature difference between north and south is very significant. The plateaus of Hokkaido and Honshu belong to the sub-frigid zone, the native land belongs to the temperate zone, and the southern islands such as Okinawa belong to the subtropical zone. In addition, Japan's geographical position makes it influenced by the intersection of monsoon and ocean current, so it has four distinct seasons and abundant precipitation. Japan can be divided into six climatic zones, namely: Hokkaido climate Hokkaido is not affected by plum rains, and the rainfall is less than that in other parts of Japan. Summer is short and cool; Winter is long and cold. Japan's coastal climate ranges from the west coast of Honshu Island. Winter is controlled by Siberian high, and the northwest wind blows. At the same time, because the warm current in winter brings a lot of water vapor to the horse current passing through the Sea of Japan, it often snows heavily. There is less precipitation in summer, and sometimes there is abnormal high temperature due to foehn. The central plateau climate is a typical inland climate. It is cold in winter and cool in summer. There is a great temperature difference between winter and summer and day and night. The climate on the Pacific side with little rain includes the east coast of Honshu, Shikoku and most parts of Kyushu. Influenced by the southeast monsoon in summer, there are many strong typhoons in Meiyu period. In winter, there is less snowfall. The climate of Seto Inland Sea includes parts of Yang Shan, Shikoku, Feng Jingen and Kyushu. The weather here is often sunny, with little rainfall and suffering from drought from time to time. The climate range of Nanxi Islands is Ryukyu Islands. It belongs to subtropical climate, with hot summer and warm winter. Rainstorm. Typhoons often strike in summer. The precipitation in Japan is the highest in the world. The main reasons include winter snowfall in Japan's coastal areas; Continuous plum rains in June-July (May-June in Okinawa and Amami); And typhoons that landed in or near Japan from summer to autumn. The highest recorded temperature in Japan is 40.9 degrees, which was measured on August 16, 2007 in Kumagaya City, saitama and Tojima City, Gifu Prefecture. The lowest recorded temperature is -4 1 degree, which was 10+degree measured in Asahikawa, Hokkaido on October 25th. Topography, topography

There are many mountains in Japan, which are distributed in the center of Japan in a ridge shape, dividing Japan's territory into one side of the Pacific Ocean and one side of the Sea of Japan. Mountains and hills account for 7 1% of the total area, and the national forest coverage rate is as high as 67%. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan, with an altitude of 3776 meters. Mount Fuji is honored by the Japanese as: the plains of Japan in the full moon are mainly distributed in the lower reaches of rivers and offshore areas, mostly alluvial plains, with a small scale. The larger plains include Kanto Plain, Shishou Plain, Yuehou Plain, Houwei Plain and Shi Sheng Plain. Japan's plain area is small, the cultivated land is very limited, and its population physiological density is as high as 3,054 people /km2, ranking second in the world, second only to Egypt (3,503 people /km2). Japan is located in the Pacific volcanic earthquake zone, where the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate collide. Frequent volcanic activities have brought great trouble to the lives of local people. There are more than 200 volcanoes in China, of which more than 50 are active volcanoes, making it a world-famous earthquake zone. In the volcanic distribution area, with beautiful scenery and rich hot spring resources, it has become a famous tourist attraction.

Rivers, plains and lakes

Japan has short rivers and abundant water resources, and the longest Shinano River is about 367 kilometers long. The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 672.8 square kilometers. Most rivers in Japan originate in the central mountainous areas and flow eastward and westward into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Because Japan is long and narrow from east to west, the mountains are steep and the rivers are short and urgent. In rainy season and typhoon season, the amount of water increases, which is easy to form floods. To this end, Japan has built a large number of flood control dams and reservoirs. River water is widely used for domestic water, agricultural and industrial water and hydropower generation.

Coastline and ocean

Japan's coastline is 33,889 kilometers long. As Japan is an island country, its coastline is very complicated. There are many cliffs in the Sea of Japan in the west, few ports, and many estuaries in the Pacific Ocean in the east, forming many natural ports. In the East Pacific Ocean, it is surrounded by the Japanese warm current (Kuroshio) from south to north, and the Kuroshio cold current (pro-tide) forms in the northeast. In the West Sea of Japan, there are warm currents and Riemann cold currents flowing to Malaysia. At the intersection of cold current and warm current, there are abundant fish resources and become natural fishing grounds. Because it is surrounded by the sea, it has a temperate maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid all year round, with no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and it rains in June. 1 Monthly average temperature is -6℃ in the north and16℃ in the south; In July, it was 17℃ in the north and 28℃ in the south. The annual precipitation is 700-3500mm, and the maximum is over 4000mm. In recent years, El Nino, which has caused the sea water to warm, has also had an impact on Japan, mainly because the duration of plum rains is prolonged, and it is easy to form Leng Xia and warm winter.

Geomorphologic geology

Japan is located at the extinction boundary between the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, and it is a part of the combination of island arc, coastal mountains and trenches in the western Pacific. 68% of this country is mountainous. The highest mountain in Japan is the famous Mount Fuji, with an altitude of 3776 meters. Because there are few plains, crops are planted on many mountains in Japan, and the largest plain is Kanto Plain. Japan is located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean. One tenth of the world's volcanoes are located in Japan, and volcanic activities often occur all over the country. There will be several major earthquakes every century; The Hanshin Earthquake and the Sino-Vietnamese earthquake in Niigata Prefecture in recent years are both strong earthquakes with magnitude above 6 on the Richter scale, which have attracted the attention of all countries in the world. There are many hot springs in Japan, which have developed into tourist attractions. Because Japan's islands extend to the northeast for a long time, and the north and south span about 20 degrees latitude, there are many climate types. Most of the climate types are temperate monsoon climate, while Kyushu, Shikoku and Ryukyu Islands in the south are subtropical monsoon climate. The northern islands are warm in summer, long and cold in winter, and often have a lot of snowfall. In the central and western regions, it is dry in winter, seldom snows, and humid in summer.

Latitude and longitude coordinates: south latitude15 45', west longitude 47 57'. The time zone is UTC/GMT -3 hours (West Zone 3), and the time difference with Beijing is later than China Beijing time 1 1 hour. It faces the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Brazil's terrain is mainly divided into two parts, one is the Brazilian plateau above 500 meters above sea level, distributed in southern Brazil, and the other is the plain below 200 meters above sea level, mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in the north and west. The whole territory is divided into Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazil Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the national area. There are three river systems: Amazon River, parana river River and San Francisco River. The total length of the Amazon River is 67,565,438+0 km, which traverses the northwest of Brazil and covers an area of 3.9 million square kilometers in the Brazilian basin. The parana river system includes the parana river and Paraguay rivers, which flow through the southwest, with many rapids and waterfalls, and are rich in hydraulic resources; The San Francisco water system, with a total length of 2,900 kilometers, flows through the arid northeast and is the main irrigation water source in this area. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, and the width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, leading to the overseas exclusive economic zone 188 nautical miles. Among them, Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world, Amazon River is the largest river in the world, and Brazil Plateau is the largest plateau in the world. Sao Paulo is the largest city in the southern hemisphere. Most areas have a tropical climate, while some areas in the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 ~ 28 degrees, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 ~ 19 degrees. Natural resources: Iron ore reserves are 65 billion tons, and its output and export volume rank second in the world. The ore grade is extremely high, mostly above 60%. The reserves of uranium, bauxite and manganese ore rank third in the world. With a forest coverage rate of 52.2%, it is a famous hometown of redwoods. Water resources are extremely rich, ranking first in the world. The coastline is 7400 kilometers. Fishery resources are abundant. Coffee production ranks first in the world. About 60% of the world's total output. Banana production ranks first in the world. The output of sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world. The export volume of orange juice accounts for 85% of the international market. Cassava production ranks first in the world. Cocoa and soybean production ranks second in the world. Corn production ranks third in the world. Tourism resources are extremely rich.

The Grand Prism Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park: the first national park in the world.

The United States is located in the middle of North America, in the western hemisphere. Its territory also includes Alaska in the northwest of North America and Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean. It borders Canada in the north, the Gulf of Mexico in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. The coastline is 22,680 kilometers. Most areas belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate, and the western coastal areas belong to temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate. The temperature difference between the central and northern plains (Central Plains) is great. The average temperature in Chicago is MINUS 3 degrees in June and 24 degrees in July. 65438+ 10, the average temperature along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico is 1 1℃, and it is 28℃ in July. [1] The lowest point in China is Death Valley (-86m) and the highest point is Mount McKinley (6 198m).

climate

The United States has almost all the climate types in the world (the land spans cold, warm and hot areas, and the mainland is in temperate zone). There are few serious droughts and floods in major agricultural areas, and the temperature is mild, so enough rainfall can be obtained. The climate in the United States is mainly influenced by the Arctic airflow, which brings a wide range of low pressure from the Pacific Ocean every year. When these low pressures pass through the Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains, they carry a lot of water. When these pressures reach the Central Plains, they can recombine, leading to the meeting of major air masses and severe thunderstorms, especially in spring and summer. Sometimes, these rainstorms may join other low pressure, continue to spread to the east coast and the Atlantic Ocean, and evolve into a more intense northeast storm (Nor'easter), resulting in large-scale heavy snowfall in the northeastern United States and the mid-Atlantic region of New England. The vast grasslands of the Great Plains have also formed many of the most extreme climate change phenomena in the world.

river system

Overlooking Lake Michigan from the John Hancock Center in Chicago.

Generally speaking, it can be divided into three major river systems: all rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean east of the Rocky Mountains are called Atlantic River System, which mainly includes Mississippi River, Connecticut River and Hudson River. Among them, the Mississippi River is 6020 kilometers long, ranking fourth in the world. Every river that flows into the Pacific Ocean is called the Pacific water system. Mainly the Colorado River, Columbia River, yukon river and so on. The Great Lakes in Central and Eastern North America. Including Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, it is a glacial lake with a total area of 245,000 square kilometers. It is the largest fresh water body in the world and is known as "the Mediterranean of North America". Among them, Lake Michigan belongs to the United States, and the other four lakes are owned by the United States and Canada. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world, ranking second in the world after the Caspian Sea. The water from the Great Lakes flows into the St Lawrence River and then into the Atlantic Ocean.

India is the largest country in South Asia, with a territory of over 2.97 million square kilometers. From the Himalayas to the south, it extends to the Indian Ocean, with mountains in the north, Indus-Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau and its coastal plains on the east and west sides in the south. Plains account for more than two-fifths of the total area, mountains only account for a quarter, and plateaus account for a third, but most of these mountains and plateaus do not exceed the altitude 1000 meters. The terrain is low and gentle, which has an absolute advantage in the whole country. Not only is the transportation convenient, but also with the cooperation of tropical monsoon climate and fertile soil conditions such as alluvial soil and tropical black soil suitable for agricultural production, most of the land can be used for agriculture, and crops can grow all year round, which has unique natural conditions.

Russia is located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, and most of its European territory is the Eastern Europe Plain. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea in the northwest. The country with the largest territorial area in the world:17,075,200 square kilometers (accounting for 76% of the Soviet Union's territorial area (22 million square kilometers)), ranking first in the world, with the longest length of 9,000 kilometers from east to west and the widest width of 4,000 kilometers from north to south. The land neighbors are Norway and Finland in the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus in the west, Ukraine in the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the south and China, Mongolia and North Korea in the southeast. It faces Japan and America across the sea. The coastline is 37,653 kilometers long.

zone

The terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus: ① Main mountains: Urals and Great Caucasus. ② Two major plains: Eastern Europe Plain and Western Siberia Plain. ③ Plateau: Central Siberian Plateau and East Siberian Mountain.

climate

Most areas are located in the north temperate zone, and the climate is diverse, mainly temperate continental climate, but the north of the Arctic Circle belongs to the cold zone climate. The temperature difference is generally large, with an average temperature of 1℃ to -35℃ in June and 1 1℃ to 27℃ in July. The annual average precipitation is 150 ~ 1000 mm. Siberia has a high latitude, a cold climate and a long winter, but long sunshine time and suitable temperature and humidity in summer are conducive to the growth of coniferous forests. Nearly four-fifths of the population (including the Urals), most cities and the capital Moscow are in the European part. Almost all of the western part belongs to the Eastern European Plain, and the eastern part is the Ural Mountains, the Western Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the Northern Siberian Plain, the Eastern Siberian Mountains and the Pacific Coast Mountains. In the southwest stands the Caucasus Mountains, the highest peak of which is Mount Elbrus at an altitude of 5,642 meters. From west to east, the continental climate is gradually strengthened and the winter is cold and long; The coast of the Arctic Ocean has a tundra climate (cold zone climate) and the coast of the Pacific Ocean has a temperate monsoon climate. From north to south, it is polar desert, tundra, forest tundra, forest, forest grassland, grassland belt and semi-desert belt. The main rivers are Volga River, ob river River, Yenisei River and Lena River.

Rivers and lakes

The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, is 3685 kilometers long. (Russian mother river, navigable to five seas) ② ob river, Yenisei River (the fastest current) and Lena River (the longest in China) in Siberia. (3) Lake Baikal (the deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world) and the Caspian Sea.

natural resource

80% of Russia's total reserves of resources are distributed in Asia. ① Forest and water resources. ② Mineral resources: coal (Kuzbas), oil (Tyumen Oilfield and the Second Baku Oilfield), natural gas, iron (Kursk), manganese, copper, lead and zinc. The proven oil reserves are 8.2 billion tons (data in 2009), accounting for 4-5% of the world's proven reserves, ranking eighth in the world. The forest area is 867 million hectares, accounting for 50% of the country's total area. China ranks first in the world with 7% of its land area. The volume of forest timber is 80.7 billion cubic meters. The proven natural gas reserves are 48 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 1/3 of the world's proven reserves, ranking first in the world. Hydraulic resources are 4270 cubic kilometers per year, ranking second in the world. In 2000, the output of nuclear power was per hour 1, 3 1 100 million kilowatts. Nuclear power accounts for 10% of Russian electricity. Coal reserves are 200 billion tons, ranking second in the world. The world ranks second in aluminum reserves, first in iron reserves, seventh in uranium reserves and fourth to fifth in gold reserves.

Germany is located in central Europe, bordering Poland and Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in the west, Denmark in the north and the North Sea and Baltic Sea. It has the largest number of neighboring countries in Europe. It covers an area of 357,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low in the north and high in the south, which can be divided into four terrain areas: north german plain, with an average elevation of less than 100 meters; The mountainous area between China and Germany is composed of high blocks that strike east and west. The Rhine fault valley in the southwest is surrounded by steep valley-walled mountains; Bavarian Plateau and the southern Alps, in which zugspitze, the main peak of Bourne Alps, is 2963 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China. The main rivers are the Rhine (which flows through the territory for 865 kilometers), Elbe River, Weser River, Oder River and Danube River. The larger lakes are Boden Lake, Kim Lake, Amor Lake and Leeds Lake. The maritime climate in the northwest is obvious, and the eastern and southern parts gradually transition to continental climate. Average temperature in July 14 ~ 19℃, 1-5 ~ 1℃. The annual precipitation is 500 ~ 1000 mm, which is more in mountainous areas. From 1995 to 1 in October, according to 1982 international agreement on the law of the sea, Germany's territorial waters in the North Sea and the East China Sea increased from 3 nautical miles to 12 nautical miles (about 22 kilometers), and their areas increased by 4102 respectively.

Egypt spans Asia and Africa, and most of it is located in the northeast of Africa. The Sinai Peninsula east of Suez Canal is located in the southwest corner of Asia. Libya in the west, Sudan in the south and Egypt in the east.

It borders the Red Sea and Palestine and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, and borders Jordan and Saudi Arabia in the southeast, with a coastline of more than 2,700 kilometers. 96% of the territory is desert. The highest peak is Mount Catherine, with an altitude of 2642 meters. The Nile is the mother river of Egypt, which runs through the north and south and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. It is 1.530 km long, and a narrow valley with a width of about 3 ~ 1.6 km is formed on both banks. A delta of 24,000 square kilometers is formed at the estuary, and 99% of the population lives in river valleys and delta areas, which only occupy 4% of the land area. Suez Canal is the main road connecting Europe, Asia and Africa. The main lakes are Great Bitter Lake, Tinsa Lake and Nasser Reservoir (5,000 square kilometers), the largest artificial lake in Africa formed by Aswan High Dam. The whole territory is dry and rainy, and the Nile Delta and the northern coastal areas belong to the subtropical Mediterranean climate, with an average temperature of 65,438 02℃ in June and 26℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is 50 ~ 200mm. Most of the rest areas have tropical desert climate, which is hot and dry, and the temperature can reach 40℃. The average annual precipitation is less than 50 mm. There is often a Pentecostal wind from April to May every year, which carries sand and damages crops. Most of the territory is located in the low plateau at an altitude of 100-700 meters. There are hills and mountains along the coast of the Red Sea and Sinai Peninsula, and the highest peak is Mount Catherine, which is 2642 meters above sea level. The climate is dry and hot. Except for the Mediterranean coast where the annual rainfall exceeds 100 mm, the annual rainfall in most areas is very small. Desert and semi-desert are widely distributed. The Libyan desert in the west accounts for two-thirds of the country's land area, mostly quicksand, with oases such as Hariji and Siwa in the middle; Eastern Arabian desert, stony desert and bare rock mound. The Nile runs through the north and south, with valleys and deltas on both sides covering an area of more than 40,000 square kilometers, forming a fertile oasis belt. Mineral resources include oil, natural gas, apatite, iron and manganese. Egypt spans Asia and Africa, most of its territory is in Africa, and only a small part of Sinai Peninsula is in Asia. Administratively, it is divided into eight economic zones, each of which includes one or several provinces, and China has 26 provinces. Egypt is located in the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is connected with Europe in the north through the Mediterranean Sea and directly connected with Palestine in the east through Argerich. The Suez Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and its strategic location and economic significance are very important. Ancient Egypt

The territory of Egypt is slightly irregular and square. East-west width 1240 km, north-south length 1024 km. The terrain is gentle, there are no mountains, and the desert area accounts for 96% of the total area of the country. The Nile is the lifeline of Egypt and the "mother of Egypt". It flows into the Mediterranean from south to north. It is the longest river in Africa and the longest river in the world, with a total length of more than 6,670 kilometers. It flows from the White Nile, which originated in Lake Victoria, Uganda, and the Blue Nile, which originated in the Ethiopian Plateau, to Egypt after meeting in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. It runs through eastern Egypt from south to north, with a length of 1530 km in Egypt. It is indeed an important water resources, with the benefits of boating and irrigation. Egypt, one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, has developed a splendid ancient culture under the nurturing of the Nile. According to the differences in natural conditions, Egypt is generally divided into four regions-the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta, the western desert region, the eastern desert region and the Sinai Peninsula region. To the south of Cairo is the Nile Green Corridor, which is about 3~ 16 km wide and is generally called Upper Egypt. North of Cairo is called Lower Egypt. Between Alexandria and Port Said is the alluvial plain of the Nile Delta, covering an area of about 20,000-40,000 square kilometers. In the past, the Nile River flooded regularly every year, bringing fertile alluvium to the delta. It is the birthplace of ancient Egyptian culture, the most important economic activity area in China, where most of Egypt's population is concentrated, and it is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The western desert west of the Nile is also known as the Libyan desert. It is a part of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world, accounting for about two-thirds of the area of Egypt. Its southern part is 350-500m above sea level, and Dajilev Plateau is about 1 1,000m above sea level. There are many depressions in the middle and north, with Gaitara depression being the largest. The depressions with groundwater form oases. The eastern desert east of the Nile, also known as the Arabian desert. It is close to the Red Sea coast, the terrain is inclined from east to west, and the Red Sea coast is mountainous, with an altitude of about 1500m.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, ranking sixth in the world, only next to Russian, Canadian, China, USA and Brazil, and equivalent to four fifths of China. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the west, and consists of islands such as the Australian mainland and Tasmania. Australia is surrounded by the sea, bordering New Zealand with tasman sea in the southeast, and facing East Timor, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with Timor Sea and Torres Strait in the north. It covers an area of 7.692 million square kilometers. It accounts for the vast majority of Oceania. The coastline is 36,735 kilometers long. Although surrounded by water, deserts and semi-deserts account for 70% of the country's area. On the east coast, there is the largest coral reef group in the world-the Great Barrier Reef. The coastline is 3752 1km long. It is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent. The topography of Australia is very distinctive. There are rugged rock areas, vast deserts and lush Pingdingshan mountains in the west and middle, and continuous plateaus in the east. The highest mountain in China, Kosiasco Mountain and the Sea, is 2230 meters above sea level. Near the sea, it is a long and narrow beach with gentle slope, which gradually turns into a plain to the west. The coastal areas are covered with the wide Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

With sandy beaches and lush vegetation, the terrain here is changeable: there are cliffs of the Blue Mountains in the west of Sydney, tall, beautiful and eroded volcanic neck in the Glasgow Mountains in the north of Brisbane, and flat Yuan Ye on the south coast of Adelaide. Murray river and Darling River are the two longest rivers in Australia. These two water systems constitute the Murray-Darling Basin, with an area of about 1 10,000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 14% of the total area of the mainland. Melbourne, the longest river, is 3490 miles long. Lake Aier is a huge salt lake near the center of the mainland, covering an area of more than 9,000 square kilometers, but it has already dried up. Most of Australia's land, about 70% belongs to arid or semi-arid zone, and most of the central part is not suitable for living. Australia has 1 1 great desert, which accounts for about 20% of the whole continental area. Because of the little rainfall, more than one third of the continent is actually covered by desert. Australia is the flattest and driest continent in the world. The central depression and the western plateau are dry deserts. Lake Eyre in the middle is the lowest point in Australia, with an elevation of15m. Only 260,000 square kilometers of land can be used for animal husbandry and planting. Coastal areas, especially the southeast coastal areas, are suitable for living and farming. Here the mountains are rolling, the water is abundant and the land is fertile. Except the south coast, the whole coast forms a "green belt" around the mainland, and it is this "green belt" that feeds this country.