Can scientific research prove the appearance of ancient women? The photos of concubines in the late Qing Dynasty are so ugly that I doubt whether ancient women are beautiful or not.

Ancient aesthetics is different from today's. For some reasons, our aesthetic standards are gradually moving closer to the west, that is, fair skin, gentle posture and fine eyes. In ancient times, we paid more attention to whether we were blessed or not, but it depended on the dynasties and women's occupations.

Specific as follows

First, the skin?

The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren describes Zhuang Jiang's beauty of "skin as coagulated as fat". Coagulated fat, coagulated fat, smooth, delicate and white (Book of Songs by Zhu Xi). For thousands of years, the feature of "congealing fat" has been one of the main standards of ancient beauty in China. ?

Beauty is charming, after all, color is the main factor (Li Yu, Volume Department). The Book of Songs says: "A vegetarian is gorgeous!" As the ultimate white, the word "snow" is regarded as the standard of skin color. Song Yu described the girl next door in "The Lotito": "The eyebrows are like jade feathers and the muscles are like snow." Other words such as "skin is better than snow", "skin is like condensed snow" and "bullying frost for snow" can be seen everywhere. ?

In addition, crystal clear, transparent and moist white jade is also often used to modify the skin of beautiful women. For example, Mrs. Huarui of the Five Dynasties said: "jade bone, ice muscle, clear without sweat." (Meng Chang)?

Pure white is not the only criterion of skin color, but pink and white are in harmony. The goddess in Cao Zhi's Ode to Luoshen is "if the morning sun rises" from a distance, but it is "if it burns, the waves will rise" from a close look. Words like "peach blossom with dew", "water hibiscus" and "water red water chestnut" all focus on pink. ?

Also depicting the beauty of Yang Guifei, Bai Juyi's poem "Pear Blossom Spring Rain" focuses on pear blossoms with the same color as white. And Li Bai's "A red dew condenses fragrance" focuses on the brilliant red of the same color as peony. ?

Song Yu described the girl next door as "too white in powder and too red in vermilion" in "The Lotito", and put forward the standard of harmonious beauty, which is also a healthy beauty. ?

The description of the perfect combination of white and red in ancient times is nothing more than "the color is like the morning glow reflecting snow without powder" (the legend of Queen Han Xiaohui). Sunglow reflected on the snow, the beauty of artistic conception alone is intoxicating and suffocating. ?

Representative: Mrs. Guo, sister of Yang Guifei. ?

Mrs. Guo is the most beautiful of the sisters and is very loved by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Give100000 in January as the cost of buying powder. Guo boasts of being gorgeous. Every time he goes in and out of the Forbidden City, he always faces the sky (Biography of Yang Guifei in the New Tang Dynasty). Hu Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once described it like this: "Mrs. Guo waited for it, and Pingming rode into the palace gate. However, it is too greasy to dye, and the moth eyebrows are supreme. " ?

Classic link: "Tai Ping Guang Ji" is quoted from "Chronicle of the Prince", which records that Liu Bei's wife, Queen Gan, is gentle and graceful. On one occasion, Liu Bei called Gan to the account. From a distance, the subordinates saw the Queen Gan in the account as if it were gathering snow under the moon. Henan offers jade people, three feet tall. Liu Bei put the Jade Man behind the Ganmei Man. Gan Hou and Yu Ren are white and moist. Liu Bei said, "I don't think I have two jade people." The subordinates were dazzled and dumbfounded.

Second, the hand?

In The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren, Zhuang Jiang wrote: "The hands are soft and the skin is solidified." Cotton poplar is the bud stem of thatched grass (Zhu Shi Ji Jing Juan). White, smooth and tender, as thin as a bone. Its beauty lies in its faint fragrance. Take a sip gently, and your lips and teeth will stay fragrant. Use it to compare the fingers of beautiful women, which is vivid, vivid and appropriate. ?

Han Wo, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, compared the handle of "white-skinned red jade bamboo shoots and buds" to tender bamboo shoots and tender teeth, which is similar to Routi's. ?

In addition, the heroine Liu Lanzhi in Peacock Flying Southeast. She pointed to an onion. Compare your fingers to chopped onions. Its shape and color are classic. ?

Tang and Zhao Luanluan's poem "Finger" reads: "Delicate jade and chopped shallots grow on the sleeves of fragrant snails." Compare your fingers to white jade. Crystal clear, transparent and moist. ?

Soft catkins, tender bamboo shoots and scaly jade all constitute the standard of ancient China beauty hands. ?

Classic link: Empress Zhang, Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties, is smart and handsome. The nails are five inches long and red and white. Whenever there is a funeral, a fingernail will be broken first. (Biography of Chen Shu Gaozu Zhang)

Third, send?

Black, bright, thick and thin are the standards of ancient beauty hair in China. ?

The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems in China, contains ancient poems praising women's black hair and thick hair. The Book of Songs says: "I don't care if it is like a cloud." "sideburns" refers to thick black hair, and "parallel" refers to bun. This ancient poem praised thick black hair as a dark cloud in the sky. With such dark hair, I'm too lazy to use a fake bun. Later generations often refer to women's hair as dark clouds, such as "high clouds"?

Another example is "Twenty-eight Years of Zuo Gong": "Once upon a time, there was a woman who was still alive. Her temples were black and beautiful, and the light could look in the mirror. She was appointed Xuan's wife. " "Xuan" and "sideburns" have the same meaning, both of which praise black hair. ?

Similar examples are too numerous to mention. For example, "I'm glad to go to (Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) to see his (Wei Zifu's) hair temples" in "Magnolia in Peace". As soon as Wei Zifu's hair opened, it shone like a black waterfall, which immediately attracted the young Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (it is said that Emperor Wu was worried about having no offspring at that time, so he paid more attention to some Taoist views, such as people with thick hair and vigorous blood, living longer and having more children). "The Biography of Zhang Chenshu's Imperial Lady" records: "Zhang Guifei's hair is seven feet long and his temples are like paint, and his light can be learned." Another example is "Seven Discrimination of Zhaoming's Selected Works", which says, "We can learn from the hair of sideburns." ?

Except Wei Zifu and Zhang Guifei, they all have long black hair. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Biography of Empresses, records that the wife of Li Yuan and the mother of Emperor Taizong, Dou Huang, was born with her hair hanging down her neck and began to wear it at the age of three. When she grew up, there was a black and bright cloud. ?

There are various hairstyles of ancient women, including straight hair (Zhang Lihua), short hair (Liang Lvzhu), curly hair (Zhao Hede), tied hair (Zhao) and curly hair (Zhen Fei). ?

Classic link 1: In Jin Mingdi, Fu Huan Wen married the daughter of Shu Zhu Shili as a concubine. Huan Wen's wife Kang princess royal was so jealous that she tried to kill Li with a knife. But seeing Li combing her hair in front of the window, her hair hung down and her face was beautiful, Xu knitted her hair and crossed her hands and said to the princess, "It was an unintentional mistake. If you can see the killing, you will still be alive. " Look relaxed and upright, speak softly. The princess threw a knife, hugged Sister Li and said, "I still feel pity, let alone the old slave (Huan Wen)?" ("Jealousy" in Tongzhi in Southern Song Dynasty). ?

Classic Link 2 "Ballad of Ten Steamed Buns": Feng Steamed Bun (a kind of steamed stuffed bun in Zhou Wenwang) has curly hair and hangs upside down. Nong wants to play the flute and the wind flies. ◇ Near Xiangmo (Qin Shihuang), the fragrance is fragrant, and the birds in the clouds are birds. Eyes are born, why take a bath? ?

◇ Fei (when the Empress Dowager fell to Emperor Wu) Fei Xian Fei Xian fell before the Emperor. Looking back at the bun, fog is smoke. ◇ Tongxin Ji (Emperor of Han and Yuan Dynasties) Peach leaves have roots and hair has roots. Su Xiaoxing's mausoleum also has a similar song. ?

◇ Falling horse bun (Liang Ji's wife) dish dish dish dish bun, falling horse romantic. Not as good as Zhu Niang, she fell from the building. ?

◇ Spirit snake bun (after Wei Zhen) Spring snake learning book, spirit snake learning bun. Ling Bo hangs down like a dragonfly. ?

◇ Furong Ji (during the reign of Emperor Jinhui) chiseled out the spring mountain, which looks like a mirror. A row of lights, the greenhouse opened at the beginning. ?

◇ Sitting in a sad bun (Yang Di years), Huarong in Jiangbei, Huaxiu in Jiangnan. Hair is sparse and difficult to comb, and sorrow is easy to knot. ?

◇ Anti-Wan Le Tour Steamed Buns (Tang Gaozu time) Le Garden Scenic Area, the grass is as soft as cotton. Elegant, intoxicated by the spring breeze. Make-up buns (Tang Zhenyuan): Make-up at will. This is the name of make-up. The pillow is horizontal. You can turn it upside down. Hanging upside down, also known as Mo Feng, is as small as a parrot, with green feathers and a red mouth. It is very beautiful and often falls on a hanger. (Encyclopedia of Oriental Beauty and Hundred Rhymes, Chen Min, etc. )

Fourth, face?

Zhuang Jiang, a beautiful woman in The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren: "A cicada's head flies with a moth eyebrow." A cicada's head refers to a cicada-like insect. Its forehead is plump and smooth. This is the standard of ancient beauty forehead. ?

The standard face of ancient beauty, slightly round on the top and slightly sharp on the bottom, looks like melon seeds, plump and white, commonly known as goose face. In addition, the "full moon" is also a face that conforms to the ancient aesthetic standards of China. A face like a full moon means that it is round and white. Like a full moon, it looks white, plump, plump and energetic. (Oriental Beauty Baiyun Encyclopedia)?

The dimples on the face are called smiles or double dimples. There are many descriptions of smiles in China's ancient literary works. For example, there is a paragraph in "Songs of the South Zhao Da" that describes "Ji Fu's strange teeth should laugh"; Another example is Ban Jieyu's "Dao Fu Su" in the Han Dynasty: "Two cymbals are like points, and the eyebrows are like Zhang." Words like "smile like a flower" are too numerous to mention. ?

The dimple on the face, also called pear vortex, comes from the poem "there is a vortex on the pear cheek" This refers to the dimples of Li Qian, a beautiful woman in the Song Dynasty, which were later commonly called dimples on women's cheeks. A standard melon face with a pear vortex smile is enough to add charm. Representative: Bo Ying, the wife of Chu Ping, has bright eyes and a face like a goose egg. (Xiang Yan Series Old Foxes Talk about Beauty of Past Dynasties)?

Classic link: Qin Gui relegated Hu Quan, a famous minister of the Anti-Japanese War School, to Lingnan. In Guangzhou, Hu Quan fell in love with a beautiful woman named Li Qian (according to Yuan Mei, Li Qian is a prostitute). According to the records in Zhuzi Daquan Zayi written by Song Shilie of North Korea, Li Qian is a married woman. Her husband found out about the affair between Hu Quan and Li Qian and forced Hu Quan to eat horse food mixed with beans, otherwise he would be killed and Hu Quan would be humiliated. Ten years later, Hu Quan and Li Qian returned to the north from the relegated land. On the way, I drank wine in Huyuan, Xiangtan, and wrote a poem on the wall: "Fortunately, I am drunk here, and there is a vortex in my cheeks." ("Love History" Feng Menglong)

5. purpose?

In ancient China, the standard of beautiful eyes not only emphasized verve, but also had appropriate metaphor. "There are beauties in the north, but they are independent. Take care of the city, then the country "(Biography of Han Xiao Wu Li Fu Ren). Yang Guifei: "As long as she turns her head and smiles, there will be a hundred spells, and all the powder and pigments in the Sixth Palace will go up in smoke." (Bai Juyi, Song of Eternal Sorrow) The charm of this kind of eyes is the standard of expression of ancient beauty's eyes in China. ?

The water in autumn is clear and bright, crystal clear. In ancient times, "autumn water" and "eyes" were often used to describe the eyes of beautiful women. Clear and bright is the eye shape standard of ancient beauty. Bai Juyi's Tang Zheng poem: "Eyes cut autumn waters, which means peeling shallots." Yuan Zhao Yong's poem "Man Moon Full" said: "Remember that when you were away, your eyes were full of autumn water and your tears were wet with spring." Li Bai's Sauvignon Blanc: "It used to be an eye, but now it is a spring of tears." Beauty's eyes are like autumn water, bright eyes and white teeth, vivid and touching. ?

Classic link: Zhang Guifei (Lihua) is ice-smart, energetic, leisurely and beautiful. Every eye is looking forward to it, shining brightly and reflecting left and right. I often wear beautiful makeup on the pavilion, facing the porch sill and looking at the palace, floating like a fairy. (Biography of Zhang Chenshu's Imperial concubine)

Sixth, the nose?

"The face is like a flower, all by the nose." The nose is the most prominent part of the face. The standard of a beautiful nose is exquisiteness and three-dimensional sense. In ancient times, there was a saying that "the nose is beautiful". Qiong Yao is a beautiful jade, crystal clear, smooth and moist. This entry mainly focuses on the exquisite beauty of the nose, while "nose hanging like a gallbladder" focuses on the three-dimensional beauty of the nose. ?

Representative: Cui Yingying: It's just a cherry at the mouth of the altar and a pink nose leaning on Qiong Yao. Light Pak Lei face, light waist. ("The West Chamber" Wang Shifu)

Seven, lips?

The aesthetic standards of ancient beauty's lips in China are: ruddy color, glossy and small shape. People often use "cherry" to compare lips, that is, because of its shape and color. As early as the pre-Qin period, there was a saying that "lips are bright and teeth are bright" in Songs of the South of China, and Liu Lanzhi's "mouth is like a dani" in Peacock Flying Southeast is all about the rosy beauty of lips. According to Bai Meng's "Poems of Skill and Sense of Things", Bai Juyi has two beautiful young concubines, Su Fan and Xiao Man. Among them, Su Fan can sing and dance, and Bai Juyi once wrote a poem praising: "Cherry Su Fan mouth, willow waist." Su Fan's lips are small and ruddy, as delicate as a ripe cherry. Su Shi also has a "cherry in Su Fan's mouth" to describe the beauty of a beauty's lips. ?

Beauty's lips are often described as "brown mouth" or "crimson lips". Tankou is a reddish or light crimson pigment, which was often used as lipstick by ancient women, so Tankou became a special term to describe women's reddish lips. For example, a poem by Han Wo, a fragrant poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote: "Her eyebrows are slightly blue, and her mouth is thin red." ?

As for the tongue of a beautiful woman, there are also special terms. Among many famous flowers, lilac stands out with its fragrance and shape, and becomes the endorsement flower of beautiful women's sweet words. ?

Classic link: Ou Gong (Ouyang Xiu) knows Yingzhou, and there is an official prostitute, Lu Meier, who is beautiful in appearance and often smells lotus flowers. A monk in Shu said, "This man was originally named Ni, and he has been studying" Northern Territory "for twenty years." ("Xiang Yan Series" Know the Son of Heaven)

Eight, teeth?

Crystal white, uniform, is the standard of ancient Chinese teeth. ?

Zhuang Jiang, a beauty, has "rhinoceros-like teeth". The rhinoceros, the son of the gourd, is crystal clear and white, compact and neat (The Book of Songs and Zhu Ji). Song Yu described her neighbor's daughter as "teeth like shells" in Ode to Lotito. Cao Zhi said in Luo Shen Fu: "Red lips are bright outside, and white teeth are fresh inside." The word "fresh" refers to the luster of white teeth. The lips are light and smiling, and the white and neat teeth really add to the charm of beauty.

Nine, neck?

In The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren, the beauty Zhuang Jiang wrote: "Leaders are like crickets". Collar means neck; Newt is the larva of longicorn and mulberry, milky white, long and plump (Kong Ying Da in The Book of Songs). "The collar is like cricket" means that the neck is as white as cricket and as full. The standard of ancient beauty's neck is white, smooth and full. In the poem "There is a Gift on the Table", Han Wo used the phrase "the lotus root is covered by a fragrant neck cloud" to describe the fragrance of a woman's neck, which is quite classic. Ceng Bu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, once wrote a poem "Qiong Yao in a broken window with a pink neck". Another example is the word "pink neck" in "Seeking elegance and elegance" in the Ming Dynasty: "Frosty muscles are not dyed round, and there are many charming people in themoon. If you pull it, you might as well remove the powder. Tired, often get pity. Delicate and gentle, every effort is for a good marriage. " (Encyclopedia of Oriental Beauty)

Ten, is that enough?

There are few specific descriptions of women's feet in works before the Han Dynasty, which shows that there was no specific aesthetic standard in ancient times. Although there are descriptions in Luo Shen Fu, they only describe the dynamic beauty of women's feet. According to Nan Qi Zhi, Feidong Hunhou has a special liking for the feet of the imperial concubine Pan Yuer. The feeling of love was only an individual phenomenon at that time, not a universal phenomenon. Du Mu's poem said, "Four points are deducted at the discretion of the cymbal ruler, and the jade bamboo shoots are delicate and wrapped in spring clouds." The custom of foot-binding seems to have existed in the Tang Dynasty. During the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, there was a maid-in-waiting, who was lithe and good at dancing. She wrapped her feet with satin, and her feet were crescent-shaped. She wore plain socks and danced on the six-foot-high golden lotus, which was deeply loved by Li Yu, queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Since then, the wind of foot-binding has gradually prevailed in the court. Since the Song Dynasty, foot-binding has spread all over the people, and "three-inch golden lotus" has become the basic requirement for female beauty since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. (Oriental Beauty Baiyun Encyclopedia)?

Classic link: Xiang Lian Sanying: Cuju shadow on the moss between flowers; Shadow in the water; Just before the spring night. ?

Xiang Lian III: Palm; Shoulder; On the swing board?

Xiang Lian No.3 Middle School: being a middle school; Stirrup In the snow. ?

Xiang Lian three times: under the curtain; Under the screen; Under the fence. ("Xiang Yan Series" Know the Son of Heaven)

Twelve, waist?

Thin waist is an important feature of ancient beauty in China. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a legend that the king of Chu had a thin waist and starved to death in the palace. The goddess "If you cut off your shoulders, your waist will be almost plain" in Song Yu's articles "The Lust of the Disciple" and "The Goddess of Luoshen" both try their best to render a beautiful woman's waist slender. Zhao Chuan written by Han describes the origin of her name, saying that she is "slender, light and elegant, and people call her". Zhao Biezhuan was written by Qin Chunzi of Qiaochuan, which recorded her "slim waist". Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also took slim waist as beauty. According to the Biography of Southern History Xu Mian, Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties gave Xu Mian a lot of joy, among which the dancer Zhang Jingwan said, "The waist is one foot six inches, and when people are salty, they dance with their hands." And Yang Kan's concubine, Sun Jingyu, who can reverse herself to the ground and win the seat of Hosta. ?

Bai Juyi's concubine is small and has a thin waist, so there is a classic poem of "Liu Yang Xiao Yao Man". It is worth mentioning that the standard of beauty figure in Han dynasty is beauty of bone. ?

Classic link: According to Taiping Guangji, Juan Li, the favorite beauty of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, has soft skin and can breathe freely, and won an orchid. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty often tied Li San's sleeves with clothes to prevent her from going with the wind. Another example is Zhao Yanfei, who can dance on his palm. Emperor Hancheng built a "wind pavilion" for fear that the wind would blow her away.

Thirteen, incense?

Li Yu, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said in his book "Random Thoughts on Love and Sound Volume": "Famous flowers and beautiful women have the same smell, and those who have national colors must have fragrance. Tianxiang knot from the uterus, not from fumigation. There is such beauty, not a word of beauty. This fragrance is not very delicate, but it can be good at it occasionally. " Women's body odor can be divided into two types: natural and acquired. The former is a natural body odor produced by women themselves and is called "Tianxiang". The earliest woman known for her fragrance in history was Juan Li, the most beloved and famous concubine of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. She has soft skin and breathes air to win orchids, but I don't know if it is sweet. Zhao Hede, Zhao's younger sister, is naturally fragrant, which is the earliest recorded beauty with sweet smell. As for Zhao, he also plays like a orchid, which is the edification of the day after tomorrow. If women want to have attractive body fragrance, they need to add body fragrance by fumigation to make up for their congenital deficiency. Li Yu admitted that "national beauty and fragrance" can be met but not sought, and that fumigation is reasonable. "There is a national beauty, there is no national beauty, it is one in a thousand; The rest are indispensable. " In addition to smoking, Yuan Zai's concubine Xue in the Tang Dynasty used to eat "fragrant pills" made by her mother for a long time when she was young. When I grow up, my skin is tender and my body is fragrant, which is remembered by history. (Nightmare Shadow by Juck Zhang)?

Classic link: Sun Liang, the ruler of the Three Kingdoms, had four beloved beauties, namely Uncle Chao, Li Ju, Luo Zhen and Jiehua. The fragrance of the four beautiful women together is different from the exotic customs contributed by the western regions. This kind of fragrance sticks to clothes, and the longer it lasts, the stronger it will not fade after being washed for a hundred times, so it is called "hundred washes of fragrance". Sun Liang also called this fragrance "Chao Shu Xiang", "Li Ju Xiang", "Luo Zhen Xiang" and "Jie Hua Xiang". (Year of the Prince)

example

The three-dimensional head portrait of the woman's skull unearthed from the Han tomb in Laoshan, Beijing, was recently restored successfully in Jilin University. The restored avatar shows that this is a dignified Central Plains woman in her thirties. ?

As can be seen from the head portrait restored by the Frontier Archaeological Research Center of Jilin University, this imperial concubine of the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago has a dignified appearance and is a typical Central Plains woman. Her face is flat and slightly rectangular, her nose is high but her nose root is low, her cheekbones are prominent and her jaw is wide. According to the relevant report of the center, the physical characteristics of the skeleton of the mistress of Laoshan Han Tomb show the characteristics of Mongolian race, which is close to the modern Mongolian race in East Asia. In other words, she is a typical representative of the residents in the ancient Central Plains, and belongs to the same type as the Han nationality in northern China. They substituted the maximum length of the left femur and fibula measured at the excavation site into the height estimation formula of Mongolian women, whose average estimated height was about 159.8 cm. ?

It is understood that the head of the remains of Laoshan Han Tomb was restored by sculpture in Beijing before, but because the skull was severely deformed and not corrected at that time, the repaired head was quite different from the actual situation. Therefore, according to the restoration, it is not accurate to speculate that the owner of Laoshan Han Tomb is a western woman. ?

According to Lin Xuechuan, a researcher at the Anthropology Research Office of the Frontier Archaeological Research Center of Jilin University, the remains of the Laoshan female corpse were all fragments when they arrived. Because the skull is relatively well preserved, the skull is bonded. After the repair, there are still some defects in the skull, such as small pieces in the upper edge of the left orbit and some eyebrow arches, some defects in the zygomatic arches on both sides, and the rest are basically intact. However, due to the severe deformation of the left frontal scale, the upper orbital margin has shifted forward and upward. The mandible was broken into two parts from the chin junction, and the alveolar bone at the lower incisors was damaged. The upper and lower teeth are well preserved except the left lower incisor. The rest of the bones were badly damaged and could not be restored. ?

Lin Xuechuan said that it took them two weeks to repair the skull, plus three-dimensional computer production and distribution of hair accessories and costumes, and another month to restore the head. The costumes of this portrait combine the costumes unearthed in the Han Dynasty with the images in the murals, especially those unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, because this woman is almost the same as the owner of Mawangdui Han Tomb, and she is a nobleman. The woman combed the hairstyle of a typical aristocratic woman in Han Dynasty and wore a dress with black and red tones. The pattern of the dress is also determined with reference to Mawangdui Han Tomb. ?

According to Professor Hong Chu, director of the Frontier Archaeological Research Center in Jida, at present, the public security department uses two-dimensional methods to restore a person's appearance before his death, which can be both front and side. This is enough for the public security department to solve the case, but for archaeology, if it is exhibited in a museum, people are not satisfied with only seeing the front and side of ancient humans, they hope to have a three-dimensional understanding of ancient humans. At present, some foreign museums have used 3D technology to restore portrait exhibitions. ?

Lin Xuechuan has been engaged in ancient bone repair for many years. In the past, according to the theory of gerasimov, an anthropologist in the former Soviet Union, "restoring human life from the skull" was used to restore the skull, mainly through sculpture. Later, he studied the application of three-dimensional technology to restore the appearance of ancient humans, and made many attempts and pioneering experimental studies. He is the earliest researcher engaged in this research in China. Through comparative experiments, it is proved that this method is effective, which is the method used to restore the skull of Laoshan female corpse. Lin Xuechuan said that it took about a week to repair the skull head of the female corpse of Laoshan Han Tomb with three-dimensional technology, and the repair process was relatively smooth. It will take at least a month to repair it with traditional sculptures. ?

The study of human bones unearthed from Laoshan Han Tomb is a cooperative research project between Jilin University Frontier Archaeological Research Center and Beijing Institute of Cultural Relics. At present, ethnographic analysis and skull image restoration have been basically completed, and DNA testing of the tomb owner is under way?

The three-dimensional head portrait of the woman's skull unearthed from the Han tomb in Laoshan, Beijing, was successfully restored in Jilin University recently. The restored avatar shows that this is a dignified Central Plains woman in her thirties. ?

As can be seen from the head portrait restored by the Frontier Archaeological Research Center of Jilin University, this imperial concubine of the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago has a dignified appearance and is a typical Central Plains woman. Her face is flat and slightly rectangular, her nose is high but her nose root is low, her cheekbones are prominent and her jaw is wide. According to the relevant report of the center, the physical characteristics of the skeleton of the mistress of Laoshan Han Tomb show the characteristics of Mongolian race, which is close to the modern Mongolian race in East Asia. In other words, she is a typical representative of the residents in the ancient Central Plains, and belongs to the same type as the Han nationality in northern China. They substituted the maximum length of the left femur and fibula measured at the excavation site into the height estimation formula of Mongolian women, whose average estimated height was about 159.8 cm. ?

It is understood that the head of the remains of Laoshan Han Tomb was restored by sculpture in Beijing before, but because the skull was severely deformed and not corrected at that time, the repaired head was quite different from the actual situation. Therefore, according to the restoration, it is not accurate to speculate that the owner of Laoshan Han Tomb is a western woman. ?

According to Lin Xuechuan, a researcher at the Anthropology Research Office of the Frontier Archaeological Research Center of Jilin University, the remains of the Laoshan female corpse were all fragments when they arrived. Because the skull is relatively well preserved, the skull is bonded. After the repair, there are still some defects in the skull, such as small pieces in the upper edge of the left orbit and some eyebrow arches, some defects in the zygomatic arches on both sides, and the rest are basically intact. However, due to the severe deformation of the left frontal scale, the upper orbital margin has shifted forward and upward. The mandible was broken into two parts from the chin junction, and the alveolar bone at the lower incisors was damaged. The upper and lower teeth are well preserved except the left lower incisor. The rest of the bones were badly damaged and could not be restored. ?

Lin Xuechuan said that it took them two weeks to repair the skull, plus three-dimensional computer production and distribution of hair accessories and costumes, and another month to restore the head. The costumes of this portrait combine the costumes unearthed in the Han Dynasty with the images in the murals, especially those unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, because this woman is almost the same as the owner of Mawangdui Han Tomb, and she is a nobleman. The woman combed the hairstyle of a typical aristocratic woman in Han Dynasty and wore a dress with black and red tones. The pattern of the dress is also determined with reference to Mawangdui Han Tomb. ?

According to Professor Hong Chu, director of the Frontier Archaeological Research Center in Jida, at present, the public security department uses two-dimensional methods to restore a person's appearance before his death, which can be both front and side. This is enough for the public security department to solve the case, but for archaeology, if it is exhibited in a museum, people are not satisfied with only seeing the front and side of ancient humans. They hope to have a three-dimensional understanding of ancient humans. At present, some foreign museums have used 3D technology to restore portrait exhibitions. ?

Lin Xuechuan has been engaged in ancient bone repair for many years. In the past, according to the theory of gerasimov, an anthropologist in the former Soviet Union, "restoring human life from the skull" was used to restore the skull, mainly through sculpture. Later, he studied the application of three-dimensional technology to restore the appearance of ancient humans, and made many attempts and pioneering experimental studies. He is the earliest researcher engaged in this research in China. Through comparative experiments, it is proved that this method is effective, which is the method used to restore the skull of Laoshan female corpse. Lin Xuechuan said that it took about a week to repair the skull head of the female corpse of Laoshan Han Tomb with three-dimensional technology, and the repair process was relatively smooth. It will take at least a month to repair it with traditional sculptures. ?

The study of human bones unearthed from Laoshan Han Tomb is a cooperative research project between Jilin University Frontier Archaeological Research Center and Beijing Institute of Cultural Relics. At present, ethnographic analysis and skull image restoration have been basically completed, and DNA testing of the tomb owner is under way?