Names of ancient European countries

The Austrian Empire is a huge empire spanning parts of Central Europe, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, with a land area of about 650,000 square kilometers (1804) and a population of about 2120,000 (1804). The territory includes Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, northern Italy, Transylvania in Romania and Galicia in Poland.

The capital of the empire is Vienna, the royal territory of Austria, and the Austrian emperor is also the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1806, Napoleon ordered Franz Ii to give up the title of Emperor of Rome, and the Holy Roman Empire collapsed.

Austria is the permanent chairman of the German Federation and one of the three giants of the Holy Alliance. It is also the collective name of Austria and Bohemia under the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.

1867 In February, Hungary gained autonomy, and in June, the Austrian Empire was officially reorganized into the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was a political alliance between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. After 1867, Hungary became legally independent from the Austrian Empire, but the diplomatic positions of the two countries remained consistent. 19 18 disintegrated after the defeat of World War I.

2. The Swedish Empire

The Swedish Empire existed from 16 1 1 to 172 1. Sweden in this period was one of the European powers, and it was also called the Age of Empires in modern history (Swedish: stormaktstiden). It was not until the Great Northern War in18th century that its position was replaced by the Russian Empire.

Sweden rose as a European power in the17th century. Originally, Sweden was just a poor and sparsely populated country in Northern Europe, lacking any international influence or importance. Her national strength rose rapidly to the leading position in Europe, which was mainly attributed to the efforts of King Gustav Adolphus and Prime Minister Yaser Osgina.

Sweden became the leader of Protestant countries in Europe because it successfully participated in the Thirty Years' War and seized many territories in Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Federation.

3. Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire, full name: German Holy Roman Empire or Germanic Holy Roman Empire, was a feudal imperial empire spanning Western Europe and Central Europe from 962 to 1806. Its territory is centered on Germania, including some surrounding areas. The heyday included northern and central Italy (formerly belonging to the central Frankish kingdom), Burgundy and Fries (now low-lying countries).

In 962, Otto I, King of Germany (formerly known as the Eastern Frankish Kingdom), was crowned Emperor of Rome by the Pope. After Frederick I, the country was renamed the Holy Roman Empire.

For most of the imperial history, it was composed of hundreds of smaller subordinate units, including marquis, principality, county and free city. In the early days, it was a feudal empire in which the emperor had actual power. /kloc-in the 4th century, it evolved into a confederation that recognized the emperor as the supreme authority. The elector is a vassal who has the right to elect the emperor of the holy Roman Empire in Germany.

The system of selecting emperors was implemented from the middle of13rd century until the end of 1806.

In the early days, there were seven electors, namely, three church electors: the Archbishop of Mainz, the Archbishop of Cologne and the Archbishop of Trier, and four secular electors: the elector of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburg, the elector of Pfalcz (or the Earl of Rhine Palace) and the King of Bohemia (later held by the Austrian Emperor Habsburg-Lorraine).

1806 Napoleon ordered Franz Ii to give up the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on August 6th, and only retained the title of Austrian Emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire perished.

4. British Empire

The British Empire consists of its possessions, dominions, colonies, trust territories and other areas under British administration. It is regarded by the international community and historians as the largest colonial empire in the history of the world, with a rule area of about 34 million square kilometers.

It is generally believed that the glorious revolution of 1688 overthrew the feudal rule. In the Bill of Rights promulgated by 1689, the kingship was clearly restricted by law, and a bourgeois constitutional monarchy was established. The establishment of the capitalist system has provided Britain with unprecedented productivity, made its economy, military strength, science and technology and culture develop rapidly, and marked the rise of Britain.

1763 The capture of Canada from France after the Seven-Year War marked that Britain became the undisputed maritime hegemon. 18 15 After defeating the First Empire of France led by Napoleon, Britain became the world's first power and dominated international affairs for a century. This period is called "British rule".

As the most powerful empire in the world, the contradiction between the British Empire and the emerging German Empire is irreconcilable. 19 14 years, Britain participated in the first world war.

During World War I 1922, the German colony was captured according to the Paris Peace Conference, and its territory reached the largest, covering a quarter of the earth's land and a quarter of its population, making it the largest country in the world history.

Because the empire's territory and possessions spread over seven continents and four oceans, including Antarctica, there is a saying that "the sun in Britain will never set", so it is described as the second "empire that the sun never sets" after the Spanish Empire.

By the middle of the 20th century, especially after World War II, with the rise of global nationalist movement and the decline of British national strength, the British Empire gradually disintegrated.

5. Spanish Empire

Spanish Empire or Spanish Colonial Empire is one of the first truly global empires and colonial empires in the world, and it is also one of the largest empires in the history of the world, and it is considered as the first empire that will never fall.

/kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Spain and Portugal were pioneers of global exploration and colonial expansion in Europe, opening up trade routes in various oceans, which made trade flourish, from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean to America, from Mexico across the Pacific Ocean and via the Philippines to East Asia. Spanish conquistadors destroyed the Aztec, Inca Empire and Mayan civilization, and claimed sovereignty over large areas of America.

For a time, with its experienced navy, the Spanish empire dominated the ocean; With its terrible and well-trained infantry phalanx (Tercio), it dominates the European battlefield. Pierre Villar, a famous French historian, called it "the most extraordinary epic in human history". Spain experienced the golden age from16th century to17th century.

The constant struggle between Spain and hostile countries caused territorial, trade and religious conflicts, which made Spain's national strength decline in the middle of the17th century. Frequent wars with the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean; In western Europe, the French colonial empire gradually rose, threatening the hegemony of Spain;

Overseas, Spain first competed with the Portuguese Empire, and later its opponents included the British Empire and the Dutch colonial empire. In addition, Britain, France and the Netherlands support robbery at sea. Spain used excessive force, government corruption became increasingly serious, and military expenditure led to economic stagnation, which eventually led to the decline of the empire.

17 13 Utrecht Peace Treaty made Spain lose its remaining territory in Apennine Peninsula and low-lying countries, ending the history of its European empire.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Austrian Empire

Baidu Encyclopedia-Swedish Empire

Baidu Encyclopedia-Holy Roman Empire

Baidu Encyclopedia-British Empire

Baidu Encyclopedia-Spanish Empire