Notes on the first lesson of compulsory history in senior high school published by People's Education Press.

The Political System of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

First, the political system in Xia and Shang Dynasties

1. From abdication to hereditary throne

Around 2070 BC, Yu established Xia, and China began to have an early national political system. After Yu died, his son succeeded to the throne, and the abdication system in primitive society was replaced by the hereditary system of the throne. Are the ways of inheriting the throne, father's death and son's succession (referring to the three fat families) or brother's final reconciliation (referring to Cuba) all socialist countries?

2. kingship is mysterious

Rulers describe their actions as providence, and state affairs are decided by divination. (But there was no sacrificial class in China from beginning to end. )

3. Initially establish an administrative management system from the central government to the local government.

There are officials in the central government and officials in local governments. Still very loose

Second, the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

1. The hierarchical system of packet.

(1) Purpose:

Defend the Zhou royal family, effectively rule, and consolidate the state power of slavery ("feudal kinship, to screen Zhou"). The land is too big and the productivity is too low to be directly managed!

(2) Contents:

(1) The object of enfeoffment-King Zhou awarded the land and people outside Ji Wang to the royal family, heroes and descendants of ancient emperors, and asked them to establish vassal states to defend the royal family. Ji is a vassal! Fenced land has only property rights, but no ownership!

(2) Duties of princes-obey the orders of the King of Zhou, defend the territory, fight against the King of Zhou, pay tribute and report on pilgrimage. If you do not obey, the emperor will send troops to beat you.

(3) The right of the vassal-hereditary position, re-enfeoffment of the Qing doctor, establishment of officials, establishment of armed forces and collection of taxes. A country within a country has great power.

(3) Function:

(1) strengthened the local rule of the Zhou Emperor;

(2) Develop remote areas and expand the ruling areas;

(3) forming the overall political pattern of the Zhou royal family holding the moon;

④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years;

⑤ The aristocratic groups in the Western Zhou Dynasty formed a strict hierarchical sequence, and the Emperor of Zhou had supreme authority, and the state power tended to be strict.

(4) limitations:

The blocked vassals enjoyed considerable independence in their respective territories, which laid a hidden danger for the decline of kingship and the separation of vassals.

(5) disintegration:

In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the imperial power was weakened and the enfeoffment system was destroyed (the fundamental reason was the emergence of feudal economic production mode, which made the vassal power grow stronger day by day). The collapse of well site system will be taught in the second compulsory course.

During the Warring States period, the vassal states reformed one after another, abolishing the enfeoffment system and establishing the county system. After the reunification of Qin, the county system was established nationwide, and the enfeoffment system collapsed. Great changes have taken place in relations of production and productivity.

2. Patriarchal system of consanguinity.

(1) Definition:

Maintain the political hierarchy with the affinity of paternal blood relationship and consolidate the political system ruled by the state. By stipulating the clan system, the position of paternal parents in the clan is established and consolidated to ensure the stability of kingship. )

(2) Purpose:

Strengthen the ruling order and solve the contradiction between nobles in power, property and land inheritance.

(3) Contents:

Inheritance system; Establish a strict system of large and small sects; Family politics! The eldest son inheritance system!

(4) Impact:

(1) formed a hierarchical political system, which ensured the political monopoly and privileged position of the nobility and was also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

(2) Patriarchal relationship is conducive to uniting clans, preventing internal disputes, consolidating kingship, and closely combining "country" with "home".

(5) The relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system:

Feudalism and patriarchal clan system are the two pillars of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both external and internal.

The enfeoffment system is based on patriarchal clan system, and the embodiment of patriarchal clan system in political system is enfeoffment system.

3. Rites and music system

(1) Meaning:

Formulate some rules and ceremonies for the daily political and social activities of the ruling class (such as sacrifice, weddings and funerals, etc.). ) and match them with specific music.

(2) Purpose:

Better safeguard the feudal system and patriarchal clan system.

(3) Function:

Zhou Li has become a tool to maintain the hierarchy and prevent intrusion, which is conducive to the stability of the ruling order.