Ask all Dongba characters and pictures! ! !

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China is a multi-ethnic country. The ancestors of all ethnic groups worked, lived and multiplied in this vast land, and * * * jointly created a splendid national culture. The Naxi nationality living in Lijiang, China, Yunnan Province is a nation with profound cultural heritage. They are not only good at absorbing the excellent cultures of other nationalities, but also create their own unique national culture-Dongba culture.

I. Dongba Culture (1)

Lijiang is the main settlement of Naxi people in China and the only Naxi autonomous county in China. It is a unique tourist attraction in Yunnan Province. Lijiang's beautiful natural landscape and ancient town, which are integrated with the natural environment, attract more and more domestic and foreign tourists, and the unique and rich Naxi Dongba culture attracts people all over the world. Dongba culture, like the ancient cultures of other nationalities in the world, is also a religious culture and an ancient Naxi culture handed down from generation to generation in Dongba. Dongba, the main inheritor of Dongba culture, translated as a wise man, is the highest intellectual of Naxi nationality. Most of them combine singing, dancing, classics, books, history, painting and medicine.

Dongba culture includes hieroglyphics, including Dongba Sutra, Dongba Painting, Dongba Dance, Dongba Music and various Dojo in Dongba, all of which are sacrificial activities. This part also contains many connotations of national psychological quality. Dongba culture refers to such a cultural system.

Dongba is a very primitive hieroglyph, which is more primitive than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in terms of the development of characters. Belongs to the early form of the origin of words. The earliest symbol images were written and painted on wood and stone, and these symbol images were not written on paper until paper appeared. Dongba is called Dongba because it has mastered this kind of writing. Dongba script is the only remaining hieroglyphics in the world at present, and it is a "living fossil" of the origin and development of human social characters.

Dongba Sutra is now what we call a living hieroglyph. It is now collectively called the encyclopedia of Naxi ancient society, because it involves various aspects, such as history, politics, astronomy and geography, literature and art, religion, anthropology, and even medicine, as well as a lot of knowledge about production and life, and of course, many myths and stories.

According to incomplete statistics, there are 1700 hieroglyphs * * in Dongba characters, which are integrated with calligraphy and painting, with smooth lines, concise brushwork and bright colors. At present, many Dongba characters are still using these characters.

Dongba characters, because of the respect consciousness created by human beings, or imitation, are basically the same, and characters are nothing more than tools to record languages. When people observe things, they record them. At first, there were pictures. Now we have many hieroglyphs in Dongba language. A picture is a story and a fixed content. You can see what it means by looking at this picture. Therefore, because of hieroglyphics, people are observing, for example, our Chinese characters. Because we see that' mountain' on the plain, it is a mountain. There are three mountains, but Naxi people live in the mountains, and when he goes out, it is a mountain, so when he creates words, there is only one' mountain', which is what it means. Like the door of Chinese characters, there are two doors, while the Naxi people only have one door, so he only sees one door when he creates words, which is related to his environment, so he draws everything he sees when he creates words, and gradually uses pictures. In the words of Han people, we call calligraphy and painting the same origin.

With the development of Naxi society and the mutual influence of national culture, some Dongba in Lijiang created Gebawen in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Geba means disciple, Gebawen is a character created by Dongbashro descendants, and Gebawen is the transformation and development of Dongba.

Wei Lan, a scholar of Dongba culture in Lijiang, said: "Pictographs evolved from pictures to Dongba characters, so Dongba characters have high artistic value. Every Dongba character is a beautiful painting. "

A little knowledge: Naxi people call themselves "Na", "Naxi" and "Na Ru". Historical records of Jin and Tang Dynasties are called "Mosha" or "Mosuo". Distributed in Lijiang, Zhongdian, Weixi and Ninglang in Yunnan, Yanyuan, Yanbian and Muli in Sichuan. The language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family or the Yi branch of the Tibetan-Burmese language family.

Second, Naxi costumes

Naxi people not only have their own unique culture, but also their costumes are colorful and distinctive, which is mainly reflected in the costumes of Naxi women.

The border area between Sichuan and Yunnan, where Naxi people live together, has towering mountains with an average elevation of more than 2,700 meters. Yulong Snow Mountain and Haba Snow Mountain stand like crystal jade screens in the north of Lijiang and the southeast of Zhongdian. There are more than 240 thousand Naxi people, who are distributed in the northwest of Yunnan Province and the southwest of Sichuan Province. Lijiang County, with a population of about 6.5438+0.7 million, is the main inhabited area of Naxi nationality.

Dai women are a beautiful cultural landscape in Old Town of Lijiang. They are strong, bright, enthusiastic and simple, and are famous for their diligence and ability. Just like the seven embroidered discs on the sheepskin shawl they wear, they shoulder the sun, the moon and the stars, commonly known as "Dai Yue Dai Xing", which symbolizes the hard work of Naxi women. They worked day and night and took on almost all the housework.

In order to adapt to the production of agriculture and animal husbandry in plateau areas, the ancient Naxi people generally used self-woven linen or coarse cotton cloth as clothing materials. Men wear short coats and trousers, while women wear short coats and long skirts. Most men and women don't wear shoes and socks, a cloth belt, a sheepskin or felt. The sheepskin shawl on Naxi women's backs has both decorative function and practical value. They mainly carry heavy objects by shoulders, so shawls can protect their backs. Later, due to the influence of the Han nationality, men's wear was basically the same as that of the Han nationality. Women's clothing, except for the custom of wearing skirts in some places, has been replaced by trousers, but the overall clothing still has distinctive national characteristics. When working or going out, they wear robes, vests, trousers, pleated aprons and sheepskin shawls. The shawl is beautifully made, with two big circles on the shoulders and seven small circles on the back, commonly known as "seven stars".

It is said that the silk thread embroidered on the circular cloth circle is a beautiful star map, and the hanging spikes indicate the light of the stars. Legend has it that Yinggu, a hardworking, capable, intelligent and beautiful Naxi girl in ancient times, struggled with the drought demon for nine days and finally collapsed and died. In recognition of Ying Gu's brave behavior, Baisha Sanduo pinched seven cold suns swallowed by Xue Jinglong controlled by the drought demon into seven round stars and put them on Ying Gu's coat. Later, Naxi girls imitated the English aunt and nailed the seven-star pattern on the shawl, symbolizing Dai Yue's diligence and courage. There is also a saying that the Naxi people have regarded frogs as a god of wisdom since ancient times, which can solve people's difficulties. Therefore, those circular patterns represent frog's eyes and are historical relics of frog totem worship.

Third, Dongba culture (2)

Dance is an important part of Naxi life. They have many colorful folk dances. Dongba dance is a classic dance of Naxi nationality, which shows the struggle between ancient Naxi people and the evil forces of nature and society.

Naxi people are famous for their songs and dances. "Records of the Tang and Yuan Dynasties" records that "men and women are all in sheep's clothing and like drinking, singing and dancing", and "men and women move a hundred times, each holding one hand, dancing and dancing in groups for fun". At present, primitive dance, Dongba classical dance, group dance and new song and dance are widely circulated and newly discovered among the people. Macdami and Jeremy are original dances of poetry, song and dance. It is characterized by being good at singing and dancing, promoting dance by singing, assisting singing by dancing, and stopping after singing; There is no instrument accompaniment, and the number, place and occasion are not limited, and both men and women can participate. The dance steps are simple, usually with the right hand on the left shoulder or arm in arm, marching from the right side and gradually forming a circle.

Dongba dance is a classical dance of Naxi nationality and an important part of Dongba culture. It is a religious dance performed by Dongba Taoist priests according to different rituals and rules of the Dojo. From the formal point of view, Dongba dance seems to be mostly an action of jumping to exorcise ghosts, but in fact, most of the content is to show the struggle between the ancient Naxi people and the evil forces of nature and society.

Its dances are different according to the contents of sacrifice, such as offering sacrifices to heaven, dancing when offering sacrifices to heaven, dancing when offering sacrifices to the wind, and dancing when offering sacrifices to the wind, such as mourning, mourning, mourning, etc.

The source of Dongba dance material mainly comes from the folk, because after being absorbed from folk dances, it is used for the dance of offering sacrifices to shrines, and after adding some styles of Dongba religion, it becomes Dongba dance, which is very folk. It turns out that Dongba is also a folk, because it has not left its family, and everything in production and life is the same as that of folk workers, so it is very folk.

In Diemo, two ancient books about dance written in hieroglyphics, hundreds of almost lost 60 kinds of dances are recorded. Dances in Butterfly Dance can be divided into animal dance, knife bow dance and great god dance. Among them, sword bow dance includes knife dance, bow dance and barefoot dance.

Bow and arrow dance is to suppress evil spirits, so he shoots evil spirits when he hits the sky and shoots evil spirits when he hits the ground, so his direction is up and down, which is exactly two movements, and the other is evil spirits in four directions. Ghosts should be divided into good ghosts and evil spirits, and God also has good gods and evil spirits.

"Yak Beats Tiger" is an animal dance adapted from Naxi folk stories. Dance is divided into several parts, such as chanting, yak beating tiger and so on. This paper mainly tells the story of two monkeys, representing the two earliest families of mankind, one worships tigers and the other worships yaks, and the two families have a dispute over this.

In Dongba dance, many dances are formed by imitating the movements of animals. According to Dongba dance score, the oldest dance of Naxi nationality originated from the jumping of golden frog. Today, an ancient dance "Leba Dance" is still circulating in the mountainous area of northwest Lijiang. According to "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", "Yesterday, Le Ge, three people fucked oxtails and threw eight songs". The most striking feature of Leba dance is dancing with cow's tail. It imitates elephants, eagles, monkeys, frogs and tigers respectively, forming a set of coherent dance movements.

Fourth, Dongba Palace.

As the main part of Dongba culture, whether it is writing, music or dance, their inheritance and development are inseparable from Dongba. Dongba Palace in Old Town of Lijiang provides a window for modern people to understand Dongba culture.

Dongba Palace is located in Old Town of Lijiang East Street. Its gatehouse is decorated with Dongba's "five crowns", and Dongba's "wooden sign" paintings are hung on both sides of the gate. The unique decoration and cultural activities of Dongba Palace will make you feel the charm of Dongba culture.

After Dayan Ancient City was listed as a world cultural heritage, tourists from home and abroad poured in. Dongba culture is the main part of the world cultural heritage, or its core, so we try to open a window to show Dongba culture, music and dance.

People who come to Lijiang not only enjoy the beautiful natural scenery, but also listen to Naxi ancient music, watch Dongba dance and learn about Dongba culture.

In the layout of the whole Dongba Palace, we should highlight the characteristics of Naxi people, that is, we should highlight the characteristics of Dongba. Mainly through Dongba scriptures, cultural relics, Dongba paintings, sacrificial supplies, Dongba murals, reliefs and so on. This paper introduces the music and dance in Dongba culture of Naxi nationality completely, trying to strengthen its cultural atmosphere and let everyone have a relatively intuitive understanding of Naxi music and dance culture.

The whole Dongba Palace is a small and complete museum of national culture and art. Through it, you can enjoy the unparalleled Dongba culture and art, and enjoy the real Naxi ancient music and folk songs and dances.

But also to protect and carry forward our national culture. In this case, I may think it is very important to dig and organize, so we have gathered a large number of Naxi folk dancers, singers, performers and old Dongba here, and people like me are also learning from them. Only when you learn well can you spread it. We also emphasize this point, that is, the culture of a nation.

In order to better spread Dongba culture, Dongba Palace organized some famous old Dongba, folk singers and some folk artists with unique skills in Naxi area. On the basis of retaining the original flavor, a number of wonderful programs with the most local flavor and national characteristics were excavated and sorted out, focusing on Dongba culture and art. These programs are fresh, magical, elegant, profound and spectacular, and are well received by domestic and foreign audiences.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Dongba culture (3)

Dongba painting is one of the important contents of Dongba culture, which includes "wooden raft painting", "dragon painting", "cloth scroll painting" and "scripture painting", reflecting all kinds of secular life in ancient Naxi society.

Traditional Dongba paintings are mainly produced and used by Dongba when doing things. There are paintings of Buddha statues, classics, paintings of gods, ghosts, birds and animals on wooden signs, and large-scale cloth paintings. There are also decorative paintings that reflect people's production and life. These brushes are rough, colorful, simple and vivid.

All the contents of Dongba culture, including the scriptures, including the paintings of "raft", "dragon" and "sacred axis", are preserved and recorded in the form of painting, because it has thousands of scriptures, which is itself a painting, because its painting form is hieroglyphics. Where are most traditional Dongba paintings? It can be said that hieroglyphs and hieroglyphs are actually very simple and abstract Dongba paintings on rock walls and bark, especially in Dongba paintings. From my point of view as a painter, I think this is painting. Where did they draw this picture? Where did they write it? It's rough to write on my own paper, but I think it has a good texture and a long shelf life. There are very distinctive paintings of sacred axes, including the world-famous map of Lu Shen. The traditional map of Lu Shen is about 45cm wide and 20m long, which is regarded as the straightest and longest scroll painting in the world. Where was it painted? What kind of pigment is it made of? It was hand-woven by Naxi farmers themselves. After the cloth is woven, it is rolled with stones bit by bit, and the surface is very smooth. Then, shellac, glue used by farmers and shellac are coated on it. Then after this production, this place will use traditional bamboo pens or homemade writing brushes and crochets. So the traditional Dongba painting, you see, including its characters, is written on his own paper and wood. But the picture shows that we cut the tree into several petals and then use our own mineral pigments. These colors of traditional Dongba paintings are particularly good, and they are all made by ourselves.

The content of traditional Dongba painting mainly shows the ghosts and gods believed by ancient Naxi people and various ideal worlds. The scroll painting "The Road of God" in Dongba paintings is generally more than 14 meters long and about 26 centimeters wide. It is mainly used to describe the specific scenes of the deceased in various stages, such as hell, earth, nature, heaven, etc., and has high cultural and artistic research value. Although the traditional Dongba painting is also influenced by the surrounding national cultures, especially the Sino-Tibetan culture, it still systematically maintains its overall style and characteristics.

Dongba culture of Naxi nationality is really greatly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, so all painting parts of Dongba culture of Naxi nationality, including other ritual parts and so on. People consciously or unconsciously know that they are particularly influenced by Tibetan culture and Buddhism, including painting, but the whole process, the whole coloring and the use of lines are very, very. What can I say? It's not so gorgeous, it's simple. After painting a painting, its appearance is packaged, it's unadorned, whatever it is, and then it's usually made of two pieces of black cloth, and then in the middle, just like we mount an axis painting, like mounting an axis in Chinese painting, and put two pieces of wood on it, and the whole process is completed.

Dongba Shenpu is a totem of Naxi nationality, which is blessed by gods, including frogs, flying snails, Dapeng birds, ares and auspicious Pisces. If a nation wants to be strong, it must first adapt to various harsh environments and multiply rapidly. It is said that Naxi people migrated to the land where they live now, and saw that frogs have the strongest reproductive ability, so they chose frogs as their reproductive gods. Flying snail is a conch with wings, a sea god and an instrument used by Dongba. The melody of Dapeng bird, Youma of God of War and Pisces are symbols of protection, courage and good luck respectively. Many woodcarving arts from ancient times to the present reflect the legends of these gods. These woodcuts are carefully conceived. Staring at it for a long time, it seems that I have returned to a distant era.

Dongba painting is one of the important contents of Dongba culture, which mainly shows the ghosts and gods and all kinds of ideal worlds believed by ancient Naxi people, and also reflects all kinds of secular life in ancient Naxi society.

It is mainly used in various rituals of Dongba religion. It takes the ghosts and gods in Dongba religion as the painting objects, such as the cover and pictures of Buddhist scriptures, cloth (scroll) paintings, wooden signs used in Buddhism and so on.

The ancient Dongba painting is the most distinctive artistic heritage of Naxi nationality. When performing ceremonies, Naxi people should draw images of various Buddha gods, figures, animals, plants and monsters, and make sacrifices and sacrifices. This kind of painting serving religious activities is collectively called Dongba painting. Dongba painting art has five artistic characteristics of pictographic classics, namely, the form of Bayeux Sutra, beautiful lines, gorgeous colors, dynamic expression and absorption.

Dongba paintings can be roughly divided into the following categories:

(1) "Wooden raft" painting: it is divided into pointed shape and flat head shape. There is a pointed "wooden sign" painting in front of the altar above, which generally depicts the image of the gods. There is a flat-headed "wooden sign" painting in the ghost village below, which depicts the image of ghosts.

(2) Masterpiece painting: Masterpiece cover decorative painting, Masterpiece title page painting, title map and painting spectrum "Winter Style", etc.

(3) Card paintings: paintings of five God of War (East, South, West, North and Middle), Shen Peng's Stop Music and Fight Evil, golden giant frog, peacock, Youma God, five crowns, and various paintings for divination.

(4) Scroll painting: Each painting mainly depicts a great god or god of war, showing some kind of prayer and the world of the god he lives in.

(5) Shinto map: a large vertical continuous scroll used for funeral ceremonies and death-turning ceremonies. Dongba painting is rich in content and huge in consumption, which can be displayed in the whole Dongba painting in a standardized way. Thousands of images depend on the painting spectrum "Winter Model". The painting spectrum "Winter Model" has played a guiding and standardizing role in Dongba painting, so that Dongba painting does not lose its laws, characteristics and religious connotations.

The painting techniques of Dongba paintings vary from time to time, from place to place and from person to person, forming a variety of styles, but they can be generally divided into two categories:

(1) Preserve the simplicity of the original painting; Such as Dongba painting spectrum, wooden raft painting, Confucian classics painting and so on. Such paintings are mostly painted with bamboo pens and natural pigments, and are painted flat on a single line; The modelling is simple and Gu Zhuo, concise and generalized, with exaggerated deformation, rough and smooth lines, frankness and boldness, combining rigidity with softness, and the beauty of simplicity and innocence.

(2) Absorbing and integrating the painting methods of the Han and Tibetan nationalities; For example, some scroll paintings, Shinto diagrams, and some meticulous card paintings. This kind of painting is mostly painted with brush and mineral pigments, which organically combines the traditional Gu Zhuo painting style of Dongba painting with the exquisite foreign painting style, forming a style with a sense of heaviness and density. The composition is increasingly rigorous, the picture is complex, the layers are distinct, the colors are rich, the lines are neat, the modeling is accurate, and there is a breakthrough development in techniques.