Research achievements of Jiahu site

Thousands of cultural relics and specimens from seven large-scale excavations are kept in the Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. After more than ten years' arrangement and research by experts and scholars such as Zhang Zhongzhu, dozens of experts such as Zhang Zhongzhu wrote.1February 1999, Science Press published the first and second volumes of the large-scale excavation research report "Wuyang Jiahu". The first volume systematically introduces the cultural content, stages, years, nature of the site and its relationship with the surrounding culture; The second volume discusses the natural environment, race and human physique, economic structure, technology and craft, settlement form, primitive worship and primitive music. It is a monograph that systematically introduces and studies Jiahu culture. Unearthed cultural relics involve multi-disciplinary fields, and experts and scholars in related fields conduct identification, analysis and in-depth research on unearthed cultural relics specimens. Huang Wanbo, Ji Hongxiang, Hou Lianhai and Ye Xiangkui, Institute of Paleoanthropology, China Academy of Sciences; Lv Zuen, Huang, Wang Youping, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; graduate students Zhou Jun, Wang Shejiang, etc. Identify unearthed animal specimens; Kong, from Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beijing Agricultural University identified the unearthed plant specimens. Sporopollen was identified and analyzed by Zhou Kunshu of the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, Zhou Kunshu of the Institute of Geology and Kong of the Institute of Botany. Kong and Xiao Jiayi of Nanjing Normal University and Chen Bao of Xuzhou Normal University analyzed the plant silicates in Jiahu Lake. Wang Changsui of the University of Science and Technology of China and Zhang of Beijing Agricultural University analyzed the composition of ceramic fragments. Li Wenjie has carried out research on pottery-making technology; Chen Tiemei conducted a study on human recipes; Tong Zhongliang and Jiang Langchan from China Academy of Fine Arts and Hubei Conservatory of Music identified the unearthed bone flute specimens, and Gu and Xu measured the sound of the bone flute. BR & gt

Some achievements or articles on the special study of Jiahu culture include:

From 65438 to 0988, Zhang Zhongzhong's "New Archaeological Discovery-Jia Hu Bone Flute" was published in Music Research, which reported the research situation of bone flutes unearthed in Jia Hu.

Starting from 1989, Xiang Peng Huang's "Research on the Sound Measurement of Bone Flute in Wuyang Jia Hu" was published in the first issue of Cultural Relics (1989), and the sound measurement of bone flute was reported in detail. Played a complete Chinese cabbage with a seven-tone bone flute.

1998, Zhang Zhongzhu and others studied Jia Hu rice as a japonica rice and published it in the magazine "Ancient Style".

Published "New Discovery of Rice Cultivation in Henan and New Theory on the Origin of Japonica Rice in China".

From 65438 to 0999, Zhang Zhongzhu introduced the preliminary research results of Jia Hu bone flute to the British world-class publication Nature, which caused a sensation in international academic circles.

In April 2003, famous historians Li Xueqin and Zhang Zhongzhu published their research results on Jia Hu's original characters in Antiquities magazine.

Published, causing widespread concern in academic circles at home and abroad. In 65438+February of the same year, Zhang Zhongju's article "The Discovery of Jia Hu Engraving and the Origin of Chinese Characters" was published in China Cultural Relics Newspaper.

From June 5438 to February 2004, Zhang Zhongzhong cooperated with the University of Pennsylvania in the United States to analyze the attachments on the wall of Jiahu pottery. It was found that tartaric acid was contained in the attachments, indicating that China ancestors could make wine 9000 years ago. It has been proved to be the earliest "wine" in the world, and its raw materials are mainly rice, hawthorn and honey. The research results were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In July, 2005, its ancient recipe was successfully replicated in Dog Shark Head Winery in Travana, USA.

In 65438+February of the same year, Zhang Zhongzhong, Xiao Xinghua and Li Runquan jointly published the further research results of Jia Hu bone flute in the magazine "Antique".

make wine

Professor Zhang Juzhong cooperated with McGovern, a professor of archaeology and anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, and made a chemical analysis of the sediments on the inner wall of pottery unearthed at Jiahu site. The results of this study were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Geographic and other domestic and foreign media have made extensive reports.

Studies have confirmed that tartaric acid is contained in the precipitate after alcohol volatilization, and its components are rice, honey, hawthorn and grapes, which are the same as some chemical components contained in modern herbs. According to the isotopic dating of C 14, it dates from 7000 BC to 5800 BC. It is proved that in the early Neolithic period, Jiahu ancestors began to brew fermented drinks for drinking.

Experts believe that the wine discovered in Iran about 5400 BC is considered as the earliest "wine" in the world. The discovery of Jia Hu wine rewrote this record, which was more than 1000 years earlier than the earliest wine found abroad, and it was the earliest wine-related material in the world.

primitive religion

In archaeological work, a large number of religious articles have been found, such as handle-shaped vessels (symbols of power and status), fork-shaped bone vessels, turtle spirit divination, sun-patterned pottery and so on.

raise livestock/poultry

Livestock raising and primitive agriculture are great progress towards civilization. With the continuous enrichment of people's production and life experience, hunted animals such as pigs and sheep are kept in captivity and taken care of to tide over the difficulties in the case of lack of food.

Among a large number of animal bones unearthed from Jiahu site, it has been identified that some animals have been kept in captivity, mainly pigs and dogs. There are also some bones of cows and buffaloes.

The emergence of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry has gradually freed people from the situation of food shortage, which is of epoch-making significance to human civilization and is another revolution after the secondary fire. This is a sign of the arrival of the Neolithic Age. Bone flute

At the beginning of May 1986, two complete bone flutes were first cleared from the tomb numbered M78.

In autumn of the same year, more branches were found in four tombs. Several others were found in 1987. A seven-hole bone flute unearthed in M282 is well preserved. Zhang Zhongzhong and others took this complete seven-hole flute to Beijing for identification. Xiao Xinghua, director of the National Folk Music Research Office of the Music Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Art, agrees that this is a flute playing instrument, which was tried by Ning Baosheng, a flute player of the Central National Orchestra. In June165438+1October, music experts such as,, Xu, Gu and Tong Zhongliang took musical instruments to Zhengzhou to test the bone flute numbered M282: 20 again. The 45-degree oblique vertical blowing method is adopted in the trial blowing. After testing, it is concluded that the scale structure of the bone flute is at least six tones of the scale in Qing Dynasty, and it may also be seven tones of the flat scale, and it is given a natural and simple name "flute".

According to the stratum and shape unearthed from the bone flute, the researchers divided it into three stages:

Early period: From 7000 BC to 6600 BC, the flute was carved with five holes and six holes, which could play a four-tone scale and a complete five-tone scale.

Mid-term: From 6600 BC to 6200 BC, the flute was engraved with seven holes, which could play six or seven tones.

Late period: from 6200 BC to 5800 BC, it has seven holes, and some have eight holes, which can play a complete seven-tone scale and all kinds of sounds other than seven-tone scale.

The position of bone flute in the history of music

After identification, the Jia Hu bone flute, also known as the seven-tone bone flute, is made of the ulna of the red-crowned crane. Fixed shape and standardized production. There are two-hole, five-hole, six-hole, seven-hole and eight-hole carvings of different ages, which can play four, five, six and seven sound levels respectively. Two or three thousand years earlier than Banpo Taoshao and Hemudu Yu Tao.

Relevant data show that Jia Hu Bone Flute is the earliest, most intact and most unearthed musical instrument in the world, and it can be played. Thus rewriting the music history of China and even the world, and occupying an important position in the world music history.

Jia Hu bone flute is also the first of nine of the more than 500 first-class cultural relics in Henan Museum.

Jia Hu Prints and the Origin of Chinese Characters

Jia Hu found that 17 pieces were carved on nails, bones, stones and pottery, among which 9 pieces were carved on tortoise shells, 5 pieces were carved on bone implements and 3 pieces were carved on pottery, all of which were carved in deed. According to experts' research, the structure of seal cutting is horizontal, dotted, vertical, left-off, vertical hook and horizontal fold, which conforms to the basic structure of Chinese characters. The shapes of some carved symbols are similar to those of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty 4000 years later, such as the "eye" in the shape of an eye and the radiant sun pattern.

Experts believe that the sculptures in Jia Hu 8000 years ago are strikingly similar to those in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins 45000 years later. First, the writing tools are the same. They all use sharp tools to carve symbols on tortoise shells and Oracle bones. Second, it has the same function. In Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was used to record divination contents, and Jia Hu's lettering was also related to divination. Third, the principle of word formation is the same. Jia Hu's inscription is a symbol of rationality, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions has many rational words.

Some scholars have suggested that the formation of Chinese characters in China has experienced a slow and long-term development process, and its origin can even be traced back to 8,000 years ago. According to their research, the carved marks on tortoise shells found in Neolithic tombs in Henan Province are the earliest known precursors that eventually evolved into Chinese character systems. Tsung i Jao, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, made an in-depth study of Jia Hu's inscriptions and proposed that "Jia Hu's inscriptions provide brand-new information for the key issue of the origin of Chinese characters". Ge, an archaeologist in the history department of Peking University, also thinks that "these symbols should be a kind of writing". Some scholars believe that "the discovery of Jia Hu's divination provides reliable evidence for exploring the historical source of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty".

Rice Planting-Discovery of Carbonized Rice

1990 in the spring, when sorting out the excavation data indoors, several traces of rice husk were found on a piece of braised soil. Professor Kong from the Institute of Botany, Beijing Academy of Sciences identified it as an artificially cultivated rice.

From June 65438 to June 0994, part of carbonized rice (seeds) was found for the first time by flotation of some samples, which attracted extensive attention in academic circles.

From June to July, 1994, Peking University and China Agricultural University held appraisal meetings and academic seminars on the above findings. Archaeologists, agricultural historians and paleontologists attending the meeting fully affirmed and attached great importance to this discovery. In the same year, Zhang Zhongzhu, Professor China Agricultural University and Kong floated specimens in six locations and found a large number of carbonized rice and carbonized water chestnut fruits.

In the excavation of 200 1, a large number of carbonized rice and plant stones were found by flotation of the fill in several cultural relics units.