Release: Two orioles sing green willows and a row of egrets fly to the sky.

Du Fu's poems have always been praised by people. As far as the development of poetic artistic conception is concerned, the diversity of artistic techniques in his poetry creation is more important to the latter. Du Fu's poetic theories are numerous, and the influence of "Poet Sage" has never stopped. In Du Fu's poems, in addition to expressing real concern about the encounters and changes of the world society, many of them express their feelings by writing scenes to achieve mutual development. The quatrains to be enjoyed now is such an example.

If the poet in the last sentence describes the scenery outside the window, then the beginning of the last sentence points out the angle of "door", and the scenery in sight has turned into an emotional hope. There is a scene in the window. In this scene, there are courtyards and Chai Men, and now there are ships moored on the river outside the door through Chai Men, which has clearly demonstrated the poet's incisive assertion that the road of life is compared to Wan Li's boating. This is the artistic feature of Chinese painting, borrowing scenery from scenery, and painting in painting. In traditional Chinese painting, landscapes are often painted in the position of "eyes", but such a finishing touch is different from splash-ink rendering. It is often more subtle in nuances, and most of the themes of this painting come from this. The moral of China people and the style of poets and painters expressing their personal feelings reflect that these ways are interlinked from the artistic point of view.

If the scenery outside the "door" is regarded as a picture-in-picture of the "window" scene, it is a progressive scenery. Then the word "Bo" has a different meaning from the word "Han" in three sentences. "Berth" means parking or berthing. It is the ship that sails forever, and the beginning of sailing is always anchored. Therefore, the word "Bo" gives readers a moving expectation. The word "contain" has the meaning of containing and covering. This is a static state. The static snow for thousands of years is the innocence and loneliness of the poet's life. The poet used "snow" to express his summary of his later life, and also used "boating" to express his homesickness and patriotism.

"Wu Dong", as the general name of a region, gives people a sense of time and space as opposed to the mountain term "Xiling" in the previous sentence. This poem was written by Du Fu at the age of 54. On the third day of the first month of this year, the poet resigned from the post of shogunate and returned to his hometown in Chengdu. At this time, Du Fu's last official post in his life also resigned, but the poet's depressed mood could not help but begin to sprout feelings when he saw the beautiful scenery in spring. From the "Ship of Soochow" to Wan Li Road, and then to the "Snow of Xiling", it is an unfulfilled wish for thousands of years. The poet makes full use of the scenery to show the readers two realistic States of motion and static and two situations of his own life.

In Xia Kun's two poems, the poet described two scenic doors and windows, two inclusive and moored states, two geographical locations of Xiling and Dongwu, two materials of snow and boats. But these fourteen scenes show the inner world more clearly than the simple description of the scenery. As a realist in the history of China literature, Du Fu, a poet saint in the Tang Dynasty, is over fifty years old. As a work in his later years, this poem is one of Du Fu's best works, with concise words, precise words, simple ideas and sincere feelings.

Second, the appreciation of the meter of quatrains

Hu Yinglin's Internal Poems in the Ming Dynasty said: "Seven words make four outstanding people, and there was no method of seven words at that time. But in the Six Dynasties, it was almost Song Xing, and in the Tang Dynasty, it was a quatrain. The five-character method precedes the seven-character method, so the method comes first and the ear comes last. "

We all know the four tones of Chinese. Modern Chinese (Putonghua) has four tones: flat tone (rising tone), rising tone (second tone), rising tone (third tone) and falling tone (fourth tone), while the four tones of ancient Chinese are flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone. The relationship between them is as follows:

1, Pingsheng, and the descendants evolved into Yin Pingping and Yang Pingping.

2. On the sound, some descendants have evolved into off-tone.

3, to the sound, the vast majority of future generations are still to the sound.

4. The entering tones that completely disappear in Putonghua are divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone respectively.

The rushing sound is a short sound. Modern Jianggradually, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places still preserve the Shengru. In most spoken languages in the north and southwest, the entering tone has disappeared. As far as Putonghua is concerned, most of the entering tone words have become falling tone words, and some have become rising tone words, which has become the least.

What is the shape of the ancient four-tone ups and downs? Now we can't know in detail.

Traditionally, the flat tone should be the middle tone, the rising tone should be the rising tone, the falling tone should be the falling tone, and the entering tone should be the short tone. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi dictionary, which is called "Four Tones Division". It says, "Don't be low, be gentle, be loud and be strong". The sound of walking is clearly sad, and the sound of entering is short and urgent. Vividly describe the high and low forms of the four tones. Distinguishing four tones is the basis of distinguishing flat tones.

Du Fu's poems are especially good at writing seven rhythms and arranging rhythm, and he is known as the "master of metrical poetry". His metrical poems are large in quantity, high in quality, neat in antithesis and harmonious in rhythm, and his style is mainly depressed and frustrated, which is recognized as a model of metrical poems in Tang Dynasty. Let's appreciate the literary features of this poem "Jueju".

"Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets on the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. "

This poem is a typical seven-character quatrain that doesn't rhyme and follows the law.

"Ordinary ordinary ordinary ordinary ordinary ordinary ordinary. Flat, flat, flat. "

The rhyme of this quatrain is:

"Ordinary ordinary ordinary ordinary. Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.

In this quatrain, the poet's usage is concise, and he doesn't use too many writing skills, such as saving depression, saving loneliness, adjusting viscosity and coping. And rhymes according to the rhythm of the poem itself.

The poet's antithesis in the quatrains is also arranged neatly. In upper and lower conjunctions, numerals are relative, quantifiers are relative, categories are relative, verbs are relative and colors are relative. This ingenious technique is undoubtedly an excellent textbook for beginners to fill in poems, which is why this quatrain has been included in the enlightenment textbook of preschool education since ancient times.

Third, the artistic conception appreciation of quatrains.

The artistic conception of this quatrain is still unforgettable:

First of all, this quatrains "both form and spirit". Form refers to the representation of its artistic image, and God refers to the essential characteristics of the objective things it depicts. As can be seen from the poem, what kind of landscape picture does the poet paint for us with color? Orioles, egrets and wickers are emeralds, the sky is blue as water, snow is lying on the mountain, ships are moored with flags and dancing ... There are pictures in the poem, and there is sound outside the picture, which is the spring breeze of the wind, the chirping of orioles dancing with willows, and the brightness of the blue sky reflected by snow. Just as Zhao Yidao has such an opinion on the form and spirit of poetry and painting: "When drawing and writing the shape of objects, the shape of objects should not be changed. Poetry conveys the meaning of painting, and you have the realm of painting. " This is the best interpretation of the description of form and spirit in Du Fu's poems.

Looking at the "situational meeting" of poetry, there are two ways for a poet to express his meaning: one is to touch the scene and melt it. Second, empathize with the scenery and express your feelings through it. In this article, the poet touched the scene in the last sentence, and made his life experience transparent to the world through the word "blue" in the last sentence. When the poet returned to Chengdu Caotang, he watched the soaring egrets return home, and could not help but recall how many wars and joys and sorrows he saw in his later years. In "Xia Gan", the poet expresses his feelings with mountains and rivers, and Wan Li, who is preparing to sail and sail, expresses his feelings of serving the country and caring for the people. Life and homesickness are all in the scene.

Thirdly, we can appreciate this poem from the perspective of "blending sense and reason". From the picturesque scenery described by the poet, it is not difficult to see that the poet brought this poem into the realm with vivid words and expressions to express his feelings, such as Singing the Green Willow, Going to the Sky, Falling Snow for a Thousand Years, and Wan Li Boat. "Ming" means that "Shang" is action, "Qian Qiu" is loyalty, and "Wan Li" is mind. The meaning of these words is based on reason, and the description of scenery and emotion shows the basic skills.

Fourthly, to taste the "harmony between feelings and things" in poetry, the poet combines his feelings with the natural scenery from winter to spring, so that the cold disappears and things are happy. The poet regards his weakness as that of an oriole. With the gesture of the egret waving its wings, it expresses the ambition that it is difficult to serve the country with its wings. In the poet's book, people and birds are United and love each other through birds. These characteristics constitute an excellent artistic conception of this poem.

Fourth, the aesthetic characteristics of quatrains

In addition to the above features, this poem also has the aesthetic characteristics of "profound literary addiction" and "aftertaste", "image outside the image" and "meaning between the lines".

Poets in the Tang Dynasty still regard Du Fu as a realistic poet. What's more, they not only describe the appearance of things, but also give readers far-reaching images. From the appearance of this poem, we can see yellow birds, green willows, egrets, blue sky, distant mountains, snow, rivers and ships. However, beyond these appearances, readers can feel these appearances through the key connecting verbs: singing, climbing, tolerance and berthing: seeing the wings of orioles dancing on the fluttering willow trees, hearing the harmony of egrets soaring into the sky, feeling the tranquility of distant mountains for thousands of years, and the berthing ships waiting to sail are full of sails. These "images outside the image" are full of cheerful early spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, which makes people feel the resentment and relief that the poet was born of at that time.

Du Fu used several quantifiers in his poems, two, one line, Qian Qiu and Wan Li. These seemingly unintentional, but actually expressive "meanings" show readers the poet's inner monologue hidden in the quatrain of Wing Chun. At that time, when Tang poetry prevailed, only Li Bai and Du Fu's poems dominated, and Du Li heming's poems in the poetry world were the objects that scholars competed to imitate at that time. These "two orioles" sang with each other, which was the situation of Du Li and his wife in the literary world at that time. However, judging from the embarrassing situation that Chinese people generally had no political status, humble official position, and were willing to serve the country but unable to pay their ambitions, for the whole society, this "egret trip" wish for "going to heaven" was just a vain hope. Scholars are self-isolated, self-clean, unwilling to live in the mud and agree to be clean, which also determines that they can only be the "autumn snow" of this society. However, as a member of society, as a poet who cares about the country and the people, expresses his feelings, mourns the sufferings of the people, and mourns cowardice, how can he make a difference in this already crumbling dynasty? Looking out at the "Wan Li Ship", I can only sigh at a distance. Words are inexhaustible, and the image beyond the image and implication expressed by the poet in his poems are meaningful and meaningful, which is also a true portrayal of Liu Xie's "writing deeply and hiding the subtle" and "recalling the music package" in Wen Xin Diao Long.

Fifth, the historical background of quatrains creation

Du Fu's life, from the beginning of his birth, Wu Zetian died, the Tang Dynasty entered the last period of the war, to the poet's "An Shi Rebellion" in his later years. After many years of hardships in life, Du Fu saw all the human sufferings and the world of mortals was sad. At this time, in the history of literature, Tang poetry entered its heyday because of the existence of Li Bai and Du Fu.

The sages of this period used a lot of poems to record the humanities, politics, society and other epics in the prosperous Tang Dynasty from three aspects. First, express the ideal ambition of saving things and saving the world; Second, criticize the darkness of reality; Third, praise the natural landscape. Li Bai's poems inherited the romantic tradition since Qu Yuan. Rich imagination, fresh and natural language, elegant and unrestrained style. Du Fu's poems inherit the realistic tradition since The Book of Songs, face real life, and profoundly and truly reflect the historical changes of Tang society from prosperity to decline before and after the An Shi Rebellion.

The content of Li Bai's poems is mostly related to "worry" and focuses on self-expression. The main content of Du Fu's poems is "worrying"-worrying about the people and the world.

Du Fu's famous quatrains were written in 765 AD, when Du Fu was 54 years old. On the third day of the first month, the poet resigned from the post of shogunate and returned to Huanhuaxi. I live in a thatched cottage from spring to summer. After that, I traveled around Sichuan for a year and fell ill in Yun 'an County (Baidicheng) at the end of the year.

This poem was written two years after the Anshi Rebellion was put down. The Anshi Rebellion lasted for eight years (in the 14th year of Tianbao in Xuanzong, 755 AD to the first year of Guangde in Daizong, 763 AD). Although the Anshi Rebellion was put down, the Tang empire turned from prosperity to decline, and the grand occasion before Kaiyuan was no longer seen. During this period, Du Fu's creation reached its peak. Most of his works are concentrated in the period from forty to a whole year. The poet's middle-aged and old people lived in war and created a lot of realistic works.

The poet described a touching drama scene to the reader with line drawing. Du Fu's long career, constant wars and famines made Du Fu lead his family to live in a thatched cottage in Chengdu, Sichuan. In the chaotic war, it is common for people to break up their families and die, but the reunion of flesh and blood becomes incredible. Exposed the deep suffering brought to the people by the An Shi Rebellion. This realistic creation truly and vividly reflected the universal social phenomenon at that time. It is precisely because the poet's personal fate is closely related to the sufferings of the times that he often associates his experiences with the people and thinks about more general social problems.

The quatrains were created in this period, which not only gave people a feeling of prosperity and infinite vitality. It also made the poet lament his helplessness in his later years, and the country was unable to serve the country. So I made Autumn Snow, wishing the "Wan Li Ship" waiting to set sail.

Sixth, the poetic nature of quatrains and the poet's character reflected by them.

We often say that "writing is like a person", and here "writing" refers to the character contained in an article. The author's character reflected in an excellent article is the soul of the article. Xue Xue has such a passage in A Spoon of Poems to illustrate the relationship between the poet's character and the quality of poetry: "The poems of happy people must be chic; A sincere person's poem must be solemn; Charming people's poems must be elegant; The poems of Shuangshu will flow gracefully; Cold and astringent poetry will be barren; Rich people's poems must be rich; Poems about depressing people must be clean; I want to remind people that poetry must be rigorous; Criticize my poems, I will be depressed; The gift of today, the nature of qi, is not what you have learned. " Thus, personality is the key to determine the quality of poetry.

In my essay On Online Poetry, I once described the relationship between poetry quality and personality, and briefly analyzed the relationship between Du Fu's poetry and personality:

The true emotion rich in the Holy Spirit must be purified by the poet's mind before it can become the connotation of poetry. Compared with natural emotions, emotions in poetry filter impurities and appear more pure. When this true emotion is revealed in poetry, it ultimately depends on the poet's personality and the choice of lyric way. This is what people often say: "Poetry is like a person" and "Poetry comes from character"-a poet with high morality must strive to achieve the unity of truth, goodness and beauty.

In Wang Wei's works, we can't see the reflection of the spirit of the times, and we can't hear the people's wailing of pain. Wang Wei's attitude towards all painful experiences and unforgettable pains is: "Don't sell how many sad things there are in life to an empty net." This mentality and Wang Wei's lifestyle are determined by his Buddhist thoughts. Its "my middle-aged heart found a way, and I came to live at the foot of this mountain"; "As the years go by, please give me peace and stay away from all kinds of affairs." Facing the reality of fighting and bleeding everywhere, it is like being trapped in a cocoon, wrapping yourself tightly with the net of Buddhist thought, being isolated from the world and looking at the world coldly. So Wang Wei's poems reflect his indifference to the world.

Although Du Fu has Buddhism and Taoism, what dominates the poet's mind is the positive outlook on the world of Confucianism. No matter he is rich or poor, he dares to face the reality and care about people's lives.

Du Fu, who received the traditional education of Confucianism since childhood, has an unshakable desire, that is, "to make the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then to make the vulgar pure". So although Du Fu lived in poverty, he thought of the world. Therefore, the poet Du Fu's works are full of worries and sorrows, and his poems are full of bitterness and tears, patriotic passion and frank and open-minded sentiment, so Du Fu's works are called great realistic poems. Known as "the history of poetry".

Great poets have the gentlest and most affectionate hearts, and his works are still widely circulated today. The poet's virtue is manifested in the operation of sacred feelings. The power of holy love shown by poets in their poems is more powerful than understanding helplessness and heartfelt fear after death. The feelings of pity or sympathy expressed by the poet in his poems often touch the poet himself.

A poet writes poetry not only with a pen, but also with his passion and even his life. The excellent poems he painstakingly created not only expressed his own feelings, but also expressed people's wishes at that time, reflecting the voice of the times. In that turbulent era, the poet expressed his compassion with sad songs. Du Fu exposed the decay and darkness of the ruling class in Three Officials and Three Farewells, and expressed deep sympathy for the people's sufferings. In "Cottage Blown by Autumn Wind", he expressed his wish to "own a vast building and be a great refuge for all the poor people in the world" from the predicament that his hut was blown by wind and rain and his family was frozen.

From Du Fu's poems, we can feel his passion of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing hot in the intestines". If you see him, read his poems. There are poets who are upright and upright, poets who are concerned about the country and the people, and good poems that are depressed and reflect the sufferings of the people. Judging from Du Fu's poems, it is the embodiment of the poet's viewpoint, position and artistic personality. The artistic personality is closely related to the poet's origin, cultivation, life experience and artistic taste. Here, its ideological nature plays a decisive role.

In this quatrain, Du Fu wrote about spring, praised it with a cheerful style, expressed his mind with spring, and expressed his ambition with spring. It is said that early spring is full of vitality, but in fact it means that the country is waiting for prosperity; It is said that the ship will take the east wind, which obviously serves the country. People are full of courage when they are old. Although the poet just left the shogunate when he wrote this quatrain, the beautiful picture depicted in the poem also shows the reader the poet's desire for stability. This is the best proof that Du Fu's poems are sad but don't cry, but hurt but don't hurt, and still bring out his passion for a better life after great sorrow and great sorrow. (shaking the pot)

Appreciation 3

Su Shi once said: "Shaoling calligraphy intangible painting". Du Fu's quatrains are really a wonderful banner of mountains and rivers. In the center of this painting, there are several lush weeping willows, and Huangyinger sings tactfully on the branches. Above the face is a blue sky, and a group of egrets point to the blue sky. You can see the mountains in the distance, and the peaks are still the same snow for many years. Half of the hut is exposed nearby, and there is a big river in front. Ships in the distance are moored on the water. In terms of color and lines, the author dyed two goose yellow dots in a piece of green and drew a white line obliquely in the green space. Point, line and surface are organically combined, and the color is bright and harmonious. This conception just shows that the poet Du Fu is good at "taking painting as the key link" and "taking reason as the position" like a painter.

Although it is a poem describing natural scenery, it contains rich thoughts and feelings. Fine willows and new green, isn't this the color of spring? Orioles sing, isn't this the sound of spring? Egrets fly back from the south with spring tourists. At the same time when the Chunjiang River is full of water, ships from Jiangdong come from thousands of miles away, indicating that people have started a year-long activity focusing on spring. All this constitutes a distinct theme-spring is coming. The author is full of joy, describing these fresh, lively and vibrant things, and taking pictures of various spring struggles for freedom with keen observation. The poet linked the snow on the mountain with the long years on the earth and saw the vast territory of the motherland from the ships in the river. "Qian Qiu" and "Wan Li" are such broad minds. This poem was written in 764 AD, and Du Fu was "wandering in the southwest between heaven and earth". He is homeless and poor, but his will is still strong and his mood is still cheerful and optimistic.

This little poem, with plain language, has no strange words and dangerous words, and it seems that it has not been carefully scrutinized; Actually, it is not. Look at confrontation first. The quatrains don't require the sentences to be relative, but Du Fu made the four sentences of this poem form two couplets, and every word in a couplet is paired and very neat. Looking at the words, the words "containing" and "parking" in the couplets behind are extremely elegant. The word "Han" is particularly wonderful, because it points out the position of the poet: the poet looked out through the window indoors. The word "Han" not only includes the autumn snow in Xiling, but also includes all the above scenery in the poet's eyes. In this way, it is not a plane imitation of nature, but also shows the poet's grasp and appreciation of natural beauty. In addition, the word "berth" can also be replaced by "side" or "Guo", which is rather vague. The word "berth" can show that those long-distance ships in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River not only pass by here, but also stop in front of the door, which shows that there is a big land and water wharf nearby. In addition, Du Fu is now "looking forward to three years" and quite intends to abandon Shu for Wu. The word "Bo" seems to cover up the feeling of thinking of a horse when you see an saddle: will you go to Soochow? There is a boat parked outside the door on the road. Does the poet's hesitation tell us nothing here? (Tan Jiajian)

Appreciation 4

"Jueju" is the name of a poem, which does not directly indicate the content of the poem. This form is convenient for writing a scene and an object to express an instant feeling. Occasionally the poet saw it, which aroused his inner passion. The writer writes down his feelings, does not plan the topic for the time being, and uses the metrical "quatrains" of poetry as the topic. Du Fu wrote a group of poems in this form, including four poems, with "quatrains" as the general topic. The quatrains in this class are one of them. This poem is a beautiful landscape painting he took from the window of his home, expressing his broad mind and carefree happy mood.

This poem was written by Du Fu in his thatched cottage after he returned to Chengdu. His life is relatively stable, and his mood is also relatively pleasant. He can enjoy the scenery near the thatched cottage with a leisurely mood and write famous works that have been told for generations.

The poet leaned against the window and looked out. The first thing he saw was a close-up: outside the house, the willow trees showed a green color, and the willow branches fluttered in the wind. Two orioles are chasing among the willows, singing sweet songs. The poet was amused, so he wrote a vivid poem "Two orioles singing green willows". Then look up at the sky and see rows of egrets flying freely in the sky, as if welcoming the blue sky. This will naturally make the poet feel that "a line of egrets is on the sky". From near to far, these two sentences have a broad vision. The poet's eyes, like the lens of a camera, turned to the opposite Xiling (Minshan). This magnificent Xiling is covered with snow and will last for thousands of years. It is like a snow barrier, across the west. Although Xiling is large, this small window can have a panoramic view of the snow in Xiling. The poet summed up the snow scene he saw with the phrase "window contains", which was extraordinary in momentum. Then the poet's eyes fell from the mountain to the Minjiang River in front of the door and saw many merchant ships moored along the river. These merchant ships often travel between Shu and Wu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There is a Hejiang Pavilion near the Caotang, where people from Shu to Wu get on board. According to historical records, during the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Fei was sent to Wu Dong, where Kongming once saw Wei Fei off. He said to Wei Fei: "The trip to Wan Li begins with a single step." Later generations called a nearby bridge "Wan Li Bridge". Of course, Du Fu was familiar with these anecdotes, so he integrated scenery and historical facts into his poems and got the sentence "Boating in Dongwu Wan Li".

There are four sentences in the whole poem, which stand opposite each other and form just two pairs. These two pairs of scenery, far and near staggered, constitute a complete, vast and colorful picture. "Autumn Snow" reminds people of the infinity of the universe, and "Wan Li Ship" reminds people of the vastness of the region. The picture depicted in this poem is really a thousand miles long and has a huge capacity, which gives readers unlimited thinking space.