What are the types of books in the traditional book classification in China?

"Subsets of Classics and History" are four categories of ancient books in China. Classics: Classics refer to Confucian classics; History: historical books, that is, official history; Zi: Hundreds of works in the pre-Qin period, religion; Collection: Poetry.

1 and the introduction of four parts.

The four-part classification of Classics, History, Zi and Ji is the product of China traditional culture, which is suitable for traditional cultural classics. Today, it is still a key for us to be familiar with ancient books and then understand traditional culture. Since the May 4th Movement, China has used the western book classification for reference and classified books according to the modern subject system. Up to 20 13 and 10, libraries in China still generally adopt the China Library Classification revised in 1990s (referred to as Chinese Library Classification). However, because many ancient books are difficult to be included in the classification system of China Library Classification, the collection and retrieval of ancient books libraries (libraries) still adopt the traditional four-part classification.

China culture has a long history, and the classics produced in past dynasties are hard to count. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than 80 thousand species that have survived to this day. The classification and arrangement of ancient books also began very early. The first large-scale collation of ancient books began in the Western Han Dynasty in 26 BC, presided over by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, including retrieval, collation, classification and cataloging, and finally compiled the earliest catalogue of the National Library of China-Qilue. Seven Laws divides the ancient books collected at that time into six categories: six arts, philosophers, art of war, mathematics, folk arts and poetry, and adds an introduction to compilation, with the overall title of Seven Laws. The book has been lost for a long time, but its basic content has been preserved in the records of Bangu's Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi. Therefore, the records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi became the earliest classified catalogue of ancient books.

After the Han Dynasty, various ancient books compiled by the government and the people emerged continuously, and the classification methods were improved. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Xun Xu's "Jinzhong Classic" was changed from six to four, namely, Part A recorded the classics (equivalent to six arts), Part B recorded the volumes (including philosophers, military books, mathematics and folk arts), and Part C recorded the history books. Class? Car dental caries? Steal what? Why did you throw the curtains? 6? Hey? Hello, detective? Where's Penang Jun? I'm tired of writing? Is it a neon guide? Fat finally, what about guanidine? Radon at the end of the mail? Hey? ⒆ ⒆ ⒆? Do you want to jump off a cliff? Hey?

The final establishment of the four-part system is embodied in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics, which was actually compiled by Kevin·Z, a famous official in the early Tang Dynasty, and officially marked the names of the four parts of the Classics, History and Discipline, and further subdivided into 40 categories. After the Sui Dynasty, the mainstream of book classification is to follow the four-part classification.

In addition to the above four-point method and six-point method, ancient books of all ages also have seven points, nine points or even twelve points, but they are not dominant. This shows that after the test of time, the quartering method can solve the complex classification problem of ancient books well, so it has been widely recognized. Of course, the various categories under the four parts have changed throughout the ages. The Catalogue of Si Ku Quan Shu compiled in Qing Dynasty is divided into four parts and 44 categories, which has great authority.

2. The specific classification of the four departments

2. 1 jingbu

Confucian Thirteen Classics and related works are collected by the Ministry of Classics, including the Book of Changes, Books, Poems, Rites, Spring and Autumn Period, Filial Piety, Five Classics, Four Books, Music, Primary School, etc. 10, among which Rites are divided into six categories: Zhou Rites, Rites, Rites, Three Rites, General Rites and Miscellaneous Rites.

Thirteen Classics: refers to thirteen Confucian classics formed in the Southern Song Dynasty. They are The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji, Zhouyi, Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang Zhuan, Gu Liangzhuan, The Analects of Confucius, Erya, Xiao Jing and Mencius. [2]

Notes on Thirteen Classics: Annotation is also called sparse annotation. Note: Annotation of words and phrases in the Confucian Classics is also called biography, writing, interpretation, chapter, sentence, etc. Sparse, the annotation of notes, is also called righteousness sparse, righteousness sparse and so on. Annotation is related to the truth, meaning, pronunciation and correctness of words, grammar and rhetoric, as well as names and things, canon, historical facts and so on.

History of Confucian classics and primary school history: The history of Confucian classics is the history of Confucian classics, and primary schools are divided into exegesis, word books and rhyme books. In the Western Han Dynasty, philology was called "primary school", and in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was also called "primary school". Reading must first be literate, master the form, sound and meaning of words and learn to use them.

2.2 History Department

There are 15 categories of historical books collected by the History Department, including official history, chronology, miscellaneous history, other history, imperial edicts, biographies, historical notes, records, seasons, geography, official positions, political books, catalogues and historical reviews, among which imperial edicts are divided into imperial edicts and imperial edicts. Geographical points 10 genus, namely, Gongshu, Tongzhi, Dujun, rivers, frontier defense, mountains and rivers, historical sites, miscellaneous notes, travel notes and external notes; Officials are divided into two genera, namely, official system and official admonition; Political books are divided into six genera, namely, general system, etiquette system, national planning, military and political affairs, regulations and examinations; The catalogue is divided into two categories: classic and epigraphy.

Official history: Historical Records, Hanshu and other biographical history books with the biography of the emperor as the key link. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the twenty-fourth history was declared as the official history. 192 1 year, the Beiyang warlord government added a new yuan history, collectively known as the 25 th history. Soon, the draft of the Qing dynasty was compiled into it, collectively known as the twenty-six histories.

Chronology: sorting out historical materials, works, etc. In chronological order.

A genre of history books. Take historical events as the key link, list the important historical facts separately, and write each article in chronological order. Yuan Shu's Zi Zhi Tong Jian was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Miscellaneous history, etc. : one of the four categories of miscellaneous history books. Refers to historical books that do not belong to official history or miscellaneous history. Miscellaneous history is a kind of historical book different from biographies, chronicles and chronicles of the old times. Or remember a moment's experience, or remember the whole story, or just a private story, but all have the nature of historical anecdotes.

Historical review: a work that comments on historical events or history books. For example, Wang Fuzhi's Zi Zhi Tong Jian and Song Lun are monographs on historical events; Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong and Zhang Xuecheng's Shi Wen Yi Tong contain many historical book comments.

Imperial edict memorial: imperial edict, style name. Orders and proclamations issued by ancient emperors, queens or queens. Including books, rules, decrees, imperial edicts, letters, decrees, imperial edicts, books, teaching and so on. Commemoration, style name. Ancient courtiers played various roles of the emperor, including expressing, playing, sparse, discussing, writing, sealing and so on.

Biography: also known as biography. Words that record the deeds of characters. Generally, it is called "autobiography" if it is narrated by others, but there is an account of life. Biography can be roughly divided into two categories: one is historical biography or general biography writing, which mainly describes detailed historical events; The other is literature, which is based on historical facts, but does not exclude some imaginative descriptions.

Historical note: a book that extracts a piece of history or copies multiple pieces of history together. The history of the Song Dynasty, the history of art and literature, began to have the branch of "historical records". Specializing in copying a history, such as Chao,; There are also copies of history, such as official history, new and old Tang books, and paper money. This kind of history book is very convenient for readers.

Record: Old history is a biography of famous people, not orthodox, which is different from this history and biographies.

Seasonality: the name of the book classification catalogue. Before the Song Dynasty, all the books about seasons were classified into fields, but the books were not limited to farming, from the national code system to folk customs, so the Catalogue of Zhongxing Pavilion listed seasons as another category. The revision of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty followed the old example of Song people, and still made an immediate order.

Geography: Topographic county annals, which record people such as territory, mountains and rivers, customs and products.

Official system: official system of past dynasties. Such as Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty and Zhou Guan.

Political books: Political books are books that record laws and regulations. The name of the political book originated from the secret book of Qian Pu in Ming Dynasty. Political books can be divided into two categories: one is a "general history political book" that describes the laws and regulations of past dynasties; The other is a "dynasty politics book" describing the laws and regulations of a single dynasty. Later history books mostly used "ambition" to describe the laws and regulations of various dynasties.

Catalogue: A book on catalogue taxonomy.

2.3 Subpart

The Ministry has a collection of hundreds of works and books, in the category of 14, including Confucianism, military strategists, legalists, farmers, doctors, astronomical algorithms, astrology, art, music records, miscellaneous books, novelists, Buddhists and Taoists. Among them, astronomical algorithms belong to two genera, and astrology belongs to two categories. Art is divided into four categories: calligraphy and painting, piano score, seal cutting and acrobatics. Music scores are divided into three genera: utensils, recipes, plants, animals, insects and fish. Miscellaneous categories are divided into six genera: miscellaneous studies, miscellaneous tests, miscellaneous stories, miscellaneous articles, miscellaneous compilation and miscellaneous compilation. Novelists are divided into three genera: chores, anecdotes and trivial stories.

Confucianism: an important school that worships Confucius' theory. Advocate "rites and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocate "loyalty and forgiveness" and "moderation". Advocate "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government" and attach importance to the relationship between ethics and morality.

Taoism: a school of thought in the pre-Qin period. Taking Laozi and Zhuangzi as the representative figures, they advocate conforming to nature and governing by doing nothing. Later, it also refers to people who admire the Yellow Emperor and Zhuangzi.

Buddhism: Buddhism is Buddhism.

Legalist school: one of the nine schools of thought in the Warring States period. Representative figures are Li Kui, Shang Yang, Han Fei and others.

Military strategist: The general term for military strategist or soldier in ancient times. It also refers to a school that studies military affairs.

Farmhouse: an academic school that reflects agricultural production and farmers' thoughts during the Warring States period. Advocate planting mulberry to have ample food and clothing.

Miscellaneous schools: those that cannot be classified into one category are merged into miscellaneous schools, and the meaning of miscellaneous schools is very broad and all-encompassing ... those who make statements are called miscellaneous schools, those who differentiate syndromes are called miscellaneous tests, those who discuss and describe them are called miscellaneous theories, and those who study physics are called miscellaneous products. ......

Shu Shu: Shu Shu refers to inferring people's luck and destiny by observing noteworthy phenomena in nature in various ways. Also known as "numerology".

Doctor: That's medicine.

Art: generally refers to various technical skills such as six arts and math skills.

Calligraphy and painting: calligraphy pictures

Catalogue: A list of utensils, recipes, plants, birds, animals, insects and fish.

Books: a collection of classics, history, books and collections, with a wide range of contents and almost everything. Comprehensive large-scale books are ancient encyclopedias. This kind of book originated in the Three Kingdoms period, including Huang Lan edited by Wei Wendi and Cao Pi.

Enlightenment learning: elementary school students' enlightenment reading materials.

2.4 Assembly Department

Poetry collection includes poetry collections and special collections, including Chu Ci, Bieci, anthology, poetry criticism, lyrics and songs. Among them, the lyrics and songs also belong to five genera, namely, word segmentation set, word selection, thorn, word spectrum and rhyme, and North and South songs. In addition to Zhang Hui's novels and dramas, the above categories basically include all kinds of books popular in society. As far as the author is concerned, it includes the works of women, monks, Taoist priests, eunuchs, soldiers, emperors and foreigners.

Note: The above classification is based on Siku Quanshu in Qing Dynasty.

Collection: refers to a collection of poems and essays composed of many people's works.

Another set: relative to the total set. That is, a collection of personal poems.

Chuci: It is a kind of prose.

Ci: Developed from five-character poems, seven-character poems or folk songs, it originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Originally, it was a poetic style sung by music, and the length of the sentence changed with the tune of the song, so it was also called long and short sentences. Poetry and slow words are generally divided into two parts.

Poetry criticism: including books on literary theory and criticism.

Qu: A poetic style prevailing in Yuan Dynasty.

Fiction: Fiction is a major style in the four-part division of literary genre. It is a literary genre that reflects life and expresses ideas by shaping characters, telling stories and describing the environment.