Guan Zhong got lost in the lonely bamboo village.

, that is, Jiang's (? (643 BC), the monarch of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, reigned from 685 BC to 643 BC. In the seventh year of Huan Gong (679 BC), he began to dominate the princes. On one occasion, Qi Huangong, accompanied by Guan Zhong and Peng Ji, went to the lonely bamboo country to explore. Regarding this war, the "Ancient Military History of China" published by the Military Publishing House commented: "The battle of Zheng Qishan Rong was also an unusual expedition in the history of ancient war in China." It is a war to rewrite the history of Luanhe River and western Liaoning, to turn Yan into a big country, and to redistribute ethnic areas. However, in this unusual expedition, only a few words in history were scattered in several ancient books. This chapter is presented to readers in order to let them know this history.

First, the reasons for solitary bamboo country

Qi and solitary bamboo are thousands of miles apart, separated by Yan, and there is no conflict of interest. So, why did Qi Huangong explore the lonely bamboo country? "Historical Records Qi Taigong Family": "In the twenty-third year, Shan Rong cut down Yan, and Yan was eager to save Yan, so he cut down Shan Rong. As for the solitary bamboo, he returned it." "Golden House Shuo Fan" is also recorded in this way. Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong: In the winter of Lv Zhuanggong's thirty years, Qi Huangong and Lv Zhuanggong met informally in Jishui, Lu. "It was also because of his illness that he died." Plan to attack Shan Rong because Shan Rong threatens Yan. Books such as Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram and Biography of the Spring and Autumn Valley Liang recorded the felling of Shanrong, but did not mention the extinction of solitary bamboo. In fact, the felling of mountain glory is the same war as solitary bamboo and ganoderma lucidum. "On Salt and Iron Cutting Power" Note: "The more Qi Huangong attacks the mountain, the more isolated bamboo is broken, and all the remaining branches are broken." As can be seen from the above, Shan Rong is the initiator of the war. It is a just move to attack Yan first, ask Yan for help and send troops to help. Breaking an isolated bamboo is just stealing, but it's not.

Guan Zhong is a businessman seeking an isolated bamboo country. As can be seen from his book Guanzi, going to solitary bamboo is a long-planned thing. Before Qi Huangong became the overlord, he began to plan and made a lot of preparations for going to solitary bamboo country. In the preparatory work, it was mentioned twice that "picking solitary bamboo" needed to borrow grain. I once mentioned "I want to have an affair in the north now and leave the branch". Here, besides the solitary bamboo, I also mentioned the branch. It was recorded in Guanzi Dakuang: "Huan Gong was a branch of the Northern Expedition, and went down to Fushan Mountain (Zhang Peilun's note in the Qing Dynasty was Jieshi Mountain), chopped solitary bamboo and met (stopped) mountain glory." Consultant Guan Zhong. The word "meeting the mountain" was mentioned here for the first time. The word "encounter" here is considered by Guo Moruo to be the word "restraining" in the book Guanzi Collection and School, and the author thinks it makes sense. This is a discussion before the war. Judging from these records, it is the solitary bamboo and ganoderma lucidum that are accurately claimed, which is also the containment of the mountain capacity. Why do you want to levy solitary bamboo and ganoderma lucidum? From the Zhou Dynasty, the solitary bamboo kingdom lost its status as a vassal state with the same surname in the Shang Dynasty, and by the Spring and Autumn Period, it had completely declined, so there was no risk of failure in going to the solitary bamboo country and the Lingzhi country. At the same time, long-distance expeditions all the year round will shock the rulers, which is exactly what Qi Huangong needs for hegemony. Judging from Qi Huangong's military activities in more than 20 wars, he mostly used evasive tactics. Generally speaking, his attack is not violent, and he tries to avoid confrontation with the main enemy. Basically, the purpose of limited war is achieved through the deterrent effect of military action. Shanrong was relatively strong, which not only threatened Yan State, but also conquered Qi State in the 14th year of King Huan of Zhou (706 BC). Therefore, Qi Huangong still adopts a consistent tactic of avoiding the strong and weakening the weak, that is, focusing on solitary bamboo, ordering support and knocking around to intimidate Shan Rong.

Second, pre-war preparation

According to the book Guanzi, five preparations have been made in general.

First, prepare food for the army. The soldiers and horses did not move, and the food and grass went first. This is the guarantee of winning the battle. Guanzi Shanquan Book records the situation that Qi Huangong borrowed grain from Ding Hui, a rich man. Qi Huangong asked Guan about divination, and Guan introduced to Qi Huangong: Someone dug a hole in Beiwai City and got a turtle, which was as good as a hundred miles. Duke Huan asked: Where is a turtle in a hundred miles? The pipe replied: this is a treasure dedicated to God. Now that you are in the middle of the market, you have sent ten times as many envoys, raised one hundred gold, and said to Tortoise Shell, I will give you a position as a doctor in China (equivalent to one minister and two officials). Just say: the subcategory of the East China Sea Dragon King belongs to the tortoise, entrusted to you, given you a doctorate for life, and then gave you one hundred gold. This turtle is priceless. You should hide in the high platform and sacrifice the blood of four cows every day. This turtle is priceless. Four years later, I'm going to cut solitary bamboo. Shidingfu, a wealthy family, can provide food for the three armed forces for five months. Duke Huan summoned Shi Ding and said, "I have priceless treasures here, and something important is bound to happen. Please mortgage them to you and lend me your food. " . Back in Northland, he promised to borrow food, but he dared not take the bag as collateral. Duke Huan said to him, I am old and don't know the number of my son. You will accept my mortgage after all. Shi Ding came back, built a room and laid a mat to hide turtles. Four years later, the solitary bamboo was cut down, and Ding Hui was ordered to pay the third army food in May.

Second, store food for the people. Guan Zi Da Kuang: In the fifth year of Huan Gong (68 1 before), Qi Huangong was going to visit solitary bamboo and ganoderma lucidum in the north. "The consultant said,' What will it do?' Guan Zhong said to him, "You teach governors to gather food for the people ... only in this way can you join politics. Duke Huan told the princes that he would have enough food for three years. "Qi Huangong to governors have enough people to eat food for three years, and then can set his mind at to go to war. The vassal agreed to Qi Huangong's request. With the storage of grain for the people, even if there is a famine, there will be no famine, and social peace is guaranteed.

Third, prepare for military reform. When Guan Zhong proposed to store grain for the people, he also suggested that the governors prepare enough soldiers for the revolution. "If the soldiers of the princes are insufficient, the monarch will help them." Qi Huangong asked state governors to prepare for the war. If there are insufficient soldiers, they should "tell them and help them together" and send troops to help prepare for the war. With a sufficient number of troops and weapons, national security and combat can be guaranteed. The governor here should be the local governor. Therefore, Qi Huangong can call the horn commander at any time. The previous sentence "You helped Mao" seems to be addressed to the local governor. However, from the latter sentence, "Tell Qi to help Qi", it looks like a vassal state of Qi abroad, that is, a small vassal state near Qi.

Fourth, establish a good order and make laws. When the first few people were about to go out, Huan Gong asked when Guan Zhong would leave. Guan Zhong also proposed: "If you meet a father and son, you can add a certificate." That is, when the relationship between the monarch and his son is appropriate, they can go to war. Guan Zhong further explained: the princes have no concubines (female slaves) as wives, so don't kill ministers exclusively. If there is no job in China, no special salary will be paid. Shu Ren can't abandon his wife. There is no food to save, and the material of mountain ze cannot be banned. Travel all the year round, and offenders can be punished. Duke Huan arranged these requirements put forward by Guan Zhong to his ministers, who promised to accept the trip.

Fifth, prevent foreign enemies from invading. Perennial expedition, domestic emptiness, vulnerable to foreign sneak attack, which must be guarded against. Qi Huangong has long considered this. Qi Huangong said, "The kingdom of the world is Moqiang. I want to leave my branch in the north today, for fear that more people will come. What is the reason? " Guan Zhong put forward some countermeasures, such as cutting down the original landscape to build biogas digesters, building big boats, encouraging Qi people to learn to swim, and rewarding able swimmers, and made preparations. Therefore, "Duke Huan went to the north alone to handle affairs, leaving branches, and many people got the fruit", because he was prepared in advance, so the more people he defeated. Some people say that this record was forged by later generations, while others disagree with this view, saying that the national history of the Spring and Autumn Period was completely lost, so the original historical records could not be found. Don't study yet. According to common sense, the monarch leads troops on expeditions all the year round and needs to guard against foreign invasion in advance.

Judging from the above preparations, five years before Qi Huangong proclaimed himself emperor (68 1 before), Duke Huan had already begun to prepare for the recruitment of solitary bamboo and reinforcements. After a long period of preparation, when everything was ready and waiting for the right time, it happened that there was an emergency in the state of Yan, and Yan asked Qi for help, which found a very good reason for Qi to send troops. Therefore, apart from Guanzi, most other historical books record that this expedition was mainly to levy mountain Rong, because mountain Rong was the cause of the war. He didn't know that attacking the solitary bamboo country had been planned for a long time.

Third, the time of exploration.

When did you go to solitary bamboo country? Notes on Water Classics: "According to Guanzi, I have been in Huan Gong for twenty years, and I have been collecting solitary bamboo, but I didn't reach the ten miles of Low Ear Creek, and it came to an abrupt end." The word "20 years of Huan Gong" here is missing from the original work Guan Zi Xiao Wen. There is no time to record the lonely bamboo village in Guanzi. At the same time, according to the narrative method of Guanzi, most of the records have no specific time. In addition, the time recorded in the Water Mirror Notes is also wrong. The twentieth year of Qi Huangong was the eleventh year of King Hui of Zhou, that is, 666 BC, which was three years different from the actual expedition time. This is obviously Li Daoyuan's mistake.

It is a war to conquer the mountain glory and levy solitary bamboo. The time of cutting the mountain is clearly recorded. It is recorded in the Ram Spring and Autumn Annals that in the thirty years of Duke Zhuang of Lu, in winter, Qi Huangong and Qi Hou met in Luji. Qi people cut down mountains, which is also Qi Hou. "Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong also records that in the winter of 30 years of Lu Zhuang Gong, Qi Huangong and Lu Zhuang Gong met informally in Jishui, Lu." Because of his illness, he died. "This year is the thirteenth year of King Hui of Zhou and the twenty-second year of Qi Huangong, which is 664 BC. The thirty-year winter of Lu Zhuanggong should be counted, and the crusade was the following spring. " "Han Feizi said Lin" recorded: "Guan Zhong, from Huan Gong cut solitary bamboo, spring turned to winter, confused." Qi Taigong's Family History records the 23-year-old conquest of Shanrong, and the Chronicle of Twelve Governors records the 14-year-old week, which is also 23 years, that is, 663 BC. The records in Historical Records are accurate. In other words, Qi Huangong went to the solitary bamboo country in the spring of 663 BC. The specific time for the destruction of the solitary bamboo kingdom should be autumn and winter of 2008.

Fourth, the scale of sending troops.

"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" notes: "There are 300 chariots and 10,000 soldiers, thinking that the soldiers are the first in the sea, and the world cannot be banned. They reach Liang Shi in the south, Yang Guo in the west and Ganoderma lucidum in the north." There were 300 excellent chariots, which was huge at that time. Also pay attention to the phrase "teaching tens of thousands of soldiers, thinking that soldiers are the first", which means that tens of thousands of well-trained soldiers are the main force and pioneers, which means that there are troops, follow-up troops, and at least a huge logistics transportation team. You can imagine the scale of the expedition at that time.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) March route

This battle, which lasted for nearly a year, was an expedition of the Qi army to remote places.

Qi started from Linzi, the capital, and generally passed through Jinan and Dezhou today to enter Hebei. At that time, there were many low-lying lakes and swamps in central and eastern Hebei, and the Yellow River was divided into two tributaries from Tianjin to Cangzhou. So the army will travel northwest from today's Texas to Baoding, then run north to Yan Dou, and then turn east to the lonely bamboo land, thousands of miles away. Along the way, you have to cross the Yellow River and many rivers such as Hutuo River, Yongding River, Chaobai River and Luanhe River twice. As you can imagine, there are many ships, vehicles, trench and thousands of horses ready to cross the river. It is very difficult to cross the fast-flowing river again and again. Actually, there can't be a boat every time. Moreover, the road is long, there are no regular roads, the road conditions are extremely poor, and it is very difficult to March. Several stories happened during the trip are good proof.

6. The story happened on the journey.

Qi Huangong recorded three stories during his journey of chopping solitary bamboo. First, it is recorded in the article Guan Zi Xiao Wen, which means that Huan Gong explored solitary bamboo in the north. When I was ten miles away from Beierxi, I suddenly stopped moving forward, stunned in front, and shot an arrow before opening my bow, but did not dare to send it. Ask left and ask right: See the person in front? Left and right answer: I didn't see it. Huan Gong said: Are things afraid of failure? I'm confused. I saw a man, a foot tall, with all the features: wearing a crown on his head, clutching the clothes on the right, and scurrying in front of the horse. Are you afraid of things? I don't understand. Is there such a person? Guan Zhong replied: I heard that there was a man named Yuer, who was one foot tall and handsome. When the monarch of the dominant industry rose, this mountaineering god appeared. Running in front of the horse is the right way; Lift up clothes, indicating that there is water in front; Lift the clothes on the right and signal to cross the river from the right. When Huan Gong arrived at Beierxi, an attractive guide said: Crossing the river from the left is as deep as a crown; Cross the river from the right, knee-deep It is most convenient to cross the river from the right. Duke Huan immediately bowed to Guan Zhong and called him a saint. This story shows that crossing the river is not easy.

Everything in the forest records two stories, one is being confused and lost in the March. Guan Zhong said, "The wisdom of an old horse can also be used." But let the old horse go ahead and the army follow, and found the right way. This is the origin of the idiom "an old horse knows the way". Today, not far from the west bank of Luanhe River, Fangu Village in the north of Luanxian County is said to be the place where Qi Huangong's army got lost. This story shows that getting lost can also cause great difficulties in marching. Second, the army is walking in the mountains and there is no water to drink. The doctor said, "Ants live in the sunshine of the mountain in winter and in the shade of the mountain in summer. One inch of ant soil, there is water. " In other words, if the soil at the nest mouth is one inch high, there are seven or eight feet of water under it. According to this, the foot soldiers dug the ant nest and took water to quench their thirst. This story shows that walking the mountain road is not only the pain of climbing the mountain, but also the trouble of drinking water without water.

Seven, the result of the war

I haven't seen any records about the progress of the war, and some people think that "killing solitary bamboo" means killing solitary bamboo, which is also a bloody record about the war. Why is there no record? Maybe it's because Gu Zhu and the command post were too weak to solve the problem without a fierce war, or because Gu Zhu and the command post surrendered as soon as the powerful Qi army arrived, or for other reasons. In short, there is nothing to remember. But the purpose of Qi Huangong War was achieved.

First, destroy the kingdom of solitary bamboo and Lexus, which is the main purpose of Qi's long-term preparation for war, and this goal has been achieved. Due to the demise of the solitary bamboo country and Ganoderma lucidum, the Luanhe River basin and western Liaoning became the territory of Yan State, and history turned a new page.

Second, the purpose of containing mountain glory has also been achieved. Shanrong people withdrew from Yanshan area and retreated to the north and northeast. Shan Rong is the Huns. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu records: "The descendant of Xia Houshi, the ancestor of Xiongnu, is also called Chunwei. Above Tang Yu, there are mountains, scorpions and meat porridge, which live in Beiman and move with the grazing. " Before Yu Shun, Shanrong, Guanzhou and Hunzhou were the names of Huns before Qin and Han Dynasties. They lived in Beiman and lived a nomadic life. During the Zhou Dynasty, Shanrong lived in Yanshan area and gradually became stronger. In the fourteenth year of King Huan of Zhou (706 BC), the more Yan he cut Qi. This time, Qi Huangong levied solitary bamboo, forcing Shanrong to move to the north and northeast, and retreating to the north of Yanshan Mountain, which changed the geographical distribution of Shanrong. The northern part of Yanshan Mountain is a vast grassland, which is suitable for the development of nomadic people. Shanrong has developed into a powerful Xiongnu nationality in Qin and Han Dynasties. Thus, Qi Huangong's expedition had a far-reaching impact.

Third, Qi Huangong achieved the goal of dominating the vassals and consolidating hegemony. "Guanzi Xiaokuang" Note: "The northern expedition to Shanrong, the command post, and the solitary bamboo were all cut, but Jiuyi began to listen, and the coastal governors all came to serve. ..... So when the soldiers made great contributions, the kings of Dongyi, Xirong, Naman, Beidi and China were completely convinced. " Guest service, that is, governors pay tribute to the emperor on time. Although it is a tribute to the King of Zhou, it is actually a submission to the State of Qi.

Fourth, Qi Huangong also won moral benefits. After the war, the Qi army returned to Li in the winter of 1920. Yan Zhuanggong personally sent Qi Huangong back to China, and has been sending him out of Yan and into Qi. "Historical Records of Qi Taigong Family" records: "Huan Gong said:' If you are not the son of heaven, you should not be rude to your face.' "Think you let Yan Zhuanggong deported is a violation of etiquette. So he cut the place where Yan Hou arrived to Yan State to show his respect for Yan Hou. At the same time, he suggested to Yan to restore the politics in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, seal the king of Zhou and pay tribute. The purpose of sending troops to attack Shanrong this time was to save Yan from danger, and also to be polite to Yan Hou, which had a great influence on the governors of the Central Plains. The princes thought that the princes were virtuous and righteous, so "the princes heard it, and they were all from Qi". Qi Huangong's move is the practice of "overlord's form, advocated by Guan Zi" and the concrete embodiment of Qizhi's strategy of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries".

Others praised Qi Huangong from another angle. "Spring and Autumn Period Gu Liang Biography" Note: "Qi people attack Shanrong, Qi people are also Qi Hou ... There is no cause inside Huan, and there are no princes outside, but the danger of crossing thousands of miles cannot be mentioned in the same breath. What are the benefits of being a good person? Er Yan and Zhou Dynasty members are not worthy to pay tribute, so they can only be beheaded. " Qi Huangong attacked Shanrong because Qi Huangong had no justifiable reason at home, and there was no vassal to follow him abroad. It was very dangerous to travel thousands of miles north alone. Is this wrong? This is a good thing. Why is it good? Because Yan was a courtier of the Zhou Dynasty, and now she was invaded by kindness, Yan's obligation to pay tribute to the emperor could not be fulfilled, so she had to crusade against kindness. There must be some reluctance here. First, the mountain glory is in the north of Yan, which can't stop Yan from paying tribute. Secondly, judging from the request to the duke, Yan's contribution to the duke has exceeded one day, and the fundamental reason is that it has declined.

As far as the morality of war is concerned, it should be discussed separately. This is an unjust war against Solitary Bamboo Country and Ganoderma lucidum, but when power politics is dominant, no one accuses Qi Huangong of injustice. For Dan Rong, it was a battle of reason, and Shan Rong attacked Yan first. I won't elaborate on this.

Fifth, Yan State expanded its territory. Yan is the biggest winner in this war. He didn't move a single soldier, but he gained a large territory. In addition to giving land, he also got the land of solitary bamboo, Ganoderma lucidum and Shanrong, making Yan a vast country.

Sixth, culturally speaking, there has been an idiom "an old horse knows the way", that is, an old horse knows, an old horse knows, and "Guan Zhong follows the horse". An old horse knows his way, that is, he knows the way he has traveled. A more experienced person is experienced and familiar with the situation. Guan Zhong and Ma means to know the way with an old horse, but this place is usually used for modesty. I just want to learn from others.

Seventh, let the winter onion and glory spread far and wide. "Guanzi Jie" notes: "The northern expedition is glorious, and the winter onion is glorious, all over the world." As a result of this expedition, onions and beans were spread all over the world. This can be counted as a bonus of this expedition.