Origin of Zodiac Sheep

In China folklore, sheep are as great as Prometheus in Greek mythology. Prometheus was sent to the stage for stealing human fire, and sheep gave their lives for stealing grain seeds. Sheep is the eighth of the zodiac, belonging to the twelve branches. Therefore, the "untimely" at 12 o'clock in the day-from 1 pm to 3 pm, also called "time for sheep", was changed to "changing sheep". Of the five elements, sheep belong to fire, so they are fire beasts. In ancient times of panic, there were no grains on the earth. People live on vegetables and weeds, and severe malnutrition makes people look yellow, hungry and thin.

One autumn, a god sheep came to the world from the Heavenly Palace and found that human beings were pale and depressed. Ask why, I just know that humans don't grow food, and I don't even know what food is. God sheep is so kind that he immediately tells people to bring them some grain seeds next time. It turned out that at that time, only Tiangong and Yutian planted nutritious food. The stingy jade emperor doesn't want to share delicious food with human beings. After God Sheep returned to the Heavenly Palace, he sneaked into the palace in the middle of the night, picked the grains (rice, millet, wheat, beans and hemp), put them in his mouth, and slipped to the earth before dawn. Humans are very curious. I heard that God Sheep brought them the seeds of grain. God sheep gave the seeds to people and told them how to grow grain, and then quietly returned to the heavenly palace.

When humans sow the seeds of grain, they grow crops that year. What humans see when harvesting is the ear of wheat, which is like the head and tail of a sheep. The harvested grain is fragrant and sweet, and the clothes made of harvested hemp are light and warm. After the autumn harvest and winter storage, people held a grand sacrificial ceremony to thank the sheep for their kindness in sending seeds. This kind of ancestor worship ceremony for farmers in autumn harvest and winter storage is still held in some rural areas.

The ceremony of offering sacrifices to sheep by fire alarmed the jade emperor, who thought of the appearance of grains and immediately thought of God sheep bringing grains to the world. After finding out the situation, the Jade Emperor was furious with the God Sheep, ordered the Heaven Palace to slaughter the sheep on earth and invited people to eat mutton.

The next year, something strange happened. Where the God sheep was put to death, the grass first grew, and then the lamb grew. Since then, sheep have been passed down from generation to generation, eating grass for a living and selflessly dedicating their meat and milk to human beings. Out of gratitude for the sacrifice of sheep, human beings hold the La Worship every year.

When people heard that the Jade Emperor wanted to choose twelve kinds of animals as human zodiac animals to be dedicated to the gods, people unanimously recommended sheep as such zodiac animals. Although the Jade Emperor was very unhappy about sheep stealing grain, it was hard to disagree with everyone and had to agree that sheep became the zodiac.

The origin of the zodiac sheep ranks eighth in the zodiac, belonging to the zodiac, so twelve o'clock a day is "inappropriate"-from one to three in the afternoon, also called "sheep time" Yi Gua means "changing sheep". Of the five elements, sheep belong to fire, so they are fire beasts.

In China folklore, sheep are as great as Prometheus in Greek mythology. Prometheus was put on the stage for stealing skyfire from the world, while sheep gave their lives for stealing five grains and seeds from the world.

In ancient times of panic, there were no grains on the earth. People live on vegetables and weeds, and severe malnutrition makes people look yellow, hungry and thin.

One autumn, a god sheep came to the world from the Heavenly Palace and found that human beings were pale and depressed. Ask why, I just know that humans don't grow food, and I don't even know what food is. God sheep is so kind that he immediately tells people to bring them some grain seeds next time. It turned out that at that time, only Tiangong and Yutian planted nutritious food. The stingy jade emperor doesn't want to share delicious food with human beings. After God Sheep returned to the Heavenly Palace, he sneaked into the palace in the middle of the night, picked the grains (rice, millet, wheat, beans and hemp), put them in his mouth, and slipped to the earth before dawn. Humans are very curious. I heard that God Sheep brought them the seeds of grain. God sheep gave the seeds to people and told them how to grow grain, and then quietly returned to the heavenly palace.

When humans sow the seeds of grain, they grow crops that year. What humans see when harvesting is the ear of wheat, which is like the head and tail of a sheep. The harvested grain is fragrant and sweet, and the clothes made of harvested hemp are light and warm. After the autumn harvest and winter storage, people held a grand sacrificial ceremony to thank the sheep for their kindness in sending seeds. This kind of ancestor worship ceremony for farmers in autumn harvest and winter storage is still held in some rural areas.

The ceremony of offering sacrifices to sheep by fire alarmed the Jade Emperor, who thought of the appearance of human grains. I immediately thought that God Sheep had brought Guge to the world. After finding out the situation, the Jade Emperor was furious with the God Sheep, ordered the Heaven Palace to slaughter the sheep on earth and invited people to eat mutton.

The next year, a strange thing happened. Where the sheep walked, the grass first grew, and then the lamb grew. Since then, sheep have been passed down from generation to generation, eating grass for a living and selflessly dedicating their meat and milk to human beings. Out of gratitude for the sacrifice of sheep, human beings hold the La Worship every year.

When people heard that the Jade Emperor wanted to choose twelve kinds of animals as human zodiac animals to be dedicated to the gods, people unanimously recommended sheep as such zodiac animals. Although the Jade Emperor was very unhappy about sheep stealing grain, it was hard to disagree with everyone and had to agree that sheep became the zodiac.

1- 3 pm (that is, "untimely"), it is said that sheep urinate most frequently at this time, and the urine spilled can cure their own fright, so they belong to untimely sheep.

The legend of the zodiac comes from the fact that mice and cows, horses and sheep were selected into the zodiac. The mouse said, I should be the first. Cattle, horses and sheep said unconvinced, why do you rank first? The mouse said: I am old, so I want to be the first. Niu Ma and others couldn't help laughing: Are you as old as us? The mouse said, we don't count when we argue. Let others speak. Cattle, horses, sheep, etc. Everyone agrees to let people comment. So they discussed ways: led by cows, horses, sheep and mice, they walked through the streets one by one to see what people said.

In the street, a cow came and people said that this cow is very strong. The horse is coming, people say, this horse is really tall. Here comes the sheep. People say that this sheep is very fat. Finally, the mouse swaggered over. People saw a big mouse suddenly appearing in the street, and everyone chased it and shouted, What a big mouse! What a big mouse! In this way, cows, horses and sheep have nothing to say, and mice rank first.

In addition, there is a similar story about the ranking of the twelve genera among the people.

There is an interesting story about how the zodiac is arranged:

At the beginning of chaos, just after heavenly stems and earthly branches timed it, the Jade Emperor ordered the gathering of all the animals in the world, and selected the twelve zodiac signs according to the twelve branches: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai.

After the news came out, it alarmed two good friends, Flower Cat and Mouse. The cat said to the mouse, I'm going to heaven at five o'clock tomorrow. I have a problem with sleepiness. You should call me! The mouse repeatedly said, OK, OK!

But the next morning, the dishonest mouse got up secretly and left without saying goodbye.

On this day, Yunnan, the beast in Lingxiao Hall, began to be selected. According to the difference between heaven and earth, the Jade Emperor selected twelve kinds of land and water animals, including dragon, tiger, ox, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig, rabbit, snake and mouse, as the zodiac. The rooster had two beautiful horns at that time and was also included in the beast.

The Jade Emperor was about to arrange their seats when the black raccoon pig flashed out. Although it is stupid, it only likes to make trouble. It says: Now that the Jade Emperor has chosen a leader, I am willing to share your worries, be a fair man and arrange my brothers in turn. The Jade Emperor was overjoyed. He told the pig to be selfless and cut off contacts, so he retired from the DPRK.

As soon as the Jade Emperor left, the zodiac became a pot of porridge.

At the beginning, everyone unanimously elected a gentle and generous workhorse to sit in the first place. Even the mighty tiger and black dragon respected it and agreed. However, the mouse in the corner appeared and proposed * * *. It said: in terms of numbers, I am big. If you don't believe me, let's have a game on earth and listen to people's comments. So, the cow and the mouse came to the street in the city center.

When the cow passed through the crowd, people didn't respond. At this time, the mouse suddenly climbed onto the cow's back and set up a pile. People in the street shouted: What a big mouse! By the time people took out sticks to hit them, the mouse had run away.

When the mouse came back to brag, all the animals were keen on cows. Only the black pig is secretly happy. It feels that only in this way, no matter how big or small, it is difficult to distinguish between good and bad, so it may be an impostor and it also benefits from it. So, with a stroke of a pen, it picked the mouse first and put the old cow behind.

This annoyed the tiger and the black dragon. They shouted loudly and made all the animals tremble. All the animals are busy worshipping dragons and tigers, unanimously electing tigers as mountain kings and black dragons as fish kings to rule the world. The monkey wrote a gold plaque for the tiger and hung it on the tiger's forehead. The rooster gave the black dragon two horns. Since then, the black dragon has been crowned. Tigers and black dragons have power in the world, so they are only behind rats and bulls. At this moment, another disruptive hare jumped out, sneering and saying, Hey, hey! I am almost like a mouse in appearance, but I am bigger than a mouse in height. I am the guardian of the mountain king, and I should be in front of the sea king.

Hearing this, the black dragon was furious. He said, don't force it. If you don't believe me, let's have a try. The black pig listened to his heart's wish and quickly said, It's a deal. Let's race and let the hounds be your judges ... >>

Why are there sheep in the zodiac? The origin of the zodiac

According to the time and life characteristics of ancient animals in China, twelve kinds of animals are regarded as the zodiac, that is, each animal lasts for one hour. Rats rank first (matched with "Zi"), followed by rats, cows, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and pigs.

Rat: From 1 1 in the evening to 1 the next day (that is, "midnight"). At this time, mice are the most courageous and active, so they are paired with mice when they are young.

Bull: 65438+ 0-3 am (that is, "ugly time"). At this time, the cows have eaten enough grass, and the "backward chewing" is the thinnest, slowest and most comfortable, so when it is ugly, it is matched with cows.

Tiger: 3-5 am (that is, "Yin Shi"). According to ancient books, at this time, the tiger was the most active, fierce and hurtful, so Yin Shi and the tiger became a pair.

Rabbit: 5-7 am (that is, "Shi Mao"). At this time, the sun has not yet appeared, and the glory of the moon has not completely retired. Jade rabbit is the representative of the moon and the only animal in the myth of the Moon Palace, so it is paired with rabbits in Shi Mao.

Dragon: 7-9 am (that is, "Chen Shi"). Legend has it that this is when the dragon rains. Dragons are mythical animals, so Chen Shi belongs to dragons.

Snake: 9- 1 1 in the morning (that is, "Shi Si"). It is said that snakes at this time will not hurt people, nor will they wander on the road where people walk, but will hide in the grass, so this time belongs to snakes.

M: From 1 1 in the morning to 1 in the evening (that is, "noon"). The Taoist priest said that at noon, the sun was on the horizon, the yang was at its peak, and the yin was gradually flourishing. When yin and yang change columns, most animals lie down and rest. Only horses stand habitually and don't lie down even when they sleep. So it belongs to the horse at noon

Sheep: 65438+ 0-3 pm (that is, "untimely"). It is said that sheep urinate most frequently at this time, and the spilled urine can cure a kind of madness, so it belongs to sheep since childhood.

Monkey: 3-5 pm (that is, "God Ten"). At this time, monkeys like to crow the most, and the sound is the longest and loudest. So Shen Shi is a monkey.

Chicken: 5-7 pm (that is, "You's"). At this time, when the sun sets on the mountain, the chicken begins to enter the cage for the night, so it belongs to the chicken.

Dog: 7-9 pm (that is, "time"). When night comes, dogs watch the house and keep vigil, which produces a special kind of vision and hearing. They can see farthest and hear clearly. So when you are a dog.

Pig: 9- 1 1 pm (that is, "Shihai"). At this time, pigs sleep best, snore loudest, shake muscles the most and gain meat the fastest, so Shihai is a pig.

What was the previous life of the zodiac sheep? Or sheep?

The Origin of the Zodiac How did the legend of the China Zodiac come from? The origin of the zodiac: The zodiac is also called the zodiac. In China's calendar, animals take turns to be on duty for twelve years, so our China Year has been applied to the calendars of rats, cows, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and pigs. So how did the zodiac come from?

The zodiac began in the sixth century BC, and was originally used with earthly numerals, and later became the year number of the year.

In fact, a story about this N has been circulating among the people: In that year, the Buddha called all the animals to attend the gathering of animals, and the first twelve animals were counted as the number of twelve years. On the day of the herding meeting, the mouse arrived first, so it aged the most in the animal year, followed by cattle, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens and dogs. The pig was the last to arrive, so it was the last of the twelve animals.

Another chapter of this story tells why cats and mice become enemies. At that time, cats and mice were good friends. Before going to the National People's Congress, they slept together and agreed that whoever woke up first would wake up.

I'm afraid that mice will get up early the next day, and even go to the meeting silently, ignoring the cat. By the time the cat woke up and rushed to Congress, the Buddha had allocated the number for twelve years. Since then, the cat and the mouse have formed a deep hatred. Since Shun Di's time, the "chronology of branches and leaves" has been applied. The method of zoological chronology originated from nomadic people in the west and north of ancient China. The Book of the Tang Dynasty records: "The Year of the Tiger is bounded by twelve events. If the year is cloudy, it is called the year of the tiger. " Zhao Yi, a famous textual research scholar in Qing Dynasty, took part in the Yu Yu Congkao. According to the cloud: "In the early days, there was no distinction between' Zi',' Ugliness',' Yin' and' Mao', but rats, cows, tigers and rabbits were divided into different ages, which were called Khan in the Han Dynasty and mixed with Qi people, so it was not abolished.

12 the origin of the zodiac sheep is also known as the zodiac. In China's calendar, there are twelve kinds of animals on duty in turn, so in our China year, rats, cows, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and pigs are used in the calendar? Zodiac animals in China began in the 6th century BC, and the numbers of earthly branches were applied to each other at the beginning, and later became years. In fact, there has always been a folk story: In that year, the Buddha called all the animals to attend the animal meeting, and the twelve animals that arrived first were regarded as the date of the 12-year animal meeting, so the mouse arrived first, so it ranked the highest in the animal year, followed by cattle, tigers, rabbits, dragons and snakes. At that time, cats and mice were good friends. Before going to the mass meeting, they slept together and agreed that whoever woke up first would wake up. I'm afraid that the mouse will get up early the next day and go to the meeting quietly, ignoring the cat. By the time the cat woke up and rushed to Congress, the Buddha had allocated the number for twelve years. Since then, the cat and the mouse have formed a deep hatred. Of course, legend belongs to legend, and the view of folklore scholar Guo Licheng is proved by historical books. People call their twelfth birthday heavenly stems and earthly branches's animal, so that it is easy to remember his famous age.

The origin of the zodiac says that one day, the jade emperor called all the heavenly soldiers, generals and ministers of civil and military affairs to a meeting.

The Jade Emperor said: I want to divide time into twelve-year cycles. what do you think?

Ministers replied: Your Majesty is wise.

Then the jade emperor said, but I have a question. I'm going to use animals to distinguish these twelve years and divide them into twelve zodiac signs, but I don't know what animals to use, so I want to listen to your family's opinions. I wonder which one has a good proposal.

After a silence, Prince Taibai spoke: The holy family does not hold animal races. It is a great honor to stipulate that 12 people who first arrived in Kunlun Mountain can be listed as the zodiac. I believe many animals will participate.

Hearing this, the Jade Emperor thought the suggestion was very good and decided to adopt it. Then the jade emperor immediately asked the messenger to convey the news of the game to all the animals on the earth.

When the cat and the mouse got the news, they set off for the competition together (at this time, the cat and the mouse are very good friends). But on the morning of the game, the mouse had a bad heart. He added sleeping pills to the milk for the cat. The cat fell asleep after drinking, and the mouse set off alone. The mouse thought, I started so early and the cat fell asleep again. Then the champion must be mine.

The mouse thought and ran, and suddenly found the cow in front. It turns out that cows are also very diligent animals, so they set off early in the morning. The mouse wants to say: anyway, the cow is so big that he won't find me hiding on him, so I can easily reach the finish line.

So the mouse hid on the cow. After a while, I finally arrived at Kunlun Mountain. Before I reached the finish line, the mouse saw the opportunity, so I jumped forward and reached the finish line first, winning the first place, and the cow won the second place.

However, after this incident, cats and mice became sworn enemies. Every time a cat sees a mouse, it will catch up and take revenge. The mouse often hides in the dark, fearing that the cat will find him.

Next, I will talk about why the tiger won the third place. Because the cat and the tiger are relatives, after the cat was cheated, he was very angry and went to the tiger, hoping that the tiger could avenge him. Tiger is a loyal person. As soon as he heard the cat's request, he agreed, and he flew like a kite. He rushed to Kunlun Mountain to avenge the cat.

Because the tiger ran very fast, he reached Kunlun Mountain before other animals arrived, so the jade emperor awarded him the third place, but the tiger didn't come for a purpose. He looked for the whereabouts of the mouse everywhere on the mountain, but he couldn't find it, so the tiger said to everyone, whoever meets the mouse in the future will give him a hit.

Because the tiger is too fierce, no one dares to go against his words, so from now on, as long as anyone sees the mouse, they will chase it. This is the origin of the mouse crossing the street and everyone shouting.

Then the rabbit. Before taking part in this competition, the rabbit took part in a tortoise-hare race, which delayed a little time and lost. When he reached the finish line at a fast speed, he asked the Jade Emperor: Am I the first one? But the jade emperor said, no, the mouse comes first. The rabbit cried and said sadly, I didn't expect to run so hard and only ran second. The Jade Emperor said again: No, cows are second. The rabbit cried again and said, why did I win the third place? I'm really unwilling. The Jade Emperor said: No, you came fourth, and the tiger came third. The rabbit can't help crying again, which is why the rabbit's eyes are always red, and also the origin of the idiom "a sly rabbit cries three times"

Then there are dragons and snakes. Because they are very similar, they became sworn brothers and participated in the competition together, and they reached the finish line almost at the same time. However, due to the large size of the dragon, they blocked the small snake, so the jade emperor saw the dragon first and then the snake, so he decided that the dragon was the fifth and the snake was the sixth.

Just after they crossed the finish line, the dragon accidentally slipped and hit the snake, so they got entangled and rolled down the hill. Because these two >>

Regarding the origin of the zodiac, I will tell you a long joke about the zodiac, which is also a myth and legend. I will tell you its origin after I finish.

It is said that the Jade Emperor chose 12 animals as representatives, and then sent immortals to tell the animals about it. He also set a time to take part in the Maori election in Uzuki in the year of Mao. The earlier the queue comes, the worse the front and back will be. At that time, cats and mice were still good friends. The cat loves to sleep, but also wants to be chosen, so he asked the mouse to call him. But as soon as the mouse turned around, he forgot to ask the mouse to call him old cow, saying that he got up early and ran fast.

At that time, dragons had no horns and chickens had horns. Just tell the chicken that the chicken is already beautiful. You don't need horns to summon chickens to lend them to him. After listening to the flattery of the dragon, you are glad to lend them. Tell him to pay back the money on time after the election. The dragon is full of hope.

In the year of Mao Mao, Uzuki, when the cat was still sleeping, many animals rushed to the Heavenly Palace.

The mouse sat on the cow's back until it reached heaven. The jade emperor said that he was the first to arrive, and he was ranked first in steak, then the second tiger came third, and the rabbit came fourth. The dragon came very late, but I saw him at a glance and asked him to come and have a look. He is so beautiful that he ranks fifth. He also said that his son was ranked sixth. But Long was disappointed because his son didn't come today. Then the snake behind came over and said, he is my father. I am the sixth! Snakes rank sixth, and horses and sheep come towards them. You asked me to let you: Marco, you first ~ ~ Brother Yang, you first ~ ~ The Jade Emperor who pushed them around saw that they were so polite, and ranked seventh and eighth. The monkey was originally in his thirties, but because he could jump, he jumped in front with the clouds in the sky, and then the chicken, dog and pig were selected one after another.

The cat didn't wake up until after the game. As soon as the mouse came home, it was chased all over the world by the cat. . .

After the game, the dragon came to the seaside and saw that he was much more beautiful than before, so he didn't plan to return the chicken. In order to avoid the chicken, he disappeared into the world, and the chicken was angry, so he got up early every morning and shouted at the sea: Give it back quickly! Give it back! The hen shouted, give him back quickly! Give him back to me! The chicken also crows: Come back! And!

Well, I'll tell you your question when the story is over.

Since Shun Di's time, China began to use the "heavenly stems and earthly branches Chronology", which combined ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches. The method of zoological chronology originated from nomadic people in the west and north of ancient China. The Book of the Tang Dynasty records: "The Year of the Tiger is bounded by twelve events. If the year is cloudy, it is called the year of the tiger. " Zhao Yi, a famous textual research scholar in the Qing Dynasty, made a textual research in Yu Yu Congkao: "In the early days, the custom of benefiting the north was childless, ugly, yin and hairy, but when rats, cows, tigers and rabbits were divided into years, by the end of the Han Dynasty, it was said that (Khan) money lived in Wuyuan, mixed with Qi people, and spread in China, so it was not abandoned.

The zodiac was first seen in The Book of Songs, the world's first collection of poems. The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? "Car Attack" said: "Today is the auspicious day of the ecliptic, and it is noon. I am short of horses. "See also the Book of Rites? Monthly order? Ji Dong: "Digging cows to send cold. "When did the zodiac theory come into being? There is a historical cloud: it should be formed in the Han Dynasty at the latest. Is it based on Wang Chong's Lun Heng? The article "Things Potential" says: "Yin, wood, birds and tigers. Hey, Tuye, its birds and dogs are also. " Another cloud said, "Good afternoon, Ma Ye. Son, mouse also. Unitary, chicken also. ..... Shen, Qitian also. "* * * put forward eleven zodiac names. In addition, in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue written by Zhao Ye in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Wu Zaichen is a dragon. "Just added' Chen Long', and completed the zodiac. It can be seen that the twelve zodiac signs were formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for the use of the Chinese zodiac, it appeared at least in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Biography of Northern History Yuwen Hu records a letter written to him by Yuwen Hu's mother, which reads: "Your brother was born in Wuchuan Town, the eldest is a mouse, the second is a rabbit, and you are a snake. "It can be seen that the Chinese zodiac was widely used by the people at that time to record the date of birth.

However, in the mid-1970s, from 1975 to 12, thousands of bamboo slips were found in the cultural relics unearthed from Qin TombNo. 1 1 in Yunmeng, Hubei Province. Among them, sunrise? The thief clearly recorded the words used to predict the thief's appearance characteristics in the zodiac. The appearance of this miracle proves that the Chinese zodiac has been used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Because the Qin 1 1 tomb was on the 30th anniversary of Qin Shihuang, that is, 2 17 BC. Some people say that long before Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, our ancestors used the zodiac to record the year, and especially pointed out that "it began in summer and spread in Shang and Zhou Dynasties." However, how to quote it remains to be further explored by historians and cultural relics scholars.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in ancient China, not only the zodiac chronology was used, but also the twelve zodiac poems written by Shen Jiong appeared:

Examples of mice and dust, cows and sheep >>

What does the zodiac mean? The zodiac is also called the zodiac.

It is a dozen animals used by some ethnic groups in China and East Asia to represent years and people's birth years. The cycle of the zodiac is 12 years. Everyone's animal year has a zodiac sign. The zodiac is a mouse,

Cattle, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and pigs are distributed in the Chinese zodiac in turn. This is a folk method for calculating age in China and an ancient chronology, also known as the Chinese zodiac.

The zodiac is also called the zodiac. In China's calendar, animals take turns to be on duty for twelve years, so our China Year has been applied to the calendars of rats, cows, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and pigs.

Legally. That's what people often say

Mouse, Ugly Cow, Silver Tiger, Hairy Rabbit, Chen Long, Fourth Uncle, Wuma, Weiyang, Shenhou, You You.

Chickens, dogs and porcupines.

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