The history of Vietnam

Vietnam has a long history. It lived in the middle and lower reaches of red river valley in the 4th century BC, and gradually formed a tribal alliance. From 65438 BC+065438 BC+065438 BC+0 BC, Viet Nam was under the jurisdiction of the feudal dynasty of China until the Song Dynasty in China, and it was a county in China. At that time, Vietnam was called "toe-to-toe" and "Annan", which was the county era in Vietnamese history. In 968, Ding tribe established "Daqu Yue Guo", claiming to "win Ming Di". From then on, Vietnam got rid of the rule of China feudal dynasty and became an independent country, but it still maintained a "vassal" relationship with China. 1802, the Nguyen regime in Vietnam completed national reunification. 1804, the country name is "Vietnam". French colonists invaded Vietnam in 1858, and Ruan Chao signed the Hue Treaty with France in 1884, recognizing France's right to protect Vietnam. 1885, the Qing government of China and France signed the Treaty of Tianjin, recognizing Vietnam as a protectorate of France, ending the "vassal" relationship of Vietnam. After France occupied Vietnam, it carried out the colonial policy of divide and rule in an all-round way, divided Vietnam into three parts: zhina, Annan and Tokyo, and pieced together with Cambodia and Laos to form a "France-India-zhina Federation", concentrating power on the French governor.

The Vietnamese people waged a long and heroic struggle against French colonial rule. 1945 August 19, Vietnam's August Revolution was successful. On September 2 of the same year, President Ho Chi Minh issued the Declaration of Independence in Bating Square, Hanoi, announcing the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1945 On September 23rd, France launched a colonial war against Vietnam, and the Vietnamese people waged a national war of resistance for nine years. 1954 On May 7, Vietnam won Dien Bien Phu, forcing France to sign the Geneva Agreement for the Restoration of Peace in zhina on July 20 of the same year, completely liberating the northern territory of Vietnam. At this time, Vietnam is divided into north and south from north latitude 17.

After the signing of the Geneva agreement, the United States replaced France and supported the pro-American regime in the south. 1960 12.20, the national liberation front in southern Vietnam was established, and Vietnam entered the period of resisting the United States and saving the country, which was also a famous Vietnam war period. After a long-term military and diplomatic struggle, 1973+654381On October 27th, Vietnam and the United States signed the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, and all American troops were forced to withdraw from Vietnam. 1in the spring of 975, the Vietnamese army launched a general attack on the puppet troops in Saigon. Saigon was liberated on April 30th of the same year, and the whole south was liberated on May 1 day, which unified Vietnam. 1On July 2, 976, the Vietnamese National Assembly officially announced the reunification of the North and the South and renamed it the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Name and address]

The surnames of Jing nationality, the main ethnic group in Vietnam, are Ruan, Chen, Wu and Li. Like China people, Vietnamese people have their surnames first and their surnames last. Most of them are single surnames with two characters, and a few are single surnames. In Vietnamese address forms, except for the first person who usually uses the neutral "I" (pronounced "right"), the second person calls "you" and the third person "he or she" has no neutral personal pronoun, and they usually address each other according to their seniority or status to show their love or respect. For example, for parents, the second person directly uses "uncle", "aunt", "uncle" and "aunt"; The third person uses "uncle" and "aunt". The Vietnamese greeting is neither "good morning, good evening" nor "hello". Goodbye is usually expressed by an upward "call". For example, saying "call comrade" means "hello comrade", and saying "call comrade" means saying "goodbye comrade" respectively. When Vietnamese address each other, they usually address each other by their surnames, and seldom by their surnames. That is considered impolite. For example, a person named Ruan Xingqiang can be called "Qiang Bo", "Qiang Shu", "Qiang Ge", "Qiang Di", "Qiang Sir" and "Qiang Comrade" according to his age and intimacy.

Dress

In ancient times, ethnic Vietnamese in Nanjing wore various pullovers and long skirts. In the Middle Ages, civilians wore brown cloth and officials wore blue gowns. /kloc-After the 5th century, rich people usually wear brocade and red robes when attending sacrifices and banquets, officials wear brown or black clothes, officials wear blue clothes, and civilians wear coarse clothes. After the French entered Vietnam, the clothes of civilians began to change greatly, and women put on button tops and trousers. In modern times, men in Vietnamese cities wear suits and women wear narrow oil robes. The robes of Vietnamese women can be said to be the national clothes of Vietnamese women. The upper body is tied around the waist, and the figure is prominent, which makes women look graceful, and the hem is elongated, and it opens to the waist right, which is convenient for activities. Especially when Vietnamese women wear robes, they will wear black or white wide-leg pants to mop the floor. Vietnamese women like to wear necklaces, doorsills and rings, wear long shawls or tie them behind their heads with hairpins.

Yang nucleus shift and beauty teeth]

Beijingers, Dai people, Thais and Aidi people in Vietnam all have a special hobby of chewing betel nuts. They often put a little lime milk or alkali on the coconut and chew it in the fire mouth, so that the die hammer will have a chemical reaction and the juice will not be swallowed and flow out along the corners of the mouth. When it is chewed, the residue will be spit out. Chewing a hammer is generally bitter first and then sweet, which can stimulate the nerves, refresh the mind, clear away the accumulation and reduce swelling. Beijingers also take Ban Lang as a pledge. No matter whether they propose marriage or treat guests, they will give him a Ban Lang. It is an ancient custom of the Jing people to chew a hammer and dye their teeth. In the past, men and women began to dye their teeth as long as they were seventeen or eighteen. According to their custom, they began to chew hammers and dye their teeth, which symbolizes that they are adults and can get married. From then on, these young men and women are free to attend any local entertainment party, take part in duets and choose their own partners. With the development of the times, this ancient style has gradually declined, but in rural Vietnam, you can still see many elderly women's teeth dyed black and shiny. In their eyes, keeping teeth as white as jade is a sign of poor quality and unhealthy style, while dyeing teeth black and bright is the most beautiful.

festival

Vietnam also uses solar and lunar calendars. Besides New Year's Day, International Labor Day and National Day, Viet Nam also celebrates Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival and Spring Festival. Like China people, the Lunar New Year is the biggest festival in a year. There is a folk song in Vietnam, "Red couplets with fat ginger and onion, and large banners with firecrackers." It means that the Spring Festival is coming, we should prepare rich meat dishes, cook zongba, stick red couplets at the door, fly flags in the wind and set off firecrackers. From this ballad, we can see that Vietnamese attach importance to the Spring Festival. At the turn of the new year and the old year, Vietnamese also have the habit of observing the old year. On New Year's Eve, people usually entertain soldiers with sleeping songs and pass them on to the people. The so-called drums are actually wooden barrels or steel drums. Two pillars stand at the head of the village. The bucket is tightened with hemp rope or steel wire rope and fixed on the post. Hit the rope with a stick to make it ring. Both men and women stood by, knocking and singing, laughing and singing together, and the atmosphere was cheerful and warm. Some young men and women establish feelings and love relationships by singing.

offer sacrifices to ancestors

Vietnamese, like other orientals, pay attention to filial piety. In every family, filial piety to grandparents and parents is an indispensable consciousness for children. Vietnamese worship their dead ancestors, so they attach great importance to their worship beliefs, which have been passed down from generation to generation and formed a scale. It is believed that although a relative is dead, his soul still exists, which plays a role in protecting and urging future generations and dominates everyone's activities. Many disasters in the world depend on the protection and relief of our ancestors.

Every Vietnamese family has no shrine, shrine or shrine. It is an altar for ancestor worship and a holy place for ancestor worship. No one among the untouchables can be defiled. In the city, the altars are small and varied because of the narrow residence. For example, nail a board to the wall, or use the top of the cabinet as an altar to worship ancestors. There is an incense burner in the center of the altar with two incense sticks on each side. Put a wooden plate or plastic with a thin waist and red paint in front of the incense burner. The fruit in the glass plate, in addition to a pair of vases and some cups and plates used as sacrificial handles. In some families, couplets are still posted on both sides of the altar, such as "the ancestors have done meritorious deeds for generations, and the children and grandchildren have been filial to Sun Xian for thousands of years", "the house of good manners is prosperous, and Lu Fa is prosperous and prosperous" and so on.

Vietnamese people regard offering sacrifices to their ancestors as a great event to thank them for raising their thoughts. Although many families have different religious beliefs, ancestor worship cannot be ignored. Before the Spring Festival comes, the altar must be rearranged, incense sticks inserted and offerings placed. During the three days of the Spring Festival, the altar is always burning incense. Before the family reunion dinner, parents and people should pray.

Vietnamese worship of ancestors is also manifested in avoiding names. Usually, children and grandchildren should avoid mentioning the names of grandparents and fathers. If some nouns in real life bear the names of grandparents and fathers, they should be avoided or replaced with synonyms. When children are young, parents don't let them know the names of their ancestors, in case the children yell and disrespect their ancestors. If you are laughed at or insulted by others pointing to your ancestors' names, those who are laughed at or insulted will think that they have been humiliated and will arouse great hatred. In recent years, anonymity is rarely used in cities, but in rural areas, this custom still exists.

In addition to ancestor worship, ancient Vietnamese people generally believed in town gods, divination, astrology, geomantic omen, elves and so on. All natural objects and natural phenomena, such as rivers, lakes, mountains, trees, wild animals, wind and rain, etc. There are elves in the brain and they should be sacrificed to eliminate disasters and reduce blessings. For example, in Jinlian Village, Dongduo County, Hanoi, there is still a monument to the Mountain King dating back to 15 10. In rural areas, there are generally land gods, banyan gods, snake gods, tiger gods and village central stones. Center plate, etc. People worship the tiger in the places where it frequents. They should not offend it in words and manners, and call it the "Mountain King" in a low voice. If you meet a tiger, not only can you not kill it, but you should also offer various sacrifices. Ancient Vietnamese generally worshipped ancient trees with evergreen seasons and lush foliage. They thought that these trees, which had been attacked by storms and lightning for a long time, could survive, and there must be gods under them. Therefore, people often set up incense tables under the shade of trees, especially under banyan trees, or build temples in the open space next to trees, where Mr. Feng Shui and fortune tellers often gather.

Religious belief

From the Western Han Dynasty in China in 1 1 BC, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism began to spread to Vietnam from China, which had a great influence on Vietnamese thought. Buddhism introduced from China is Mahayana Buddhism, which is called "Northern Sect" by Vietnamese. In addition, some Vietnamese believe in Hinayana Buddhism, which is called "Nanzong" and was introduced from Thailand and Cambodia. Among the Vietnamese who believe in religion, Buddhism accounts for the largest proportion, among which Mahayana Buddhism accounts for the majority, and there are many temples everywhere. Buddhists avoid killing and talk about karma. On major festivals and personal birthdays, people usually go to Buddhist temples to worship Buddha, present gifts and listen to monks chanting.

Catholicism was introduced into Vietnam for about 500 years. At the beginning of the century, western missionaries began to preach in Vietnam, but they were officially banned. The first two French missionaries who preached in Vietnam were Odrico Badno and Francis Xavier. During the French period, Catholicism gained legal status in Vietnam and developed rapidly. By 1966, there were 1 1 parishes in the north and south of Vietnam, with 3 million Catholics. There are also many Christians in Vietnam, mainly in Hanoi, Haiphong, Hexi, Chengtian, Guangnan, Bolaigu and Pingshun. Christianity, a new sect split from Catholicism, was introduced into Vietnam only for nearly a hundred years, and was called "gospel" in Vietnam. 1893, Christian priest David Rollahan went to Saigon to preach, and then some priests went to Vietnam to preach, but they were forbidden by the French colonial authorities. It was not until 1920 that Christianity gained a firm foothold in Vietnam.

Most of the Jing farmers in Xining, Dieshi and other places in southern Vietnam believe in Buddhism, which is called "Purdue Education in the Third Phase of Avenue" and was founded by Wu Heyu in 1926. This religion combines Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, Taoism and Confucianism, and believes in Confucius (humanity), Jiang Taigong (Shinto), Jesus (Holy Way), Laozi (immortal way) and Buddhism (Buddhism and Taoism). Gao Tai believers can worship their ancestors, but they can't provide grass or use paper horses. They should avoid killing, greed, lust and swearing. They burn incense and chant Buddhist scripture at 6: 00, 12, 18 and 24: 00 every day.

In Anjiang, Tongtamei, Hexian, Dongchuan and other places in southern Vietnam, many people joined the Hehao religion. This religion is a variant of Buddhism. Founded by Vietnamese Huang Fuchu on 1939. Because the village where Huang Fuchu lived was called Hehe Village, it got its name, meaning filial piety and friendship. Like Buddhism, this religion also emphasizes compassion. Love, great harmony and karma, believers are mostly farmers, also known as "peasant Buddhism." He Hao teaches monks, but does not build temples. Believers worship Buddha statues twice in the morning and evening, instead of idols and Buddha statues. The offerings are flowers and clear water, flowers represent loyalty, and clear water represents purity.